Ludwig Leichhardt

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Friedrich Wilhelm Ludwig Leichhardt

Friedrich Wilhelm Ludwig Leichhardt (born October 23, 1813 in Sabrodt (later part of Trebatsch , today von Tauche ), Mark Brandenburg , Prussia , † probably 1848 in Central Australia ) was a German explorer , zoologist , botanist and geologist .

Leichhardt came to Australia in 1842, where he devoted himself to researching the fauna , flora and geology of the then largely unknown continent . The interior of Australia had not yet been explored until the 1840s. Most of New South Wales with today's Victoria , the coastal areas from Queensland to Brisbane and narrow peripheral areas on the coasts of South Australia and Western Australia , in a northerly direction as far as the Pilbara region, were developed. Tasmania was already colonized. There were few branches on the north coast of the Australian continent, including the Port Essington military station .

Leichhardt went on three expeditions. On his first expedition from 1844 to 1845 he made the first crossing from Queensland to Port Essington in the Northern Territory . Since he extensively described the newly discovered area, climate and weather, the fauna and flora as well as the Aborigines in his diaries , he made subsequent explorations and settlements possible. His second expedition from 1846 to 1847 was to lead from eastern Australia to the Swan River in Western Australia; it failed after five months. When he wanted to repeat this project in 1848, he and his expedition team were lost in the outback .

Leichhardt is well known in Australia because he is treated in history class. He is less known in Germany: while his expedition diary in 1951 and a biography appeared in six editions from 1972 in the GDR, publications about him did not appear in the Federal Republic until the 1980s.

Its official botanical author abbreviation is “ Leichh. ".

Life

Early years

Ludwig Leichhardt was born on October 23, 1813, the sixth of nine children. His father Christian Hieronymus Matthias Leichhardt (1778-1840) was a peat inspector . The family, which comes from the Harz foreland , used to be written as Leuckhard. Ludwig's father was born on August 12, 1778 in Schadeleben in the Principality of Halberstadt ( Prussia ). His mother was Charlotte Leichhardt, née Strählow (1776–1854). His family lived relatively well for the circumstances at the time. Ludwig himself was physically weak in his early years and liked to undergo strenuous physical exercise. At school he was one of the best students.

His godfather, Pastor Rödelius from Zaue , promoted him and took him at his own expense to the grammar school in Cottbus , where he graduated from high school in 1831. In his high school days he is said to have been an avid gymnast. After graduating from high school, he returned home to pursue a civil servant career. However, he decided to study philosophy in Berlin. In 1833 he moved to the University of Göttingen , where he studied practical philosophy, the history of religion and linguistics, later natural history, botany, metaphysics and physics. There he met William Nicholson and his brother John, who took him to England in 1837. They studied in London and Paris at the Muséum d'histoire naturelle . Leichhardt did not complete his studies. In May 1838 he applied to the Prussian consul in London for a passport, which he was refused because he had since been called up for the military. His immediate return home was ordered. He resisted and was given a British passport with the help of the Nicholson family. He was therefore considered deserted in Prussia . In 1840, William Nicholson and Leichhardt toured France, Italy and Switzerland for several months. On October 1, 1841, he sailed from Cardiff on the sailing ship Sir Edward Paget to Australia to explore the still unknown areas. Nicholson paid for the crossing, who also provided him with money to create a first livelihood in Australia. Leichhardt arrived in Sydney in February 1842 .

Australia

On his voyage, Leichhardt met the harp player Stephen Marsh, who later embarked on a career as a musician in Sydney, and his family, with whom he subsequently lived. He later lived in Sydney in the house of the British barrack master Robert Lynd, a 24-year-old bachelor. In Sydney he applied for the vacant position of director of the Sydney Botanical Gardens and as a surveyor. Both applications were rejected. At the invitation of the sheep farmer Walter Scott, Leichhardt traveled by steamship to Newcastle on the Hunter River in September 1843 . From there he undertook his first explorations on foot and on horseback in several stages over a total of about 4000 kilometers and gained his first experience in the wilderness. He came as far as the Liverpool Range and later on foot to Mount Royal . He also traveled to the area of Moreton Bay, about 100 kilometers to the north . His last rides were in the Darling Downs and the Condamine River . In early 1844 he returned to Sydney, where he prepared his first expedition.

