Pendik
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| Basic data | |||
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| Province (il) : | Istanbul | ||
| Coordinates : | 40 ° 53 ' N , 29 ° 15' E | ||
| Height : | 125 m | ||
| Residents : | 622,200 (2012) | ||
| Telephone code : | (+90) 216 | ||
| Postal code : | 34890-34916 | ||
| License plate : | 34 | ||
| Structure and administration (as of 2012) | |||
| Structure : | 36 Mahalle | ||
| Mayor : | Kenan Şahin ( AKP ) | ||
| Website: | |||
| Pendik County | |||
| Residents : | 663,569 (2014) | ||
| Surface: | 203 km² | ||
| Population density : | 3,269 inhabitants per km² | ||
| Kaymakam : | Cafer Odabaş | ||
| Website (Kaymakam): | |||
Pendik [ pendɪk ] is a district on the Asian side of Istanbul and at the same time a district and municipality of the Istanbul Province . Pendik is located between the districts of Kartal and Tuzla and has a 7.5 km long coastal strip on the Marmara Sea in the south .
Pendik has grown from a small fishing village and rural region to one of the fastest growing outskirts of Istanbul over the past 60 years. While fewer than 10,000 people lived in the district in the 1950s, there was a real population explosion, initially through immigration and later through the opening of a shipyard ( Pendik Tersanesi in Turkish ) in the 1980s . Pendik has 663,569 inhabitants (as of 2014). The Turkish Navy operates a base here .
Due to the industrialization of the place and the region, the previously dominant fishing and agriculture lost their importance. In 2008 there were around 6,000 commercial establishments in Pendik, around a third of which were manufacturing companies . As part of the “Industrial Park of Advanced Technology” development project, Istanbul's second international airport, Istanbul-Sabiha Gökçen , was opened in Pendik in 2001 .
geography
Geographical location
Pendik is located on the eastern coast of Istanbul and is in the Marmara region . It is bordered by Tuzla to the southeast, Gebze to the east, Şile and Çekmeköy to the north, and Kartal , Sancaktepe and Sultanbeyli to the west . The Marmara Sea forms a 7.5 km long natural border in the south.
Pendik is located north of the North Anatolian Fault , which extends to the Marmara Sea. The transform fault caused 66 major earthquakes between 1711 and 1894. The last big one occurred in İzmit in 1999 and claimed 17,480 lives (981 of them from Istanbul).
Ömerli reservoir
One of Istanbul's five reservoirs borders the north of Pendik , the Ömerli Baraji , which is fed by the Riva , one of the largest rivers in Istanbul. It is 52 meters above sea level , has an area of 23.10 km² and a volume of 386.50 hm³ . It covers a catchment area of 621 km². The dam was built between 1968 and 1973 to stabilize the drinking water supply in the region and 48% (180 hm³) of the drinking water comes from this reservoir.
Pavli Bay
The Pavli Bay is formed by the Pavli Peninsula (Turkish Pavli Adası ) and Pavli Headland (Turkish Pavli Burnu ). The Pavli Peninsula was originally a small island, but it was connected to the mainland by an approximately 250 m long breakwater , which is also used as a road. The island was a popular summer spot in Byzantine times and was named Mavronisi.
The Pavli headland is located about 500 m southeast of the peninsula. The original name of the headland is Paulo Petriocene. There was a church and a monastery built in honor of the apostles Peter and Paul . The headland was extended by an approximately 650 m long breakwater, which is supposed to protect the shipyard there from waves from the south. The opening of the resulting bay into the open sea is about 260 m wide.
structure
Until 2008 the district Pendik is divided into nine districts , 31 districts and five villages .
Since the most recent administrative reform, Pendik has now been divided into 36 Mahalle . These include: Ahmet Yesevi , Bahçelievler , Batı , Çamçeşme , Çamlık , Çınardere , Doğu , Dumlupınar , Ertuğrulgazi , Esenler , Esenyalı , Fatih , Fevzi Çakmak , Güllübağlar , Güzelyalı , Harm Others , Kavakpınar , Kaynarca , Kurtköy , Orhangazi , Orta, Ramazanoğlu , Sanayi , Sapanbağları , Sülüntepe , Şeyhli , Velibaba , Yayalar , Yenimahalle , Yenişehir and Yeşilbağlar .
climate
Pendik is located on the edge of the temperate zone and the subtropical zone and has a transitional climate between the maritime and Mediterranean climates . The annual mean temperature is 14.2 ° C and the average annual precipitation is 690.7 mm.
