Rosebud Indian Reservation

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Flag of the reserve
Location of the reservation in South Dakota
Spotted Tail (Siŋté Glešká) The reservation was originally named after him
Map of the original boundaries of the Great Sioux Reservation, showing territorial losses by the Indian tribes.
Historical map showing the original boundaries of the Rosebud Reservation (referred to on the map as the Upper Brule Indian Reservation)
Advertisement for the sale of land to white people under the "Dawes Act" 1911
Another map of South Dakota with the official borders of Rosebud. The trust lands are not shown on the map
Ben Reifel (1965)
Agencies.png

Rosebud Indian Reservation ( Lakota Sicangu Oyate) is an Indian reservation in the US state of South Dakota . Originally part of the Great Sioux Reservation , it was removed from it by the US Congress in 1889 and managed as a separate reservation by the Bureau of Indian Affairs . It covers the entire area of Todd County . It also owns off-reservation trust land in Tripp Counties , Lyman Counties , Mellette Counties, and Gregory Counties . Originally the last four counties mentioned were part of the reserve. The reserve is inhabited by Brulé- Lacota Indians . The area of ​​the reserve including the adjoining areas is 5,103 km². According to a 2010 census, 10,469 people inhabited the reserve. The reserve is bordered by the state of Nebraska to the south and the Pine Ridge Reservation to the west . The administrative headquarters of the reserve is located in the Rosebud settlement of the same name . There are bases of the Indian Health Service, the Bureau of Indian Affairs, the Tribal BIA Police and the BIA Fire Management. The name rosebud (rosebud) comes from the wild roses that grow in the area. The largest ward on the reservation is Mission, South Dakota . Today there is a game casino, the Rosebud Casino, on the Nebraska border on the reservation area. The casino is one of the reservation's largest employers. Even so, the unemployment rate is 83%. The average life expectancy for male residents is 47 years. In contrast, the average American lives to be 77 years old. After Haiti , this is the lowest life expectancy in the world. The situation in the reserve can only be described as hopeless. The suicide rate in the reserve is 400% above the national average. Around half of the population over 40 suffers from diabetes , and the rate of tuberculosis is eight times higher than the national average. The number of the population with alcohol-drug problems is estimated at 67%. Only 10% of Todd County High School students graduate.

history

In 1868 the Great Sioux Reservation was created by the Second Treaty of Fort Laramie . This treaty laid the area of ​​the entire present-day US state of South Dakota west of the Missouri, including the Black Hills (from the northern border in Nebraska to the 46th parallel and from Missouri in the east to the 104th meridian in the west) as Indian land unrestricted and unmolested use and settlement by the Great Sioux Nation .

The treaty was preceded by the Red Cloud War (1866–1868), a war which meant a complete victory for the Lakota for the time being . Because of this, the Sioux Indians were in a good negotiating position and were able to “reserve” a large area of ​​what is now South Dakota for themselves. In addition to the reservation area, the Indians received extensive hunting and fishing rights in what is now the US states of Wyoming , Montana and Nebraska . Since the area was settled by several Indian tribes, several bases of the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) were established in the reservation area.

The present reservation has its origins in the Whetstone Indian Agency, a base of the BIA, which was responsible for the Brulé , Oglala and Miniconjou Sioux. Founded in 1869, the agency moved several times, in 1871 to Big White Clay Creek and in 1875 to the White River in the border area between the Nebraska and Dakota Territories. In 1978, the Spotted Tail Indian Agency, named after the Brulé- Lakota - Indians -Häuptling Spotted Tail , released from the Whetstone Indian Agency and managed as a separate agency that later on the Rosebud Creek moved into South Dakota. In the same year the agency was renamed the Rosebud Agency. At the same time, the Oglala-Sioux also got their own agency, the Red Cloud Agency , now called Pine Ridge .

The Black Hills are sacred mountains for the Lakota -Sioux . They are also the subject of numerous Lakota myths. Even today, some tribesmen visit the spiritual places in the mountains to practice their religion. Originally they were largely part of the Great Sioux Reservation. An expedition under George Armstrong Custer, illegal under the Treaty, explored the Black Hills in 1874 and found gold in the mountains . After the gold was discovered, the government tried to persuade the Lakota to cede the mountain range, but without success. Gold prospectors illegally entered the area and a gold rush developed . Conflicts in the winter of 1875/76 led to the renewed deployment of Custer and the 7th Cavalry Regiment and the Battle of Little Bighorn in June 1876. After the final defeat of the Indians in the autumn of the same year, the Black Hills were withdrawn from the Sioux in 1877. This federal government law is not recognized by the Rosebud Reservation to this day, as the required 3/4 of the male residents did not agree to the contract. However, this was prescribed by the Treaty of Fort Laramie in 1868.

Originally the reserve was part of the Great Sioux Reservation. This was divided into several small reservations by the United States Congress on March 2, 1889. The agency created an independent reserve. The Indians lost 36,000 square kilometers. Rosebud was not directly affected by this. Rosebud continued to encompass what is now Todd, Tripp, Lyman, Mellette and Gregory Counties.