First expedition (1844-1845)

Main article : → Expedition von Leichhardt (1844–1845)
Route of Ludwig Leichhardt's first expedition through Australia
Leichhardt's Tree (1914), a 300-year-old eucalyptus tree in Taroom , Queensland , in which Leichhardt carved signs at the end of 1844.

Returning to Sydney, Leichhardt found that the willingness to fund a research trip to northern Australia had increased, although public opinion was divided. Leichhardt had no means of his own to carry out an expedition and was dependent on donations. That is why he had to do without elaborate and expensive equipment such as cooking apparatus and barometer for determining the elevation of the terrain and only had a sextant , chronometer , portable compass and a small thermometer as well as an Australian map by Aaron Arrowsmith with him.

In Sydney, Leichhardt selected five expedition members and after their arrival in Brisbane by steamer, another four. Among the ten participants were naturalist John Gilbert , John Roper , botanist James Snowden Calvert , convict William Phillips, fifteen-year-old John Murphy, explorer Christopher Pemberton Hodgson , Afro-Australian chef Caleb, and native trackers Charley Fisher and Harry Brown. Gilbert was considered the second expedition leader due to his expedition experience in the outback, but did not agree with all of Leichhardt's decisions.

With 17 horses, 16 fattened and draft oxen and dogs, the research trip into the outback began in the small town of Jimbour , an outpost of civilization in what was then Queensland. Shortly afterwards, Leichhardt realized that he had to reduce his team due to insufficient catering and sent two participants back. This measure was not enough, so that he later had to cut the food rations.

Due to a lack of experience in leading an expedition, Leichhardt got into disputes right from the start, which culminated in the two Aborigines going their own way. When he confronted Charley, he was punched in the face. He then expelled both of them from the camp. Then they were repentant. He took them up again, especially because they were irreplaceable for tracking.

Leichhardt was interested in the geology of Australia , discovered a coal deposit in Queensland and took rock samples. Corals named after him were discovered in one of his samples. He and Gilbert examined unknown fish, frogs, snakes, and lizards. He recorded not only these, but also climate and weather observations in his travel diary, which he wrote down in the evenings. Gilbert and Leichhardt collected plants, prepared birds and lizards. However, due to the loss of animals to be transported and the space required to transport venison, large parts of the collections had to be abandoned towards the end of the expedition. The expedition encountered numerous Aboriginal tribes and Leichhardt noted down information about their way of life, diet and tools. The establishment of contact was made more difficult, however, because Leichhardt had not taken any presents and only handed over objects of daily use. But the Aborigines were not interested in these. Gilbert was killed in a robbery and two members of the expedition were seriously injured, with Roper losing an eye.

Leichhardt discovered mountain ranges, rivers and mountains and named them after his companions, his friends and the supporters and sponsors of the expedition. These include the Lynd Range, Mount Nicholson and Mount Phillips, Roper River , Burdekin River , Gilbert River , Calvert River and the Brown Lagoon.

Port Essington (1845)

On December 17, 1845, the seven expedition participants reached their expedition destination Port Essington (near Darwin ) with their horses and an ox . When they arrived by ship in Sydney on March 29, 1846, they were given a formal reception. 1,500 pounds were raised to support them and the governor George Gipps granted the participants 1,000 pounds for their own use for their services.

On his first expedition, which took him over 4,800 kilometers from Queensland to the Northern Territory, Leichhardt had succeeded in discovering an east-north route through the Australian continent.

The Prussian exact records, written down in his travel diary of a land trip in Australia from Moreton Bay to Port Essington during the years 1844 and 1845 , helped adventurers and settlers to conquer the new territory. His publication appeared in 1847 in London in English and in 1851 in German translation in Halle .