The warmest month is July with an average of 28.5 ° C, the coldest is January with an average of 5.8 ° C. Most of the precipitation falls in December with an average of 114.2 mm, the least in July with an average of 22.0 mm.
In Pendik, the northeast wind Poyraz and to a lesser extent the southwest wind Lodos prevail all year round . The Poyraz brings cold and dry air. The Lodos, on the other hand, brings warm and humid air, with heavy squalls and rains. The word “Lodos” comes from Turkish and is based on the Greek word “Notus”, which originally means “south wind”.
In the long-term average there are only 15.8 snowfall days , 9.3 snowpack days and only 12.7 foggy days . The lowest temperature recorded so far was −13.9 ° C and dates from January 17, 1963. The heat record is 40.5 ° C and was measured on August 11, 1970.
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Average monthly temperatures and precipitation for Pendik
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history
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Development of the name
The Turkish place name Pendik is a deformation of the Greek place name Panteichion .
Neolithic and Bronze Age
Early finds ( e.g. from Temenye Höyük ) indicate that the region was settled in the Epipalaeolithic . In Fikirtepe near Kadıköy , excavations have proven the presence of fishermen and hunters by means of their oval and rectangular houses made of clay wicker. The site gave the name to the Fikirtepe culture , to which Pendik, Ihpinar (near İznik ) and Mentese also belong in addition to the main site . The late Neolithic pottery from Fikirtepe found widespread westward to Thessaly .
Bithynia and Roman Empire
After Herodotus , the Thyni and Bithyni, two Thracian tribes, immigrated to the area that later formed the Kingdom of Bithynia , to which Pendik belonged. In the 6th century BC Their kingdom fell to Lydia , but its king Croesus was defeated in 546 BC. The Persians . This made the area part of the Phrygia satrapy . When Alexander the Great conquered the Persian Empire, the Bithynians managed to maintain their independence in 297 BC. It became a kingdom. 264 BC The capital Nicomedia came into being . The last Bithynian king Nicomedes IV bequeathed his kingdom in 74 BC. BC the Romans . After that, the place shared the political fate of the Roman and Byzantine empires. Several executions were carried out in Panteichion, for example that of Eutropius , the consul and adviser to the Eastern Roman emperor Arcadius, or that of the Hun Tarrach in 399 . The general of Emperor Justinian I , Belisarius , owned a villa or at least land in Pendik, as Prokop reports.
Byzantium and the Ottoman Empire
In 1079 the Seljuks conquered the city before it was recaptured by the Byzantine Empire around 1086 . Under Byzantine rule the city was named Pantikion or Pentikion. From 1306 to the 1320s there were repeated battles between Byzantium and the Ottoman Empire over the region. Around 1328 the Ottoman Empire under Orhan Gazi conquered the city again with the capture of the castle of Aydos and the palace of Damatrys. About 4.5 km east of the city center is the Orhangazi community, named after the conqueror and Ottoman ruler .
During the Ottoman period, Pendik was a village belonging to Gebze, later a municipality of Üsküdar and Sandschak von Kartal .
Pendik has been a small fishing village ever since. There were three major fires in Pendik between 1878 and 1889. The most serious one occurred in 1889, which is estimated to have destroyed around 1,200 homes and shops. The city was then rebuilt at the request of the city council according to plans by Parisian architects and engineers.
Turkish Republic
On January 30, 1923, an exchange of people was agreed between Greece and Turkey in the Treaty of Lausanne . On the basis of this convention, the Greek Orthodox population residing in Asia Minor was expelled to Greece, and the Muslim population of Greece had to emigrate to Turkey. As a result, Pendik went from being a Greek to a Turkish place.
On July 4, 1987, it was announced in the Turkish Official Gazette No. 19507 that Pendik would be separated from Kartal on August 11, 1988 and become an independent district.
