Tell (archeology)
In archeology , the Arabic word tell (or Tel , Arabic تل, DMG Tall 'hill', meaning: settlement hill) an elevation that arose through repeated settlement, such as the citadel of Aleppo in Syria or the citadel of Erbil in the autonomous region of Kurdistan .
Name and occurrence
In Hebrew it is called tells tel ( תל), in Turkish Höyük or Hüyük , in Persian Tepe or Tappa , in Greek Magoula (also called Toumba in northern Greek Macedonia ), Romanian Magura and in Bulgarian Mogila (actually burial mound). Kom is the name in Egypt and North Sudan . The prehistoric residential mound, also known as the tell settlement in southeastern Europe, is called Byhøj (literally city mound ) in Denmark .
Tells are created in areas where adobe or rammed earth ( Pisé ) are the preferred building material, where there is little rainfall and where settlements are built in one place over a longer period of time. They can be found in the entire Middle East , also in Europe, in Greece, Bulgaria, Romania (Neolithic settlement of Pietrele , with Tell Măgura Gorgana) and in parts of Hungary (as in Jászberény ) and Serbia, but do not reach the same height as for example here in Iraq . One of the largest known tells is located in the city of Erbil (Arbela) in Kurdistan ( Citadel of Erbil ).
In Europe, tells were formed mainly during the Neolithic and Eneolithic . In the Hungarian lowlands, tells were only made between 5500 and 4500 BC. For the following Eeolithic Tiszapolgár culture , scattered flat settlements were typical.
In contrast to Tell, which has grown into an artificial hill over time due to the settled settlement rubble , the Arabic word qalʿa , corresponding to Turkish kale , describes a settlement built on a natural hill.
Examples
Tell
The following locations and excavation sites are designated with Tell or Tepe:
(alphabetic after main name)
- Tall Abila , Jordan
- Tell Abu Habbah, the historic city of Sippar , Iraq
- Tell Abu-Shahrin, Mesopotamia , the excavation site of Eridu , Iraq
- Tell Ahmar, today Til Barsip , Assyrian Kar-Salmanasser in Mesopotamia, Syria
- Tell Afar , Iraq
- Tell Agrab , Iraq
- Tel Akko , Israel
- Tel Arad , the ancient Arad in southern Israel
- Tell Arqa , Lebanon, excavation site near Arqa
- Tell Asmar , Mesopotamia, Iraq
- Tel Aviv , Israel, Hebrew for "hill of spring": poetically translated title of the Hebrew edition of Theodor Herzl's 1902 novel Altneuland
- Tel Aseka , Israel
- Tell el-Balamun , Egypt
- Tell Balata, Shechem in Palestine
- Tell Barri , Syria, near Tell Brak
- Tell Bashir , Turkey, prehistoric settlement hill with medieval fortress Turbessel
- Tall Bazi , Syria
- Tell Be'er Sheva , Israel
- Tell Beydar , Nabada, Syria
- Tell Bi'a, ancient Tuttul , Syria on the Euphrates
- Tell Bismaya , in Iraq, see Adab
- Tell Brak , Nagar, Syria, on the Chabur
- Tell el-Burak , on the coast south of Sidon in Lebanon
- Tel Khamis , Northeast Syria
- Tell Chuera , excavation site in Syria
- Tel ed-Duwer , Israel, the ancient city of Lachish
- Tell el-Chulefi , Ezion-Geber on the Gulf of Aqaba
- Tell el-Dab'a, Egypt near the historic Auaris , south city of the histor. City of Pi-Ramesse
- Tel Dan , Arabic Tell al-Kadi or Tell el-Qadi, northern Israel, near Kibbutz Dan
- Tell Deir Alla, Jordan (historical country Gilead ), where an inscription about the biblical seer Balaam was found
- Tulul adh-Dhahab , Jordan, double hills in the Jabbok valley
- Tell Dja'de al Mughara , Northern Syria
- Et-Tell, Palestine, the biblical Ai
- Tell el-Fara'in, Egypt, today's Dep, district of Buto
- Tell el-Farama, Egypt, ancient Pelusium
- Tell-i-Ghazir, Iran
- Tel Goren, Tel En-Gedi near En Gedi on the Dead Sea
- Tell Habwe, Nile Delta in Egypt, inscription by Pharaoh Nehesy
- Tel Hadar, Israel, on the Sea of Galilee
- Tell Halaf , Syria, eponymous for the Halaf culture , as the Guzana capital of the Aramaic empire Bit-Bahiani