In April 1847 Leichhardt was next to Charles-Xavier Rochet d'Héricourt (1801-1854) the annual prize of the Paris Geographical Society for the most important geographical discovery awarded. Just one month later, on May 24th of the same year, he was awarded the sponsorship medal of the Royal Geographical Society in England for "increased knowledge of the great continent of Australia", which he had increased with his first expedition. In the absence of Leichhardt, the award was presented to his childhood friend William Nicholson in London.

Second expedition (1846–1847)

Main article : → Expedition von Leichhardt (1846–1847)
Ludwig Leichhardt on his second expedition (drawing by John Frederick Mann )

Even before the end of the first expedition, Leichhardt had made plans to cross the Australian continent from east to west in order to reach the Swan River overland. From the Swan River he wanted to follow the northwest coast and from there reach Port Essington.

On October 1, 1846, the expedition began with the departure from Sydney for Port Stephens . From there the men traveled overland to the Darling Downs . The entire expedition team consisted of nine people with Leichhardt: Heinrich Boecking, Daniel Bunce , Hovenden Hely , John Frederick Mann , James Perry, Henry Turnbull and the Aborigines Harry Brown and Woommai (Jimmy). On December 10th, the team from the Gogg sheep station set out on their research trip with 14 horses, 16 mules, 40 cattle, 270 goats, 90 sheep and 4 dogs.

Progress was hampered by months of rainfall. On March 5, 1847, the men reached the confluence of the Comet and Mackenzie Rivers with great difficulty . The terrain was boggy, the weather sultry hot. Flies and mosquitoes plagued them. Almost the entire team fell ill with a fever, including Leichhardt. From the beginning, Leichhardt and the other participants in the expedition had different views. On April 30th, on behalf of the crew, John Mann advised Leichhardt to abandon the expedition. Leichhardt refused. Then more animals were lost. Leichhardt ultimately failed because of the hiring of the expedition team and the diseases. He gave up on June 7th and returned to Darling Downs on July 23rd. He finally returned to Sydney on the ship Tamar on October 9th.

Third expedition (1848–?)

Attempt to reconstruct the route of Leichhardt's last expedition

In 1848 Leichhardt made another attempt to find a land route to Perth . This research trip should last two to three years. Leichhardt went with his crew on December 4, 1847 again on a ship from Sydney to Port Stephens. In February 1848 he set out with August Classen, Arthur Hentig, Donald Stuart, Kelly and the Aborigines Wommai and Billy with 7 horses, 20 mules and 50 cattle from Darling Downs via Mount Abundance to Macpherson's Station , which the expedition members reached in early April. They had flour, tea, salt, ammunition and a communal tent with them. Leichhardt's last message was dated April 3, 1848, a letter to his friend Lynd in Sydney. On April 5 or 6, 1848, the second Swan River expedition left Macpherson's Station in a northerly direction. Since then, there has been no usable trace of the participants in the expedition.

Search for Leichhardt

In 1852 a search expedition started under the direction of Hovenden Hely , which only found a storage place and a tree, marked with an "L" above an "XVA". This expedition was funded by the Governor of New South Wales. Again in 1855 he gave Augustus Gregory the order to organize a search expedition to the Swan River accompanied by Ferdinand von Mueller . The expedition should look for traces of Leichhardt from the planned end point of the expedition. It came to the area of ​​the Roper River and the Carpentariagolfs . Another expedition by Gregory in 1858 also remained without concrete results about the whereabouts of Leichhardt.

On one of his expeditions north of the Simpson Desert in the 1860s, John McDouall Stuart , an Australian explorer, came across “a white man's footprints, horse hoofs and a grass-roofed hut inhabited by locals. He had never seen anything like it with the Aborigines. "

In 1869 John Forrest started another expedition, which was also unsuccessful. In 1871 a police officer found burial sites, including saddlebags and the like, south of the Mulligan River, but they were not examined more closely. In 1874 the former convict Andrew Hume claimed that in 1867 he had met the German expedition member and Leichhardt's relative Classen. But he could not prove this further.