Population development
Demographic changes
Until 1923, the population of Pendik consisted almost entirely of Greeks. After the Treaty of Lausanne they were forced to leave Pendik in 1923/24. The Greek people who left Pendik founded a settlement of the same name near Thessaloniki . In the course of the population exchange, mainly residents from Drama and Ioannina came to Pendik. From 1923, many people from Anatolia moved to Pendik. The population grew rapidly in the 1950s . There were many immigrants from East Macedonia and Thrace , Epirus and Bosnia and Herzegovina . Pendik station was then built between 1960 and 1970. In the 1980s there was a population explosion due to the opening of the Pendik shipyard (Turkish: Pendik Tersanesi ) in July 1982. In 2011, Pendik lived 609,535 people, of whom 300,016 were women and 309,519 were men. 3,628 of them live in villages.
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age structure
The following overview shows the age structure of Pendik in 2007.
| Age from / to | Men | Share in% |
Women | Share in% |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0-14 | 71,473 | 27.2 | 67,065 | 26.0 |
| 15-29 | 71,236 | 27.1 | 72,548 | 28.2 |
| 30-44 | 67,933 | 25.8 | 63,065 | 24.5 |
| 45 - 59 | 36,630 | 13.9 | 34,684 | 13.5 |
| 60-74 | 12,209 | 4.6 | 14,036 | 5.4 |
| 75-89 | 3,083 | 1.2 | 5,248 | 2.0 |
| 90 et plus | 295 | 0.1 | 681 | 0.3 |
| total | 262,859 | 100.0 | 257,627 | 100.0 |
politics
City government
In the local elections on March 28, 2004 , the AKP received 44.3%, the CHP 30.4%, SP 10.3% and MHP 4.5%. The economist Erol Kaya (AKP) was re-elected for his third term. The turnout of the 274,574 eligible voters was around 74.50%.
The local elections on March 30, 2009 brought the AKP 43.4%, the CHP 31.9%, SP 10.8%, MHP 6.1% and DTP 2.7%. The medical practitioner Kenan Şahin from the Islamic conservative AKP was elected as mayor . He took over the office from his predecessor Erol Kaya (AKP), who had been mayor since March 1994. The turnout of the 338,560 eligible voters was 86.26%.
In the 2011 parliamentary elections , the AKP received 56.39%, the CHP 24.30%, the MHP 10.22% and the SP 2.37%. The remaining 6.72% were distributed among small parties. In the 2007 parliamentary election , the AKP received 51.95%, the CHP 20.69%, the MHP 11.07% and the SP 4.35%. The turnout was 84.96%.
Town twinning
Pendik maintains a city partnership with the following cities :
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Novi Pazar , Serbia (2010) -
Chingeltei , Mongolia (2010) -
Kispest , Hungary (2010) -
Manchester , United States (2012)
Culture and sights
Pendik is known, among other things, for its marinas and coastal roads (Turkish Sahilyolu ), which are broadly developed and have numerous multi-generational and children's playgrounds on continuous green areas. Along the coastal road there are fenced-in basketball and soccer fields that extend into other districts, and mostly tea gardens are located nearby. The weekly market has been held since 2010 on weekends on the coastal road on a place protected from rain and, above all, from the sun by large tents in many places.
In Pendik city center there are many ice cream parlors and fast food restaurants as well as a large number of boutiques and shops . The mosque "Çarşı-Camii", built in 1958, is located near the old market square . The original minaret was destroyed by the Gölcük earthquake in 1999.
The centrally located Ataturk Cultural Center (Turkish Ataturk Kültür Merkezi ) has a theater hall with 300 seats, two rooms behind the stage and a foyer that serves as an exhibition area. Turkey's first zoological museum opened in December 2011 and houses 650 prepared animals.
Byzantine monastery
In 1974, during construction work in Çınardere, various remains were found, whereupon the University of Istanbul carried out excavations, which uncovered a Byzantine monastery. A central Byzantine cross- domed church formed the center of the complex. This had a narthex in front of it to the west , a small chapel with a rich opus sectile floor was added to the north and a small burial chamber to it. To the south of the main church there were two more rooms, an atrium stretched in front of the church . The complex can only be dated generally to the 9th to 11th centuries.
