Parainfluenza

Parainfluenza virus

Parainfluenza is caused by various human parainfluenza viruses from the Paramyxovirus family ( scientifically Paramyxoviridae ) ( genera Respirovirus and Orthorubulavirus ). The viruses cause flu-like symptoms. The infection rate in children up to ten years of age is 90%. The viruses are spread all over the world. The transmission occurs through droplet infection . The portal of entry is the nasopharynx , whereby - similar to the orthomyxoviruses - the hemagglutinin activity of the HN (hemagglutinin neuraminidase) protein is important for entry into the cell. The virus replicates in the cytoplasm of the host cell , and the particles are assembled by budding on the cell membrane . The neuraminidase activity of the HN protein plays an important role here. Parainfluenza often results in bacterial superinfection . The course of the infection depends strongly on the disposition , constitution and especially the age of onset.

Parainfluenza viruses are the most common pathogen causing pseudocroup . The first infection in infancy and toddler age can also be associated with bronchiolitis and pneumonia .

Parainfluenza viruses are also relevant in veterinary medicine, among other things as a pathogen in the kennel cough complex.

classification

For classification see Henrickson (2003)

• Family Paramyxoviridae

• Subfamily Orthoparamyxovirinae

• Genus Respirovirus

• Species Human respirovirus 1 (formerly Human Parainfluenza Virus 1 , HPIV-1)
• Species Human respirovirus 3 (formerly Human Parainfluenza Virus 3 , HPIV-3)

• Subfamily Rubulavirinae

• Genus Orthorubulavirus (formerly Rubulavirus )

• Species Human orthorubulavirus 2 (formerly Human Parainfluenza Virus 2 , HPIV-2)
• Species Human orthorubulavirus 4 (formerly Human Parainfluenza virus 4 , HPIV-4)

Traditionally not included, but for reasons of cladistic seclusion. a .:

• Subfamily Rubulavirinae

• Genus Orthorubulavirus

• Species Mammalian orthorubulavirus 5 (formerly Parainfluenzavirus 5 , PIV-5)

• unclassified Paramyxoviridae

• Species Canine Parainfluenza Virus ( Canine parainfluenza virus , CPIV)

Individual evidence

1. ^ ^{A b} Hahn, Kaufmann, Schulz, Suerbaum (eds.): Medical microbiology and infectiology . 6th edition. Springer, Heidelberg 2009, ISBN 978-3-540-46359-7 , pp. 809 .
2. ↑ ^{a b} Dr. Cornelia Henke-Gendo: Medical microbiology and infectiology . Ed .: Sauerbaum, Burchard, Kaufmann, Schulz. 8th edition. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 2016, ISBN 978-3-662-48677-1 , pp. 493 .
3. ↑ KJ Henrickson: Parainfluenza viruses . In: Clinical Microbiology Reviews . 16, No. 2, April 2003, pp. 242-264. doi : 10.1128 / CMR.16.2.242-264.2003 . PMID 12692097 . PMC 153148 (free full text).
4. ↑ NCBI: Human respirovirus 1 (species)
5. ↑ NCBI: Human respirovirus 3 (species)
6. ↑ NCBI: Human rubulavirus 2 (species)
7. ↑ NCBI: Human rubulavirus 4 (species)
8. ↑ NCBI: Mammalian rubulavirus 5 (species)
9. ↑ ICTV: ICTV Taxonomy history: Mammalian orthorubulavirus 5
10. ↑ Successful MERS vaccine in mice may hold promise for COVID-19 vaccine , on: EurekAlert! April 7, 2020, Source: University of Iowa Health Care
11. ↑ NCBI: Canine parainfluenza virus (species)