Nipah virus
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Which occurs in Asia Nipah virus ( NiV , even NIPV) triggers an often fatal in humans encephalitis from. The virus is transmitted through contact with body fluids and excretions from infected animals and humans. Reservoir hosts are apparently fruit-eating fruit bats, from which it can be passed on to other animals and humans.
discovery
Between September 1998 and April 1999, 229 cases of severe febrile encephalitis were officially reported in Malaysia, and shortly after the epidemic began, nine cases were also reported in Singapore. Here also were symptoms of severe infection of the respiratory reported. Mostly men who worked in slaughterhouses were affected; 48% of the sick died. It was therefore quickly assumed that there was an association with an infection in animals. At the same time, a mild outbreak of a febrile respiratory tract infection with unknown pathogen was registered in Malaysia in pigs , which was only later identified as the same pathogen as in the encephalitis patients. In order to prevent the further spread of the epidemic in humans, more than a million pigs were culled , which corresponded to about half of the entire Malaysian pig population .
The outbreak could be contained through the reduction of the pig population and veterinary monitoring. So far, a total of twelve smaller outbreaks have been documented, for example in 2001 and 2003 in Bangladesh .
Systematics
The Nipah virus is a virus species from the Paramyxoviridae family and, together with the closely related Hendra virus, forms the genus Henipavirus . It was first characterized in 1999 when investigating the outbreak in Malaysia and Singapore. The isolated virus was morphologically very similar to the Hendra virus, which had recently been discovered in Australia , but differed in the course of the disease and its antigenicity . It was therefore initially referred to as the Hendra-like virus before it was finally named . The new virus got its taxonomic name based on the small town of Kampung Teluk Nipah on the Malay island of Pangkor , where the epidemic of 1998 showed particularly high numbers of infections and the virus was isolated from a patient from there.
illness
The infection is easily passed on to humans through close contact with pigs. Workers in slaughterhouses and on pig farms are therefore considered to be a risk group. Human-to-human transmission is also possible, as almost half of the workers who fell ill in 1998 had infected a family member. In pigs , the infection manifests as a mild, febrile respiratory infection. Pig deaths have not been reported. Once the infection has been overcome, the pigs appear to be immune to renewed infection; a corresponding vaccine for pigs has meanwhile been developed, but it is not yet produced or approved.
The very likely biological reservoir of the Nipah virus are fruit bats of the genus Pteropus . After only serological evidence was found at first , the pathogen could be detected directly in the urine of a flying fox of the species Pteropus lylei in Thailand in 2007 . The infection of the pigs probably originates from these flying foxes through a transmission path which has not yet been fully clarified. There is evidence that humans can become infected with their saliva and urine through contact with the fruit bats. Fruits eaten by bats, which in turn are consumed by mammals or humans, pose a high risk of infection.
The disease in humans begins after an incubation period of less than two weeks with acute encephalitis with fever, headache and dizziness. In 75% of patients, abnormal findings of viral infection in the cerebrospinal fluid appear early . Patients become comatose within 24 to 48 hours . Depending on the outbreak, around 40 to 75% of the diseases described so far were fatal. The administration of ribavirin reduced the mortality to 36%. In addition to the acute illness, there is also a recurrence of encephalitis in 7.5% of patients, and focal encephalitis only after months in those infected with no symptoms (3.4%). The time span between acute illness and late complication (relapse) averages 8.4 months. Permanent damage such as chronic seizure disorders ( epilepsy ) and personality changes after surviving infection are described.
In the southern Indian state of Kerala , it came in 2018 to a Nipah outbreak, in which at least 10 people died. The patients were probably infected from the water of a well in which dead fruit bats were found.
literature
- KE Lee, T. Umapathi, CB Tan et al. a .: The neurological manifestations of Nipah virus encephalitis, a novel paramyxovirus . In: Annals of Neurology . Volume 46, No. 3, 1999, pp. 428-432. doi : 10.1002 / 1531-8249 (199909) 46: 3 <428 :: AID-ANA23> 3.0.CO; 2-I , PMID 10482278
- KB Chua, KJ Goh, KT Wong u. a .: Fatal encephalitis due to Nipah virus among pig-farmers in Malaysia . In: The Lancet . Volume 354, 1999, pp. 1257-1259. doi: 10.1016 / S0140-6736 (99) 04299-3 , PMID 10520635
- NI Paton, YS Leo, SR Zaki u. a .: Outbreak of Nipah-virus infection among abattoir workers in Singapore . In: The Lancet , vol 354, 1999, pp 1253-1256. doi: 10.1016 / S0140-6736 (99) 04379-2 , PMID 10520634
- Richard Stone: Breaking the chain in Bangladesh. In: Science . Volume 331, 2011, pp. 1128-1131. doi: 10.1126 / science.331.6021.1128
Web links
- WHO: Nipah Virus - Key Facts, May 30, 2018.
- Reference sequence of the Nipah virus
- Information from the CDC on Hendra and Nipah viruses
- Nipah Virus (NCBI) Taxonomy Page
- Dezhong Xu, Huimin Sun, Haixia Su, Lei Zhang; Jingxia Zhang, Bo Wang, Rui Xu: SARS coronavirus without reservoir originated from an unnatural evolution, experienced the reverse evolution, and finally disappeared in the world , in: Chinese Medical Journal, Volume 127, No. 13, July 5, 2014, p . 2537-2542, doi: 10.3760 / cma.j.issn.0366-6999.20131328
Individual evidence
- ↑ ICTV Master Species List 2018b.v2 . MSL # 34, March 2019
- ↑ a b ICTV: ICTV Taxonomy history: Akabane orthobunyavirus , EC 51, Berlin, Germany, July 2019; Email ratification March 2020 (MSL # 35)
- ^ Outbreak of Hendra-like virus - Malaysia and Singapore, 1998-1999. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (CDC) April 9, 1999, Vol. 48, No. 13, pp. 265-269.
- ↑ VP Hsu, MJ Hossain, UD Parashar u. a .: Nipah virus encephalitis reemergence, Bangladesh. In: Emerging Infectious Diseases . 10 (12), December 2004, pp. 2082-2087, PMC 3323384 (free full text).
- ↑ CC Lim, YY Sitoh, KE Lee, A. Kurup, F. Hui: meningoencephalitis Caused by a novel paramyxovirus: an advanced MRI case report in to emerging disease . In: Singapore Medical Journal. 40 (5), May 1999, pp. 356-358, PMID 10489496 .
- ^ A b C. T. Tan, KT Wong: Nipah encephalitis outbreak in Malaysia . In: Ann Acad Med Singapore. 32 (1), Jan 2003, pp. 112–117, PMID 12625108 (Review)
- ^ HM Weingartl, Y. Berhane, JL Caswell u. a .: Recombinant nipah virus vaccines protect pigs against challenge . In: Journal of Virology. 80 (16), Aug 2006, pp. 7929-7938, PMID 16873250 .
- ↑ S. Wacharapluesadee, T. Hemachudha: Duplex nested RT-PCR for detection of Nipah virus RNA from urine specimens of bats. In: Journal of Virological Methods. Volume 141, No. 1, April 2007, pp. 97-101. doi: 10.1016 / j.jviromet.2006.11.023
- ↑ a b tagesschau.de: Virus outbreak in South India Nipah - the next epidemic? - As of: May 23, 2018. Retrieved January 22, 2019 (German).
- ↑ WHO : Nipah virus: Fact sheet N ° 262. (via WebArchive from September 5, 2013); Emergencies preparedness, response: Nipah virus infection. ; Fact sheet: Nipah Virus Infection. (PDF)