Temenye
Temenye is the name of a residential area about 1 km east of the city center, where the hill of Pendik is located. As a village, it has an older history than Pendik itself. Under Byzantine rule, the city was called "Kasilaos". In the area is the Church of John the Baptist (Turkish Hz. Yahya Kilisesi ). Tombs attributed to the Byzantine period have been found behind the church. According to the story, the Roman Emperor Valens learned that the arm and skull bones of John the Baptist were in Syria and ordered them to be brought to Istanbul. When the mules carrying the holy relics reached Temenye, they did not want to go any further. Valen was very surprised by this fact, so he had a church built in Temenye in honor of John the Baptist. Until 1924 August 29 was a day of remembrance.
Pendik prehistoric settlement mound
The hill of Pendik (Turkish Pendik Höyüğü or Temenye Höyük ) is a prehistoric settlement hill (Turkish Höyük ). It is located about 1.5 km east of the city center. On behalf of the Turkish Historical Society , excavations were carried out in April 1961 under the direction of Şevket Aziz Kansu. Many historical cultural assets were destroyed by the vibrations of the railway line about 500 m away. It was only in the early 1980s that the railway line could be diverted and further excavations approved. These were led by a team from Istanbul University and the Ministry of Culture. It was officially registered as an archaeological find on April 6, 1993.
The pits are centrally located around a circular pit. They have a diameter of 3 to 6 m and are 50 to 80 cm deep. Depending on the depth, larger flat stones were used for the base of some pits and pebbles for others. It seems likely that these pits were used as former living quarters or graves. The roof was supported by thick tree trunks, which were connected by smaller branches and plastered with clay. Two skeletons of buried adults were found under the base of two pits.
Compared to other excavated mounds in Istanbul, many tools made from bone and antlers have been found on Pendik Mound . Many stone tools were made from flint and obsidian . The tools date from the Epipalaeolithic period .
Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge
There is only one story about the construction of the Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge, but it has not been proven. Yavuz Sultan Selim is said to have made his way to Baghdad from Istanbul in 1516 . In Pendik he believed he was still following the course of the Baghdad Chaussee , but was actually on today's Ankara Street (Turkish: Ankara Caddesi ). In order to be able to pass the small valley, he had the bridge built and a well dug about 300 m from the bridge. In 1945 part of the bridge and the fountain were destroyed. So far the bridge has not been mentioned in any record, rather there are only the remains.
Education, upbringing and social
There are 63 private and public primary schools, 30 grammar schools, 19 kindergartens and 3 vocational schools and research institutes in the Pendik district. The educational offer is taken up by around 110,000 students (as of 2012).
There are 23 Sağlık Grup municipal clinics , three nursing homes, a tuberculosis clinic and a teaching hospital in the district. In addition, there are four private hospitals, eight polyclinics , eight medical centers, five dental polyclinics , two dialysis centers, 41 different laboratories, over 100 surgical outpatient departments and around 150 pharmacies.
The third division Pendikspor , founded in 1950, is based in the Çınardere district in the Pendik Stadium . He became known nationally for the fact that he threw record champions Fenerbahçe Istanbul with a 2-1 victory in the third main round of the Turkish Football Cup of the 1999/2000 season .
Economy and Infrastructure
economy
Since November 4, 1963 there has been a company of the building materials manufacturer Ytong in Pendik , which is responsible for the production of wall blocks. Production began in 1965. In May 2004, a cooperation between Ytong and Alsecco GmbH was established , which has since owned 25% of Ytong. In addition, a shipyard opened in Pendik in July 1982, which resulted in strong population growth. The shipyard was expanded between 1986 and 1991 under the direction of the Turkish State Authority for Ports and Airfields (Turkish Devlet Limanlar ve Havameydanları ) and received, among other things, larger dry docks . From 1995 to 1999 there was a slight continuous decrease in the number of workers from 1,320 to 1,137. The 1999 Gölcük earthquake destroyed large parts of the shipyard, which meant that operations had to be suspended for about a year.
