Filoviridae
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Filoviridae or Filoviruses are a virus family to which mostly thread-like ( Latin filum , thread), enveloped single (-) - strand RNA viruses [ss (-) RNA] belong. They are among the largest known RNA viruses . Within this family, the genera Marburg virus and Ebola virus causeacute illnesses with high fever and high mortality in humans, whichare summarizedas hemorrhagic fever .
The Filoviridae were only defined as a group in 1982 and the virus family has undergone regular changes and expansions since then and with increasing knowledge. At the time of the Ebola virus epidemic from 2014 to 2016 , there were only the two genera Ebolavirus and Marburg virus , with the amendment proposed in 2019 by the Executive Committee of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) responsible for standardization, six genera will be counted in 2020. Of these, however, only the two aforementioned are classified as human pathogens ; however, no isolates are yet available for most of the other identified Filoviridae and their zoonotic and human pathogenic potential are unclear.
features
Among the Filoviridae are mostly threadlike sometimes bazillusförmige, enveloped single, (-) - strand RNA virus [ss (-) RNA]. In their basic structure, these viruses can sometimes be bent into a U-shape. They vary in length from 1,000 to a maximum of 14,000 nm ( nanometers ), their diameter is 60–80 nm, making them one of the largest known RNA viruses . As a further specialty, these viruses have the two matrix proteins VP40 and VP24.
The filoviruses do not damage an infected cell directly through lysis , since they pinch themselves off the cell and thus it remains intact. However, its exact replication mechanism is still unknown.
Occurrence
Within this family, the genera Marburg virus and Ebolavirus are described as pathogenic to humans, the genus Ebolavirus being divided into six different species. Both the Marburg virus as well as most members of the genus Ebola virus cause acute human infection with fulminant disease .
The Marburg virus comes primarily from Africa and is found in Uganda , Kenya (West Kenya) and probably Zimbabwe . Scientists believe that a further expansion is likely. The first cases of illness were documented in Europe in 1967, this was the first description of a filovirus, see Marburg fever .
In the Ebolavirus genus , six species are distinguished from one another and each named after the place where they first appeared. With the exception of the species Reston Ebolavirus , all other virus species in this group originate from Africa and cause hemorrhagic fever in humans with a very high mortality rate and easy transferability, see Ebola fever . The species Reston Ebola virus is originally from the Philippines , causing a fatal disease in monkeys, however, occurs in humans only a subclinical infection without symptoms .
The genus Cuevavirus with the species Lloviu Cuevavirus was described in 2011. It was isolated from dead long-winged bats ( Miniopterus Schreibersii ) in Spain and Hungary. The virus differs genetically from the Marburg and Ebola viruses and is the first representative of the Filoviridae to be discovered in Europe.
The search for the natural reservoir hosts for these viruses continues. Representatives of the genera Ebolavirus or Marburg virus were found in several species of fruit bats and bats without the animals becoming ill.
Systematics
The virus taxonomy is through the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses regulated (ICTV). The task of the ICTV is to classify viruses into taxa without specifying the nomenclature of the representatives of these taxa. This is done by international expert groups, whose suggestions can be adopted by the ICTV. The group responsible for filoviruses, the ICTV Filoviridae Study Group , proposed an updated systematics and nomenclature of representatives of the Filoviridae in 2010, which were implemented in the 9th ICTV Report . However, the new nomenclature has not yet established itself in all areas, e.g. E.g. when classifying into risk groups according to the Biological Agents Ordinance or in reports about the Ebola virus epidemic in 2014 . In this context, however, the World Health Organization (WHO) is already using the new nomenclature. For this reason it makes sense to introduce both systems.
Old system
This taxonomy and nomenclature follows the 8th ICTV Report as it was valid at the time of the Ebola virus epidemic from 2014 to 2016 :
Filoviridae family
- Genus Marburg virus
- Species Lake Victoria Marburg virus
- Virus: Lake Victoria Marburg virus (MARV)
- Species Lake Victoria Marburg virus
- Genus Ebola virus
- Species Côte d'Ivoire Ebolavirus [sic]
- Virus: Côte d'Ivoire Ebolavirus [sic] (CIEBOV)
- Species Reston Ebola Virus
- Virus: Reston Ebola Virus (REBOV)
- Species Sudan Ebola Virus
- Virus: Sudan Ebola Virus (SEBOV)
- Species Zaire Ebola virus
- Virus: Zaire Ebola Virus (ZEBOV)
- Species Côte d'Ivoire Ebolavirus [sic]
Current system
The taxonomy and nomenclature follow the 10th ICTV Report , which was last updated by the 51st EC ( Executive Committee ) in Berlin in July 2019 and ratified in March 2020.