For over 100 years, Australian authorities followed up on all promising indications of Leichhardt's whereabouts and financed expeditions.

In 1938 the ethnologist Charles Mountford was commissioned by the government of South Australia to search for traces of Leichhardt's expedition with a team, since relics had been found in the north of the state near Mount Dare Station . It was assumed that these could have come from the expedition. But it was a wrong lead.

The last search expedition to date took place in 1953.

In 2006, Australian scientists authenticated a small copper plate with Leichhardt's name on it. This plate was originally discovered by an Aborigine near Sturt Creek in Western Australia. When the plate was found, it was attached to the stock of a partially burned rifle that was hanging from a baob tree. This tree was marked with the letter "L". The copper plate is now part of the collection of the National Museum of Australia.

There, the research on Leichhardt's disappearance is summed up as follows: "Many theories have been developed over the years to explain where Leichhardt died: Most of them conclude that he perished somewhere near the Simpson Desert ."

Leichhardt's diary An Overland Expedition as a literary work and ethnographic source

Diary of a land trip in Australia , 1851

After completing his first trip, Leichhardt's diary was published in London in 1847 and in German in 1851. It contains the travelogue with many descriptions of plants, natural phenomena, etc. in diary form. As a natural scientist, Leichhardt uses a sober writing style, which, however, always contains reflective parts. He is thus one of the discoverers who is also perceived literarily. In his diary, for example, he describes how he unintentionally chased away a local woman and her child. He - although the explorer in the European sense - feels like an intruder in foreign territory and that at a time when in other parts of the country Aborigines were punished for entering farms (trespassing) due to the legal status of the " Terra nullius ". During his entire trip, he reports, he met Aborigines at relatively short intervals. He reports on their extraordinary ability to find their way in the bush and return to certain places, and attests to them having a photographic memory. Food is exchanged with the natives. Aboriginal clothing, weapons and food are described over and over again. Even after the Aborigines attacked the travelers' camp, Leichhardt's attitude towards the Aborigines did not change.

The two Aborigines participating in the trip are good hunters, and Leichhardt and the others quickly get used to local food. His relationship with the two is patronizing, he calls them "My two blacks", but he recognizes the specific talents of his two black fellow travelers.

Honors and names

Germany

Portrait of Leichhardt by his brother-in-law Friedrich August Schmalfuß (copy)

In the town of Trebatsch , which was called “Leichhardt” from 1937 to 1945 as part of the National Socialist Germanization of Sorbian place names, there is a Ludwig Leichhardt Museum . A Leichhardt hiking trail leads through the community, and a walking and cycling trail, the so-called "Leichhardt Trail", begins there. Both lead to the most important points in Leichhardt's youth. In Goyatz, in the municipality of Schwielochsee , a high school was named after Leichhardt and a primary school in Tauche .

Information sign on the Leichhardt Trail
Ludwig-Leichhardt-Bridge in Cottbus

In memory of Leichhardt's school days in Cottbus , the Ludwig-Leichhardt-Gymnasium was named after him, and it still exists today. On November 4, 1999, the so-called Leichhardt House was inaugurated on the campus of the BTU Cottbus . In addition, Leichhardt was honored on September 9, 2006 with a roll of honor on the Oberkirchplatz in Cottbus. In addition, a bridge and avenue in Cottbus was named after him. A statue of Leichhardt has stood on Oberkirchplatz in Cottbus since 2019.

In the 1950s, the granite boulder of the Cottbus Turnvater-Jahn monument was robbed of its relief medallion and moved to the bank of the Spree. Later a road sign attached to it designated "Ludwig-Leichhardt-Allee".