In 2000 there were 4,532 businesses in Pendik. 2008, the number had increased by 29.26% to 5,858 commercial enterprises, of which about 2,000 for industry of production , 1200 for construction and 1,000 for trading included. Industry is Pendik's economic core . With an unemployment rate of around 4%, Pendik is well below the unemployment rate in Turkey (9.2%). 56,600 people are employed in the industry (including 6,000 women) in the administrative nature , there are about 13,500 employees and 12,000 merchants . Due to the industrialization in the former fishing village, the number of fishermen has dropped to around 500.
Shopping centers
There are two shopping centers in Pendik, the Neomarin and the Pendorya. In April 2009, the Neomarin in Güzelyalı opened as Pendik's first shopping center and has around 7 million visitors annually. In the entrance hall there is a 17 m high wall of water and an illuminated waterfall of the same height. On an area of 35,000 m 2 there are 140 shops, including Carrefour , Deichmann , Mavi Jeans , LC Waikiki and Teknosa, as well as an approximately 3,000 m 2 "Safari Park" which is used as a play area for children.
The Pendorya opened its second shopping center in Pendik in December 2009. 105 shops can be found on a total area of 80,000 m². The Tesco Kipa supermarket is the largest retail store in Turkey with a shopping area of 8,500 m². With an area of 5,500 m², one of the five largest Media Markt branches in Eurasia is located in Pendorya . The Pendorya also has a cinema ( Cinemaximum ) with eight movie theaters and shops such as Mango , Mavi Jeans and LC Waikiki.
traffic
Road traffic and local public transport
Since there are only a few rail lines, the majority of local public transport is handled via the roads in the region. Buses, shared taxis ( dolmuş ) and taxis play an important role here, with the yellow taxis taking up a large proportion of the total traffic and the city buses carrying the bulk of the local public transport. Pendik is in close proximity to the E 80 and O-4 . The former E 5 (since then D-100) runs through the center of Pendik. In addition, there are a large number of main and secondary roads that connect the district. In 2006 the “Kartal Pendik Master Plan” was created by Zaha Hadid . Among other things, this is intended to relieve the heavily traveled east-west line through parallel branch lines in both districts and to adapt urban planning to the strong population growth through minimized detours and coordinated landscape planning.
There are around 25 bus routes in Pendik, which connect the communities in the district itself, but also neighboring districts. For example Tuzla, Kartal, Kadıköy and Sultanbeyli.
Rail transport
The Asian part of Istanbul is accessed by a 44.2 km long railway line, which was built in stages between 1871 and 1908. The route begins at Haydarpaşa station and runs through Kadıköy , Maltepe , Kartal, Pendik and Tuzla to Gebze.
The high-speed trains ( Yüksek Hızlı Tren ) run from and via Pendik between Ankara and Istanbul. The station is also served by the daily night train to Ankara and is connected to Istanbul via the Marmaray train.
Air and sea transport
The Sabiha Gökçen International Airport is located in Pendik County . It was opened in 2001 and was the first step in the "Advanced Technology Industrial Park" project, which plans numerous other services in addition to transportation, foreign trade, aviation and technology. The airport is a central pillar in the development of the area into a technology base and should serve as a role model, like its namesake Sabiha Gökçen for the emancipation of Turkish women in working life.
The harbor station in Pendik was founded in 1870 . Since 1998 there has been a daily ferry from Pendik to Eminönü . Since 2004 there is a ferry from Pendik to Yalova and a ferry along the coast via Kartal and Maltepe to Beyoğlu . The ferries are operated by İstanbul Deniz Otobüsleri A.Ş. operated.
References
Web links
Individual evidence
- ^ Turkish Institute for Statistics, 2012 ( Memento from February 20, 2013 on WebCite ), accessed May 2, 2015
- ^ Turkish Institute for Statistics, 2014 ( Memento February 10, 2015 on WebCite ), accessed May 2, 2015
- ↑ Ömerli İçmesuyu Arıtma Tesisi. İstanbul Su ve Kanalizasyon İdaresi, accessed June 19, 2012 .
- ↑ Göllerin Ekolojik Durumunun Değerlendirilmesinde Fitoplankton Topluluklarının Kullanılması. (PDF, 271 KB) Ankara University , p. 5 , accessed on June 19, 2012 .