- Tell Hariri, Syria, ancient Mari
- Tell Harmal , Iraq
- Tel Hazor , Israel
- Tell el-Hiba, Iraq, ancient Lagasch
- Tall Hujayrat al-Ghuzlan , Jordan near Aqaba
- Tell Jemmeh in Gaza
- Tell Jokha, Mesopotamia, ancient Umma
- Tell Kāmid el-Lōz , Lebanon
- Tell Karanovo , Bulgaria
- Tel Keisan, Biblical Akhshaph, Akšapa, near the coast north of Haifa in Israel
- Tell Khanasri, near Irbid in northwestern Jordan
- Tell Kujundschik, ancient Nineveh in northern Iraq
- Tell Kuran in northeast Syria
- Tall al-Magass, Jordan, near Aqaba
- Tell Măgura Gorgana
- Tell Mardikh, old Ebla
- Tell el-Maschukah, Egypt, the cities of Heroonpolis and Pi-Thum (Pa-Thom)
- Tell Mashnaqa, Syria, on the Chabur
- Tel Masos, in the Beersheba Valley in Israel
- Tall Mischrife, ancient Qatna in Syria
- Tell Mohdâm, Tell Moqdan or Tell el-Moqdam, Tell el-Muqdam, Egypt, ancient city-state of Leontopolis
- Tell Mozan, Syria, Akkadian city of Urkeš
- Tell el-Mutesellim, ancient Megiddo
- Tell en-Nasbeh, near Jerusalem , probably an ancient mizpah
- Tell Nebi Jenus, also part of Nineveh in Iraq
- Telloh, Mesopotamia, ancient Sumerian Girsu
- Tell Qannas, Habuba Qabira on the central Euphrates in Syria
- Tell Qarqur (Qarqar / Karkar), Syria, ancient Aramaic Qarqar
- Tell Qasile , Tel Aviv , Israel
- Tell er-Retaba , historical site in Egypt
- Tall Rifaat , Northern Syria, Aramaic Arpad
- Tell Roba, Tell al-Rubˁ, Greek name Mendes , in the Nile Delta in Egypt
- Tel es-Safi, Philistine Gat in the Shefela (Gaza Strip)
- Tell Schech Hamad , Major Katlimmu
- Tell Siran in Amman , archaeological site on the grounds of the University of Jordan
- Tell Sukas , ancient city in the Syrian governorate of Latakia
- Tell es-Sultan (or Tell Sultan), Palestine, biblical Jericho
- Tell Tayinat (Ta'yinat), Turkey near Antakya , 2009 Assyrian cuneiform finds
- Tell Temai, Egypt near Mendes
- Tell Tuneinir, Syria, on the Chabur
- Tell el-Obed , Mesopotamia, eponymous for the Obed period
- Tall al-Uhaymir, ancient Kiš in Mesopotamia
- Tell el-Yahudiya , Egypt
- Tell Yassir , Iraq, probably ancient Malgium
- Tell Zeidan , Tell Zaidan near Raqqa , Syria, southeast of Aleppo , see Tuttul # story
- Tall Zira'a , Jordan, in the border triangle with Syria and Israel
Tepe
The following locations and excavation sites are designated with Tepe:
(alphabetic after main name)
- Ajina Tepe , Tajikistan
- Altıntepe , Anatolia, Eastern Turkey
- Anzavurtepe , eastern Turkey
- Arslantepe , Turkey
- Dalmā Tepe , West Azerbaijan (Iran)
- Tepe Fullol , Afghanistan
- Tepe Gaura , Iraq
- Geoy Tepe , an archaeological dig in northwestern Iran
- Godin Tepe , Iran
- Gohar Tepe , a late Chalcolithic to Iron Age settlement in central northern Iran
- Hajji Firuz Tepe , Iran
- Haft Tepe , the name of a series of mounds of ruins in Iran
- Hora-Tepé , Dacian settlement, city in Romania
- Jorgan Tepe , northern Iraq, near Kirkuk , Nuzi , Ga-Sur
- Kutlug-Tepe , Afghanistan
- Namazga Tepe , settlement hill in Turkmenistan
- Tilla Tepe , Afghanistan
- Yarim Tepe , Mesopotamia
- Yemschi Tepe , Afghanistan
- Zernaki Tepe , former. Urartu, east of Lake Van, Turkey
- Ziyaret Tepe , on the Tigris, the Assyrian Tushan
Others
Tell in the sense of mountain also generally refers to elevations.
literature
- Thomas Link: The end of the Neolithic tell settlements, a cultural-historical phenomenon of the 5th millennium BC In the Carpathian Basin. Habelt, Bonn 2006, ISBN 3-7749-3416-9 .
Web links
- Dieter Vieweger : Tell. In: Michaela Bauks, Klaus Koenen, Stefan Alkier (Eds.): The Scientific Biblical Lexicon on the Internet (WiBiLex), Stuttgart 2006 ff.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Edit Batho Horti u. a .: Life in the land of the Jászen. Guide to the permanent exhibition of the Jász Museum; on the occasion of the 125th anniversary of the founding of the Jász Museum. Foundation for the Jász Museum, Jászberény 1999, ISBN 963-03-6864-1 .