Between 1904 and 1910, the US Congress decided to open up what is now Jackson, Tripp, Lyman, Mellette and Gregory Counties to white settlers. The US Congress thus reduced the area of ​​the Rosebud Reservation, as it was believed that the Indians were claiming far too much land. The measure pursued two main goals: On the one hand, the community structure of the Indians was to be broken and the Indians to be integrated into American society. The Indians should become farmers. As such, according to official opinion, they would need much less land than they claimed for their traditional, non-sedentary way of life as hunter-gatherers. That same year the area was divided into parcels by surveyors Sam Chilton and Blaine Scrivenin. They rammed steel rods into the ground half a mile apart. They also reserved areas for future settlements and schools. Since the measure was legally considered an expropriation, which was prohibited by the constitution, individual Indians received 320 acres and children 160 acres. The rest of the area was raffled to white settlers under the Homestead Act . However, this land transfer was subject to conditions. The parcels became the property of the individual Indians only after 25 years. The US government acted as trustee. The land had to be cultivated by the owners in order to become their property. For various reasons, however, the Indians often did not manage their properties. The Indians themselves mostly resisted a life as a farmer. They saw farm work as unworthy and limiting. The areas were also often worthless from an agricultural point of view and did not produce any income. This also did not correspond to the legal opinion and the culture of the Sioux Indians, who knew no real estate. The Sioux moved through the area as nomads and knew no permanent settlements.

The land remained the property of the BIA, which only managed these areas in trust for the tribe. The owners of the areas are often still the Rosebud Sioux Tribe, or they are owned by individual members of the tribe, but not part of the Rosebud Reservation, which is why these areas are called Off-reservation trust land.

After clearing the prairie grass, the white settlers primarily grew wheat. This had fatal consequences and the reclamation resulted in massive droughts. The deep roots of the prairie grass, the stalks of which caught the dust, had protected the upper layers of soil from erosion, which was now setting in on a massive scale. The harvests were destroyed by drought and dust storms and people were literally blown into their homes. As a result, many farmers had to leave their soil when their financial resources were exhausted. They often looked for work in other regions of the United States, particularly in agricultural production in California. Here they competed with other migrant workers. At that time, the USA was hit hard by the global economic crisis and recorded extremely high unemployment (see Dust Bowl ).

It was not until 1934 that the federal government's policy towards the Rosebud Reservation changed. With the Indian Reorganization Act (IRA), the federal government granted the reservation more self-government. On November 23, 1935, the reservation was given its own constitution and government after the tribe approved the IRA.

In 1942 the tribe founded the company Tribal Land Enterprice Rosebud Sioux Tribe to organize the administration of their lands themselves. One of the company's goals is to buy back land from white settlers in order to connect the Off-reservation trust land. Since then, the company has repurchased approximately $ 500,000 worth of land annually. The society leases tribal areas to members and outsiders on various terms.

In 1977 the Supreme Court ruled in the Rosebud Sioux Tribe vs. Kneip Proceedings that the official reservation area only includes Todd County. This means that 2,000 tribesmen and 7 recognized communities lived outside the reserve. Since then, South Dakota has refused to mark the Off-reservation trust land as such on its official maps, even though they are still under the control of the Rosebud Sioux tribe and not the state.

In 1980 the Supreme Court ruled in the United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians case that the Rosebud tribe was entitled to compensation for the loss of the Black Hills . To date, the tribe has refused to accept the award, worth over $ 1 billion. They insist on the return of the mountains that are sacred to them.

government

The government of the reservation is officially called the Rosebud Sioux Tribal Council. The council consists of 24 members. The executive consists of 4 members, the chairman, the vice-chairman, the secretary and the treasurer. The members of the executive are directly elected for 3 or 2 years by all tribal members residing on the reservation. The other 20 members are elected by the respective districts. Constitutional counties are: Antelope, Black Pipe, Bull Creek, Butte Creek, Corn Creek, Grass Mountain, He Dog, Horse Creek, Ideal, Milk's Camp, Okreek, Parmelee, Ring Thunder, Rosebud, St. Francis, Soldier Creek , Spring Creek, Swift Bear, Two Strike, and Upper Cut Meat. These representatives are elected every 3 years. The council meets monthly in the second week on Wednesdays and Thursdays. The sessions will be broadcast live on KOYA radio. The government is based on a constitution approved on November 23, 1935. The establishment of reservation governments is based on the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934.