- ↑ a b c d Pendik'teki tarihi yer ve yapılar. (No longer available online.) Pendiknethaber.com, November 9, 2008, formerly in the original ; Retrieved June 14, 2012 . ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Pavli Adası, Yassıada, M / V Akdeniz. (No longer available online.) Vira Dergisi, 2008, archived from the original on December 27, 2011 ; Retrieved June 14, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Historical works at the borders of Pendik
- ↑ List of municipalities in Pendik on canilli.com
- ↑ a b c d e Pendik ilçesi (İstanbul) kentsel ekolojisi “The urban ecological characteristics of Pendik town (İstanbul)”. belgeler.com, February 17, 2010, pp. 50-52 , accessed June 14, 2012 .
- ^ Raymond Janin: Constantinople Byzantine. 2nd edition Paris 1964, p. 502.
- ↑ a b c d 4. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı. (PDF, 9,921 KB) Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı, Eski Eserler ve Müzeler Genel Müdürlüğü, December 2, 1982, pp. 25–30 , accessed on June 13, 2012 . ; Mehmet Özdoğan : Pendik. A Neolithic Site of Fikirtepe Culture in the Marmara Region , in: Rolf Michael Boehmer, Harald Hauptmann (Hrsg.): Contributions to ancient history of Asia Minor. Festschrift for Kurt Bittel. Zabern, Mainz 1983, ISBN 3-8053-0585-0 , pp. 401-411.
- ↑ The history of Istanbul on megacity-istanbul.com
- ↑ Ivan Gatsov: Prehistoric Chipped Stone Assemblages from Eastern Thrace and the South Marmara Region 7th-5th mill. BC John and Erica Hedges, Oxford 2009, p. 13.
- ^ Christian Marek, Peter Frei: Geschichte Kleinasiens in der Antike , Beck, Munich 2010, p. 82.
- ↑ Herodotus, 7, 75.
- ^ Alan Cameron, Jacqueline Long: Barbarians and Politics at the Court of Arcadius , University of California Press 1993, p. 318.
- ^ Theodor Mommsen : Fragments of Johannes von Antiochia and Johannes Malalas , in: ders .: Gesammelte Schriften , Vol. 7, Georg Olms, 1994, pp. 710–750, here: p. 743 (first published in 1872).
- ↑ 1071 Malazgirt Savaşı'ndan Sonra Pendik Bölgesi. (No longer available online.) Pendiknethaber.com, November 17, 2008, archived from the original on June 10, 2012 ; Retrieved June 13, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Pendik'te Osmanlı hakimiyeti. (No longer available online.) Pendiknethaber.com, November 15, 2008, formerly in the original ; Retrieved June 13, 2012 . ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ İlçe Tarihi. (No longer available online.) Sultanbeyli Belediyesi, April 22, 2010, archived from the original on May 27, 2012 ; Retrieved June 14, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Orhangazi Mahallesi Muhtarlığı. (No longer available online.) Pendik Belediyesi, July 9, 2007, archived from the original on November 7, 2013 ; Retrieved June 14, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ 1889 Yangını ve Azerian Efendi Öncülüğünde İlk Planlı Yerleşme. (No longer available online.) Pendiknethaber.com, November 14, 2008, formerly in the original ; Retrieved June 13, 2012 . ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Ilçemiz. (PDF, 168 KB) Pendik Belediyesi, 2011, accessed on June 11, 2012 .
- ↑ July 4th, 1987 tarihli Resmi Gazete. (PDF, 2,625 KB) TC Resmi Gazete, July 4, 1987, accessed June 14, 2012 .