In 1983 a postage stamp in honor of Leichhardt was first issued in Australia. On October 10, 2013, the German Federal Ministry of Finance and the Australian Post issued a second stamp on the occasion of Leichhardt's 200th birthday. The design of the joint edition comes from the Australian graphic artist Gary Domoney .

On the occasion of Ludwig Leichhardt's 200th birthday, the Lieberose / Oberspreewald office had the Ludwig Leichhardt monument made of glass, stainless steel and bronze for the Australian artist Sue Hayward , who lives in Teltow, erected in the Schwielochsee in Goyatz. Excerpts from Leichhardt's diary entries of his successful expedition from Moreton Bay to Port Essington 1844-1845 can be read on the stele placed in the water. The two smaller sections of the stele show, as a reference to Leichhardt's botanical collections, eucalyptus and banksia leaves made of bronze.

Streets in Trebatsch and in the Berlin district of Dahlem are named after Leichhardt.

Leichardt loved flowers and especially dahlias, as he wrote to his Cottbus brother-in-law Friedrich August Schmalfuß in 1841: "Excellent, the dark red velvety ones, tending towards violet". The Leichardt dahlia, which also grows in the East German Rosengarten Forst, was named after him.

Australia

On the fifth continent, numerous geographic features have been named after Ludwig Leichhardt, including:

In 1991 and 2003 the Australian Post recognized the Leichhardt's Grasshopper on a postage stamp. In 1994 a commemorative coin worth 5 dollars with his image was issued in Australia (silver, 925 fine, 35.79 grams). In February 2013 Western Australia : Commemorative coin from the Mint in Perth for the 200th anniversary of the birth of Leichhardt with portrait, dates and route sketch of his first expedition (silver, 99.9 percent, 2 ounces ).

A sandstone statue of Leichhardt is in Sydney city center and a sandstone memorial with bronze plaques is in Bicentennial Park by Darwin Harbor.

On October 28, 2014, the largest Australian airline Qantas named a Boeing 737-800 of the Qantas after the missing researcher in the presence of the Bundestag President Norbert Lammert and Leichhardt's great-great-nephew of the same name . Many streets (for example in Brisbane, Sydney and Canberra ), shops and community halls, especially in eastern Australia, bear his name.

Flora and fauna

Numerous animals and plants were named after Leichhardt. Here are some examples:

Others

Leichhardt is the template for the novel Voss by the Australian Nobel Prize winner for literature Patrick White and is also the main character in Felicitas Hoppe's unpublished early novel Buch L.

In 1994 a modern rock painting was discovered which is interpreted as a representation of Leichhardt on his first expedition. This thesis is based on the pictorial representation of the protection of the horse's feet and the headgear by Leichhardt. On September 22nd, 1845, Leichhardt's hat burned on the campfire due to a clumsiness. In order to protect himself from the sun, he then made a sack made of canvas, which he opened in front of his face to form a shield.

There is a German-language documentary in the television series Terra X about Ludwig Leichhardt's Ayers Rock death trap and a radio play by Kai-Uwe Kohlschmidt from RBB : Ludwig Leichhardt - Wanderer Between the Worlds.

Metal band Manilla Road released a CD called Mysterium in February 2013 . The title-giving song Mysterium , which concludes the CD, describes Ludwig Leichhardt's disappearance.

In March 2013, Leichhardt appeared as an acting comic figure in the so-called “Australia Series” of the comic magazine MOSAIK .