Personalities from Rosebud

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ The reservation has a potential labor force of 16,177 and has one of the highest unemployment rates in the country of approximately 83%. ( Memento of the original from May 13, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.bia.gov
  2. ↑ Getting Jobbed: 15 Tribes With Unemployment Rates Over 80 Percent ( Memento of the original from May 21, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com
  3. ^ Finding hope on the Rosebud Indian Reservation
  4. ^ Poverty's Poster Child. In: The New York Times.
  5. ^ Life on the Reservation. “The Rosebud Reservation is economically depressed and ranks second (after the Pine Ridge Reservation) in per capita income on Plains Reservations. Unemployment sometimes reaches over 80%, and the lack of job opportunities leaves a devastating mark on Rosebud families. Many heads of the family are forced to leave the reservation to seek work. Extended families pool their meager resources together in order to try and provide their basic needs. "
  6. ↑ Contract text in English
  7. ^ The Spotted Tail Agency was the successor to the Whetstone Agency. “It received its name from the leader of the band of Brulé Sioux which it served. In 1878, the agency was moved to a location on Rosebud Creek near its confluence with the South Fork of the White River and the name was changed to the Rosebud Agency. ”
  8. ↑ “The said parties hereby that the northern and western boundaries of the reservation defined by article 2 of the treaty between the United States and different tribes of Sioux Indians, concluded April 29, 1868, and proclaimed February 24, 1869, shall be as follows: The western boundaries shall commence at the intersection of the one hundred and third meridian of longitude with the northern boundary of the State of Nebraska; thence north along said meridian to its intersection with the South Fork of the Cheyenne River; then down said stream to its junction with the North Fork; thence up the North Fork of said Cheyenne River to the said one hundred and third meridian; thence north along said meridian to the South Branch of Cannon Ball River or Cedar Creek; and the northern boundary of their said reservation shall follow the said South Branch to its intersection with the main Cannon Ball River, and thence down the said main Cannon Ball River to the Missouri River; and the said Indians do hereby relinquish and cede to the United States all the territory lying outside the said reservation, as in modified and described, including all privileges of hunting; and article 16 of said treaty is hereby abrogated. " digital.library.okstate.edu .
  9. ↑ “No treaty for the cession of any portion or part of the reservation in described which may be held in common, shall be of any validity or force as against the said Indians unless executed and signed by at least three-fourths of all the adult male Indians occupying or interested in the same, and no cession by the tribe shall be understood or construed in such manner as to deprive, without his consent, any individual member of the tribe of his rights to any tract of land selected by him as provided in Article VI of this treaty. " pbs.org .
  10. ↑ “That the following tract of land, being a part of the said Great Reservation of the Sioux Nation, in the Territory of Dakota, is hereby set apart for a permanent reservation for the Indians receiving rations and annuities at the Rosebud Agency, in said Territory of Dakota, namely: Commencing in the middle of the main channel of the Missouri River at the intersection of the south line of Brule County; then said middle of the main channel of said river to the intersection of the ninety-ninth degree of west longitude from Greenwich; thence due south to the forty-third parallel of latitude; thence west along said parallel to a point due south from the mouth. " digital.library.okstate.edu .
  11. ^ Gregory County (1904 Act), Tripp and Lyman Counties (1907 Act), and in Mellette County (1910 Act). Only Todd County remains unaffected by these post-1889 enactments. supreme.justia.com .
  12. ↑ “The effort to shift the Indian from a hunting life to that of farming was the chief feature of the Indian policy framed by the government. In 1887 the Allotment Act was passed. Under this law the reservation was to be broken up and the land divided into individual allotments. Each adult Indian was to receive 320 acres, and each child received 160 acres. The Indian could live on it and farm it but he could not sell or mortgage it, and when he died it was bequeathed to his heirs. " genealogytrails.com ( Memento of the original from September 13, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / genealogytrails.com
  13. ↑ “In October 1911, 466,562 acres in Mellette County were thrown open to settlement. There were 53,728 people registered for 10,000 homestead sites, and they drew lots to determine who would be allowed to homestead the allotted land. The drawing started at Gregory on Wednesday, October 24, 1911, under the supervision of Judge James Witten. " southdakotamagazine.com .
  14. ↑ “Wheat was golden in the 20's. But the 30's brought drought and grasshoppers to the state. Areas that had been quite well populated became vacant, and much of the land went back to the county for taxes. " southdakotamagazine.com .
  15. ^ Tribal Land Enterprise Rosebud, South Dakota .
  16. ↑ “In Rosebud Sioux Tribe v. Kneip (1977), the Supreme Court determined that four counties in South Dakota were disestablished by earlier allotment laws; consequently, some 2,000 tribal members and seven recognized communities occupying trust acreage on the Rosebud Reservation ended up outside the reservation. " plainshumanities.unl.edu .
  17. ↑ United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians .
  18. ^ "The government of the Rosebud Sioux Tribe is comprised of one legislative body, the Rosebud Sioux Tribal Council, currently made up of 24 elected positions, four officers (President, Vice-President, Secretary and Treasurer) and 20 council representatives. The four officers are elected at-large by enrolled tribal members living on the reservation in staggered terms; President and Vice-President elected for a term of three years and the Secretary and Treasurer elected for a term of two years. One Council Representative is elected, at-large, for terms of three years to represent one of the 20 communities of the Rosebud Sioux Tribe. The communities recognized in the Tribal Constitution are: Antelope, Black Pipe, Bull Creek, Butte Creek, Corn Creek, Grass Mountain, He Dog, Horse Creek, Ideal, Milk's Camp, Okreek, Parmelee, Ring Thunder, Rosebud, St. Francis, Soldier Creek, Spring Creek, Swift Bear, Two Strike and Upper Cut Meat. " rosebudsiouxtribe-nsn.gov .
  19. ↑ South Dakota Department of tribal relations ( Memento of the original from June 22, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.sdtribalrelations.com