Lipothrixviridae
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The virus family Lipothrixviridae (gr. Λἷπος: fat, θρίξ: hair) comprises three genera of bacteriophages with a linear, double-stranded DNA genome (dsDNA). The Lipothrixviridae have a very long, helical capsid , which is surrounded by a very tight virus envelope .
The virus particles (virions) of the Lipothrixviridae have a thickness of 24 to 38 nm in diameter and a length of 410 to 2200 nm, depending on the type of virus. The Lipothrixviridae have complex, partially crescent-shaped protein structures at their ends. The genera of these thread-like (filamentous) viruses are already distinguished morphologically on the basis of their flexibility or pliability: less flexible ( beta ) or very flexible filaments ( gamma ).
The genome within the family consists of a single DNA molecule with sizes between 15.9 and 56 kbp . The ends of the genome are extremely stable to degradation by exonucleases , which is caused by an as yet unknown chemical modification.
The hosts of the Lipothrixviridae are thermophilic bacteria and archaea (e.g. Sulfolobus islandicus ). The AFV-1 of the extremely thermophilic archaea Acidianus hospitalis and Acidianus infernus , which can be found primarily at volcanic springs and geysers .
The family Lipothrixviridae has a certain relationship to the Rudiviridae , which however do not have a shell. The representatives of both virus families have a similar genome structure, a filamentous capsid and infect extremely thermophilic archaea from the Crenarchaeota department . Based on extended sequence analyzes, a common evolutionary origin of the two families Rudiviridae and Lipothrixviridae can be assumed, which is why they have been combined into a new, common order Ligamenvirales since 2012 .
The former largest representative, the Thermoproteus tenax virus 1 (en. Thermoproteus tenax virus 1 , TTV-1), with 38 × 2200 nm one of the largest known virus species at all, has since been added to the family Tristromaviridae , genus Alphatristromavirus . There are no matches or similarities in the genome sequence between this species (TTV-1) and the beta or gammalipothrix viruses, and their filaments are not flexible.
Systematics
System according to ICTV as of November 2018:
- Family Lipothrixviridae
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- Genus Betalipothrix virus
- Species Acidianus filamentous virus 3 ( en.Acidianus filamentous virus 3 , AFV-3)
- Species Acidianus filamentous virus 6 ( en.Acidianus filamentous virus 6 , AFV-6)
- Species Acidianus filamentous virus 7 ( en.Acidianus filamentous virus 7 , AFV-7)
- Species Acidianus filamentous virus 8 ( en.Acidianus filamentous virus 8 , AFV-8)
- Species Acidianus filamentous virus 9 ( en.Acidianus filamentous virus 9 , AFV-9)
- Species Sulfolobus islandicus filamentous virus (en. Sulfolobus islandicus filamentous virus , SIFV)
- Genus Gammalipothrix virus
- Species Acidianus filamentous virus 1 ( en.Acidianus filamentous virus 1 , AFV-1)
- Genus delta lipothrix virus
- Species Acidianus filamentous virus 2 ( en.Acidianus filamentous virus 2 , AFV-2)
literature
- CM Fauquet, MA Mayo, et al. : Eighth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses , London, San Diego, 2004
- David M. Knipe, Peter M. Howley, et al. (Ed.): Fields' Virology, 4th Edition, Philadelphia 2001
- D. Prangishvili, T. Basta, RA Garrett: Crenarcheal Viruses: Morphotypes and Genomes . In: Brian WJ Mahy and Marc H. van Regenmortel (eds.): Encyclopedia of Virology , 3rd Edition, San Diego 2008, Volume 1, pp. 587 ff ISBN 978-0-12-373935-3
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ ICTV : Master Species List (# 33) from autumn 2018
- ↑ SIB: Gammalipothrixvirus , on: ViralZone
- ↑ SIB: Deltalipothrixvirus , on: ViralZone