Botocudes

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Botocuden woman with lip plate

Aymoré or Botokuden (Portuguese: botocudos , derived from botoque = wooden stake, barrel bung) is the historical name for Indians who lived in the forests of southeastern Brazil , mainly in the area of ​​the state of Minas Gerais . The current names are Krenak (in Portuguese: Crenaques ) or Borun . Their language and the surname of the members are also called Krenak. According to various sources, the number of members in 2011 was 600 or 1000 people. The most prominent member in the 19th century was Joachim Quäck (actually Nuguäck).

Botocuden Girls (1928)
Botocudos on the hunt. The prey is domestic cattle.

The name botokuden is derived from the custom of wearing lip plates , which is widespread among some Indian tribes . Later, however, the term was used generically for all Brazilian Indians who opposed the central government or the European colonists.

history

Originally, the botocuds lived as hunters and gatherers in groups of 50 to 200 members. At the beginning of the 19th century there were initially heavy armed conflicts with advancing European settlers and later persecution and discrimination, which practically led to their extermination.

In 2007, according to Microsoft Encarta, around 2000 descendants of the Botocudos lived mostly as farmers among the rural population. According to Jimmie Durham , the membership was only 600 in 2012.

Their language and culture are almost completely extinct.

Colloquially, the word botocudos is used as a derogatory synonym for an uneducated person with bad behavior.

See also

literature

  • Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied : Journey to Brazil in the years 1815 to 1817. 2 volumes, Verlag Heinrich Ludwig Brönner, Frankfurt 1820-1821. Volume 2. Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied visited the Botokuden for three months in 1817. He then took in the botokuden Joachim Quäck (actually Nuguäck) as his personal valet in his Neuwied Castle . He describes the botocudes in the 2nd volume. Joachim Quäck is mentioned in Volume 2 on the following pages: 42, 51, 55, 64, 66, 130, 131, 304.
  • JCH King: Family of Botocudos Exhibited on Bond Street 1822 . In Christian F. Feest : Indians and Europe: An Interdisciplinary Collection of Essays . University of Nebraska Press, 1999, ISBN 0-8032-6897-1 , pp. 243-251 ( limited online version in Google Book Search)
  • Paul Ehrenreich (Berlin): About the botocudos of the Brazilian provinces Espiritu santo and Minas Geraes. (With plates I – II) 1, 49. In: Zeitschrift für Ethnologie . Organ of the Berlin Society for Anthropology, Ethnology and Prehistory. Volume nineteenth, 1887. With 5 lithographed plates. Published by A. Asher & Co., Berlin 1887.
  • Bruno Rudolph: Dictionary of the Botocudian language . Ms. W. Thaden, Hamburg 1909. (In 2010 the dictionary of the Botocudian language Krenak was translated into the Portuguese language)
  • Meyer's large pocket dictionary in 24 volumes . BI-Taschenbuchverlag 1992, Volume 3, p. 318.
  • Susanne Koppel: Brazil Library of Robert Bosch GmbH: Catalog Volume II: Estate of Prince Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied . Part 1: Illustrations for the journey in Brazil from 1815 to 1817. Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-421-02938-5 , pp. 34-39 and passim.
  • Jimmie Durham : Quack's Return. Essay on the Krenak indigenous people. In: The daily newspaper of April 24, 2011

Web links

Commons : Coroados, Puris e Botucudos  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
Wiktionary: Botokude  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Botocudos. In: Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2009.
  2. ↑ Jimmie Durham: Essay on the Krenak Indigenous People. Quack's return. In: taz.de , April 22, 2011, accessed November 25, 2013.
  3. ↑ Christopher Moseley: Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages. Routledge 2007, ISBN 978-0-7007-1197-0 , p. 142 ( restricted online version (Google Books) )
  4. ↑ Botokude in the Duden