Filoviridae family
- Genus Cuevavirus
- Species Lloviu cuevavirus
- Virus: Lloviu virus (LLOV) has been sequenced in bats ( Miniopterus Schreibersii ) in Spain and Hungary
- Species Lloviu cuevavirus
- Genus Dianlovirus
- Species Mengla dianlovirus
- Virus: Měnglà virus (MLAV) has been identified in Chinese rosette bats
- Species Mengla dianlovirus
- Genus Ebola virus
- Species Bombali Ebola Virus
- Virus: Bombali Virus (BOMV) described in bats in Sierra Leone, Guinea and Kenya
- Species Bundibugyo ebolavirus
- Virus: Bundibugyo Virus (BDBV) first found in Uganda in 2007
- Species Reston ebolavirus
- Virus: Reston Virus (RESTV) imported from the Philippines to the USA for the first time in 1989–1990, but was also detected in pigs in the Philippines and China
- Species Sudan ebolavirus
- Virus: Sudan Virus (SUDV) discovered in South Sudan in 1967
- Species Tai Forest ebolavirus (outdated Côte d'Ivoire ebolavirus , Taï forest ebolavirus , according to ICTV, diacritical marks are not used for species names )
- Virus: Taï Forest Virus (TAFV) first found in Ivory Coast in 1994
- Species Zaire Ebola virus
- Virus: Ebola virus (EBOV) - In English, the spelling Ebola virus , which separated letters differentiates this virus variant of the genus, which in English Ebola virus is written. First described in 1976 in what was then Zaire , now the Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Species Bombali Ebola Virus
- Genus Marburg virus
- Species Marburg Marburg virus
- Virus: Marburg virus (MARV) 1967 was the first discovered filovirus in Marburg discovered
- Virus: Ravn Virus (RAVV)
- Species Marburg Marburg virus
- Genus Striavirus
- Species Xilang striavirus (in fish)
- Genus Thamnovirus
- Species Huangjiao thamnovirus (in fish)
This system is used in a similar form (down to the species level) by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) and in the context of the 2014 Ebola virus epidemic by the WHO. For the nomenclature of the taxa below the species level, the responsible expert group advises not to use the term “ strain ” or “virus strain”. They are either "natural filovirus variant" (English. Natural filovirus variant ) or "natural filovirus isolate" (English. Natural filovirus isolates ), respectively.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ ICTV Master Species List 2018b v1 MSL # 34, Feb. 2019
- ↑ a b ICTV: ICTV Taxonomy history: Akabane orthobunyavirus , EC 51, Berlin, Germany, July 2019; Email ratification March 2020 (MSL # 35)
- ^ Herbert Hof, Rüdiger Dörries: Dual series: Medical microbiology . 3. Edition. Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 978-3-13-125313-2 , p. 207-208 .
- ↑ a b J. Maruyama, H. Miyamoto et al. a .: Characterization of the envelope glycoprotein of a novel filovirus, lloviu virus. In: Journal of Virology. Volume 88, No. 1, January 2014, pp. 99-109, ISSN 1098-5514 . doi: 10.1128 / JVI.02265-13 . PMID 24131711 . PMC 3911722 (free full text).
- ↑ a b Taxonomy Browser Filoviridae. In: National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) website . Retrieved August 13, 2014 .
- ↑ a b c A. Negredo, G. Palacios u. a .: Discovery of an ebolavirus-like filovirus in europe. In: PLoS pathogens. Volume 7, No. 10, October 2011, p. E1002304, ISSN 1553-7374 . doi: 10.1371 / journal.ppat.1002304 . PMID 22039362 . PMC 3197594 (free full text).
- ↑ JH Kuhn, S. Becker u. a .: Proposal for a revised taxonomy of the family Filoviridae: classification, names of taxa and viruses, and virus abbreviations. In: Archives of Virology. Volume 155, No. 12, December 2010, pp. 2083-2103, ISSN 1432-8798 . doi: 10.1007 / s00705-010-0814-x . PMID 21046175 . PMC 3074192 (free full text).
- ↑ a b c d JH Kuhn, Y. Bao u. a .: Virus nomenclature below the species level: a standardized nomenclature for laboratory animal-adapted strains and variants of viruses assigned to the family Filoviridae. In: Archives of Virology. Volume 158, No. 6, June 2013, pp. 1425-1432, ISSN 1432-8798 . doi: 10.1007 / s00705-012-1594-2 . PMID 23358612 . PMC 3669655 (free full text).
- ↑ TRBA (Technical Rules for Biological Agents) 462: Classification of viruses in risk groups. In: Website of the Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA) . April 25, 2012, pp. 4, 27 , accessed August 9, 2014 .
- ↑ a b Ebola virus disease - WHO Fact Sheet No. 103. In: WHO website . April 2014, accessed August 12, 2014 .
- ↑ H. Feldmann, TW Geisbert a. a .: Family Filoviridae . In: CM Fauquet, MA Mayo, J. Maniloff, U. Desselberger, LA Ball (Eds.): Virus Taxonomy - Eighth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses . Elsevier / Academic Press, San Diego (CA), USA 2005, p. 645-653 ( online ).
- ↑ Jonathan S. Towner, Tara K. Sealy et al. : Newly Discovered Ebola Virus Associated with Hemorrhagic Fever Outbreak in Uganda. In: PLoS Pathogens. , Vol. 4, No. 11, November 2008, p. E1000212, ISSN 1553-7374 . doi: 10.1371 / journal.ppat.1000212 .
- ↑ ICTV Master Species List 2018a v1
- ↑ ICTV Taxonomy, link on June 1, 2020, 02:15 CEST
- ↑ Compare the articles en: Ebola virus and en: Ebolavirus in the English language Wikipedia