Fonts

  • Ludwig Leichhardt, Franz Braumann (ed.): The first crossing of Australia 1844–1846. Revised according to his diaries, provided with an introduction and evidence. Stuttgart 1983, ISBN 3-522-60230-7
  • Ludwig Leichhardt, Hans Damm: In the interior of Australia, the first crossing from Brisbane to the north coast.
  • Ludwig Leichhardt: Diary of a land trip in Australia from Moreton Bay to Port Essington during the years 1844 and 1845.
  • Ludwig Leichhardt: Contributions to the geology of Australia. Halle 1855 (Ed. H. Girard).
  • Ludwig Leichhardt: Dr. Ludwig Leichhardt's letters to his relatives. Edited on behalf of the Geographical Society in Hamburg by G. Neumeyer and Otto Leichhardt. With an appendix: G. Neumayer. Dr. Ludwig Leichhardt as a natural scientist and explorer.
  • Ludwig Leichhardt, Karl Helbig + Hans Joachim Schlieben (ed.): Destiny in the Australian bush. Advance into the heart of a continent.
  • The letters of FW Ludwig Leichhardt, Collected and newly translated by M. Aurousseau. 3 volumes, Cambridge, University Press, 1968. (The Hakluyt Society, Second Series, No. 133-135).

literature

  • Günter Bayerl , Tim S. Müller (eds.): Ludwig Leichhardt (1813–1848), Niederlausitz and Australia. For the 200th birthday of the naturalist and Australian explorer (= Lower Lusatia at the beginning of the 21st century. History and present. Volume 3). Waxmann, Münster / New York / Munich / Berlin 2013, ISBN 978-3-8309-2890-4 .
  • Heike Hartmann (ed.): The Australia researcher Ludwig Leichhardt. Traces of someone missing. be.bra, Berlin 2013, ISBN 978-3-95410-019-4 .
  • Michael Juhran: With the eyes of the discoverer. In: Welt am Sonntag. 2nd / 3rd February 2013, pp. R1 – R3.
  • Hans Wilhelm Finger: Dare to do the impossible - an Australian epic. Ludwig Leichhardt - Wanderer between dream, science and aspiration. Finger, Munich 2001.
  • Hans Wilhelm Finger: Leichhardt. The whole story of FW Ludwig Leichhardt. Dreamer, explorer and explorer in Australia. Lower Saxony State and University Library, Göttingen 1999.
  • Dietmar Felden: Through the fifth continent. Life and achievement of Ludwig Leichhardt. Justus Perthes, Gotha 1996, ISBN 3-623-00844-3
  • Heinz Haufe: Voyages of discovery in Australia: Ludwig Leichhardt - A German researcher's fate. Verlag der Nation, Berlin 1972; 6th edition 1990, ISBN 3-373-00428-4 .
  • Christian Lenhardt: Lost in Australia. The riddle of Ludwig Leichhardt. Burgholzhausen vd Höhe 1973.
  • Lutz Mohr : A life for science. In memory of the Lusatian doctor and naturalist Dr. Friedrich Wilhelm Ludwig Leichhardt (1813–1848?). In: Sächsische Heimatblätter. Vol. 16 (1970), No. 4, pp. 184-188.
  • Friedrich Ratzel :  Leichhardt, Ludwig . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 18, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1883, pp. 210-214.
  • Heinrich Girard : About the coal storage of Newcastle at the Hunter by Ludwig Leichhardt in Australia. Abstract from contributions to the geology of Australia. In: Journal of the German Geological Society. Volume 1, Berlin 1849, pp. 44-52 + plate.

foreign language

  • Andrew Wright Hurley: Ludwig Leichhardt's Ghosts: The Strange Career of a Traveling Myth . Camden House, Rochester, NY 2018, ISBN 978-1-64014-013-4 .
  • Darell Lewis: Where Is Dr. Leichhardt? The Greatest Mystery in Australian History. Monash University Publishing, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 2013, ISBN 978-1-921867-76-7 .
  • Colin Roderick: Leichhardt, the Dauntless Explorer. Angus & Robertson, North Ryde (Sydney) 1988, ISBN 0-207-15171-7 .
  • Renee Erdos: Leichhardt, Friedrich Wilhelm Ludwig (1813-1848) . In: Douglas Pike (Ed.): Australian Dictionary of Biography . Volume 2. Melbourne University Press, Carlton (Victoria) 1967, pp. 102-104 (English).
  • Willey Keith: Strange Seeker. The Story of Ludwig Leichhardt. Macmillan Kenthurst, 1966.
  • Catherine Drummond Cotton: Ludwig Leichhardt and the Great South Land. A&R, Sydney 1938.