- ↑ 1918-1935 Yılları Arasında Pendik'te Yaşanan Değişiklikler. (No longer available online.) Pendiknethaber.com, November 13, 2008, archived from the original on February 27, 2015 ; Retrieved June 13, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ okulweb.meb.gov.tr
- ↑ 1935'lerden 1970'lere Pendik. (No longer available online.) Pendiknethaber.com, November 12, 2008, archived from the original on February 27, 2015 ; Retrieved June 13, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Population development of Pendik on harika.istanbul.gov.tr ( Memento of the original from May 6, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Turkish Institute for Statistics ( Memento from January 31, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Distribution of the population ( Memento of the original from November 28, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ a b c d e Report of the working groups on the current situation in Pendik. (PDF, 2,953 KB) (No longer available online.) Pendik Belediyesi, June 1, 2008, pp. 11–67 , formerly in the original ; Retrieved June 19, 2012 . ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Results of the 2004 local elections
- ↑ Results of the 2009 local elections
- ↑ Results of the 2011 parliamentary elections
- ↑ Results of the 2007 parliamentary elections
- ↑ Pendik ile Novi Pazar 'kardeş şehir' oldu. (No longer available online.) Pendik Belediyesi, February 2, 2010, formerly in the original ; Retrieved June 14, 2012 . ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Moğollarla 'İşbirliği Protokolü' imzalandı. (No longer available online.) Pendik Belediyesi, April 16, 2010, formerly in the original ; Retrieved June 14, 2012 . ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Kispest Belediyesi İle Kardeş Olduk. (No longer available online.) Pendiknethaber.com, June 1, 2010, formerly in the original ; Retrieved June 14, 2012 . ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Communication from the Mayor of Pendik, Istanbul, Turkey regarding sister city relations. (PDF, 1,636 KB) Municipality of Manchester, NH, May 29, 2012, accessed June 14, 2012 .
- ↑ ABD'den kardeş şehrimiz oluyor. (No longer available online.) Pendik Belediyesi, May 29, 2012, formerly in the original ; Retrieved June 14, 2012 . ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Pendik Yeni Pazarı Yerinde. (No longer available online.) Pendiknethaber.com, May 18, 2010, archived from the original on May 19, 2010 ; Retrieved June 17, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Türkiye'nin ilk doldurulmuş hayvan müzesi Pendik'te açıldı. (No longer available online.) Pendik Belediyesi, December 19, 2011, formerly in the original ; Retrieved June 19, 2012 . ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Cihat Soyhan: Pendik'de Bizan's Devrine Ait Manastır Kazısı. In: Sanat Tarihi Yıllığı 8 (1978), pp. 139–158.
- ↑ Pendik Höyüğü gün yüzüne çıkıyor. İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi, January 16, 2009, accessed June 14, 2012 .
- ↑ Details of the excavation on tayproject.org
- ^ Yavuz Sultan Selim Köprüsü. Pendik Gazetesi, May 5, 2008, accessed June 15, 2012 .
- ↑ List of state primary schools on istanbulburda.com ( Memento of the original from March 9, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ State educational institutions in Pendik
- ↑ a b İstanbul'un Pendik İlçesini Tanıyalım! iam Türkiye, April 25, 2012, accessed June 13, 2012 .
- ↑ Pendik Toplum Sağlığı Merkezi. (No longer available online.) Pendik Belediyesi, January 6, 2011, archived from the original on October 4, 2011 ; Retrieved June 13, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ History of Ytong in Pendik
- ^ "Pendik Tersanesi" on the pages of Yüksek İnşaat
- ↑ General information on Pendik on okulweb.meb.gov.tr
- ↑ Pendik Neomarin Alışveriş Merkezi Projesi Tamamlandı. haberler.com, April 16, 2009, accessed June 15, 2012 .
- ↑ Neomarin Alışveriş merkezleri
- ↑ Cinemaximum Pendorya ( Memento of the original from June 28, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ List of shops in Pendorya ( Memento of the original from May 12, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ a b c d Pendik Ulaşım Aksları. (No longer available online.) Pendik Belediyesi, December 12, 2008, archived from the original on June 24, 2012 ; Retrieved June 13, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Kartal-Pendik-Masterplan: The implementation of parametric urban planning; Patrick Schumacher: Parametricism - A New Global Style for Architecture and Urban Design . In: AD. Architectural design. Vol. 79, No. 4: Digital Cities . London 2008. ISBN 0-470-77300-6 .
- ↑ Ignatius Civelli: German rails in Ottoman soil , Munich 2010, ISBN 978-3-640-59495-5 , page 143rd
- ↑ Transport links to Sabiha Gökçen Airport ( Memento of the original from June 10, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ List of terminals on ido.com.tr
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