Web links

Wikisource: Ludwig Leichhardt  - Sources and full texts
Commons : Ludwig Leichhardt  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ gemeinde-tauche.de : Trebatsch. Retrieved June 22, 2013
  2. ^ Heinz Haufe: Journeys of discovery in Australia: Ludwig Leichhardt - Ein Deutsches Forscherschicksal. 1st edition. Verlag der Nation, Berlin 1972, p. 22
  3. ↑ Ernst Amandus Zulold: Dr. Ludwig Leichhardt. A biographical sketch. In addition to a report on the second journey in the interior of the Austral-Continent according to the diary of his companion, the botanist Daniel Bunce. Leipzig 1856, p. 8, online on Googlebooks
  4. ↑ Ernst Amandus Zulold: Dr. Ludwig Leichhardt. A biographical sketch. In addition to a report on the second journey in the interior of the Austral-Continent according to the diary of his companion, the botanist Daniel Bunce. Leipzig 1856, p. 9, online on Googlebooks
  5. ↑ a b Foreword by the editor. In: Ludwig Leichhardt. The first crossing of Australia (reprint of Ludwig Leichhardt's diary), ed. v. Franz Baumann, Weltbildverlag Augsburg, Lenningen 1983, pp. 7–13.
  6. ^ Foreword by the editor. In: Ludwig Leichhardt. The first crossing of Australia (reprint of Ludwig Leichhardt's diary), ed. v. Franz Baumann, Weltbildverlag Augsburg, Lenningen 1983, pp. 13-25.
  7. ↑ Ludwig Leichhardt. The first crossing of Australia. P. 26/27
  8. ↑ Ludwig Leichhardt. The first crossing of Australia. P. 28
  9. ↑ Alec Hugh Chisholm: Gilbert, John (1810-1845). adb.anu.edu.au, in English, accessed May 21, 2013
  10. ↑ a b c d Biographical overview. leichhardt.sub.uni-goettingen.de (PDF; 125 kB), accessed on April 26, 2013
  11. ↑ Dietmar Felden: Through the fifth continent. Life and achievements of Ludwig Leichhardt. Justus Perthes Verlag, Gotha 1994, ISBN 3-623-00844-3 , p. 84 ff.
  12. ^ Ludwig Leichhardt: The first crossing of Australia. Pp. 218/219
  13. ↑ Dietmar Felden: Through the fifth continent. P. 144
  14. ↑ Ken Elford: Hely, Hovenden (1823–1872) . In: Douglas Pike (Ed.): Australian Dictionary of Biography . Volume 4. Melbourne University Press, Carlton (Victoria) 1972, ISBN 0-522-84034-5 (English).
  15. ↑ Dietmar Felden: Through the fifth continent. P. 148
  16. ↑ a b Dietmar Felden: Through the fifth continent. Pp. 148-151
  17. ↑ Inso Holst: The mysterious disappearance of the German explorer. Spiegel Online, January 1, 2007; abridged version of an article by GEO Epoche , issue 24
  18. ↑ Leichhardt Bone's. The Forrest Search Expedition. In: West Australian. June 30, 1934, in English, accessed May 2, 2013
  19. ↑ Search for Leichhardt remains, 1938. samemory.sa.gov.au, in English, accessed on August 9, 2013
  20. ↑ Dietmar Felden: Through the fifth continent. P. 152
  21. ^ Ludwig Leichhardt: A German Explorer's Letters Home from Australia. A virtual exhibition.
  22. ^ National Museum of Australia, copper plate with Leichhardt's name
  23. ^ National Museum of Australia
  24. ^ Ludwig Leichhardt: Journal of an Overland Expedition in Australia from Moreton Bay to Port Essington. London 1847
  25. ^ Richard Landsdown: Romantic aftermaths. In: Peter Pierce: Cambridge History of Australian Literature. Cambridge University Press, Port Melbourne 2009, p. 123 ff.
  26. ↑ Landsdown: Romantic aftermaths. In: Peter Pierce: Cambridge History of Australian Literature. Cambridge University Press, Port Melbourne 2009, p. 124; Leichhardt: To Overland Expedition. P. 49
  27. ^ Henry Reynolds: The Aboriginal Response. In: Sheena Coupe: Frontier Country: Australia's Outback Heritage. Volume 1, Willoughby (Sydney) 1989, p. 215
  28. ^ "Daguerrotype Impression", Leichhardt: An Overland Expedition. P. 33
  29. ↑ cf. z. B. Leichhardt: To Overland Expedition. P. 62
  30. ^ Leichhardt: To Overland Expedition. P. 74 f
  31. ^ Leichhardt: To Overland Expedition. P. 39 f
  32. ↑ cf. Leichhardt: To Overland Expedition. and Alan Frost: Exploring the Interior. In: Sheena Coupe: Frontier Country: Australia's Outback Heritage. Volume 1, Willoughby (Sydney) 1989, pp. 154 ff.
  33. ↑ Brandenburg name book. Part 12: The place names of the Beeskow-Storkow district. Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-515-08664-1 , p. 116, online on Googlebooks
  34. ↑ Communication on uni-protocol.de of October 27, 1999. Accessed on January 24, 2013.
  35. ↑ Thomas Schnitzler: Monuments for "gymnastics father" Friedrich Ludwig Jahn. Retrospective on a controversial German and the modernization of physical culture. Carl and Lieselotte Diem-Archiv, Cologne 2002, ISBN 3-88338-005-9 , p. 55
  36. ↑ Leichhardt comes across a stamp. blickpunkt-brandenburg.de, March 15, 2013, accessed on July 12, 2013
  37. ↑ For the future. Special postage stamp annual preview 2013. Federal Ministry of Finance, accessed on January 24, 2013.
  38. ↑ Ulrike Elsner: Dark red velvety beauty conquers gardens in: Lausitzer Rundschau August 29, 2014, Cottbus edition, accessed on August 12, 2019
  39. ^ Cape Lambert Resources to sell Leichhardt Project to Malaysian buyer. proaktiveinvestors.com, accessed May 14, 2013
  40. ↑ Bernd Marx: Leichhardt and his grasshopper from paradise. 165 years ago, the Australian explorer found the world's most beautiful grasshopper from the Schwielochsee. lr-online.de, November 17, 2010, accessed on July 12, 2013
  41. ^ Leichhardt Memorial in Darwin. ( Memento of the original from February 13, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. entdecker.org (with image), accessed May 2, 2012 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / entdecker.org
  42. ^ Ludwig Leichhardt given 40,000 feet honor. australianaviation.com.au, in English, November 3, 2014, accessed November 13, 2014
  43. ↑ Lost and found: Leichhardt was here . March 7, 2009, accessed April 21, 2011 .
  44. ^ Ludwig Leichhardt: The first crossing of Australia. P. 165 f.
  45. ↑ Ludwig Leichhardt - Wanderer between the worlds. by Kai-Uwe Kohlschmidt, RBB 2009, ( Memento of the original from February 1, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. hoerspieleipps.net, accessed on July 12, 2013 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.hoerspieleipps.net
  46. ↑ Manilla Road. metal-archives.com, accessed May 2, 2013
  47. ↑ Ludwig Leichhardt. In: MosaPedia . Retrieved October 23, 2013 .
personal data
SURNAME Leichhardt, Ludwig
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Leichhardt, Friedrich Wilhelm Ludwig (full name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German explorer, zoologist, botanist and geologist
DATE OF BIRTH October 23, 1813
PLACE OF BIRTH Sabrodt (later part of Tauche ), Mark Brandenburg , Prussia
DATE OF DEATH uncertain: 1848
Place of death Central Australia