Long-winged bat
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Long-winged bat ( Miniopterus Schreibersii ) |
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| ( Kuhl , 1817) |
The long-winged bat ( Miniopterus Schreibersii ) is a species of bat from the genus of the same name. The scientific species name honors the Austrian naturalist Karl Franz Anton von Schreibers (1775-1852).
features
The long-winged bat is a medium-sized bat with a head-trunk length of 5.00 to 6.25 centimeters, a tail length of 5.6 to 6.4 centimeters and a wingspan of 30 to 34 centimeters and a weight of 9 to 16 grams . The fur on the back is gray to gray-brown, sometimes with a lilac shimmer, the belly side is lighter gray. However, albinotic and partially albinotic animals can also occur. The fur on the head is short and protruding. Regionally, animals in Romania and Bulgaria have a yellow to cinnamon-brown throat patch that is clearly set off. The muzzle , ears and membranes are gray-brown, the tragus yellowish-white.
The muzzle is relatively short and blunt and the forehead arched, the ears are small and triangular in relation to the head, they do not protrude above the top of the head. The ears have four to five transverse folds and a short tragus that is bent inward and rounded at the tip.
The species got its name from the long, dark brown wings that narrow towards the back. The 2nd link of the third finger is about three times as long as the 1st link. The arm flight skin attaches to the heel of the feet, which are comparatively long. The species has no epiblema and the calcar reaches a length of about one third to half the length of the tail membrane.
distribution
The long-winged bat occurs from the south-west (border distribution in central France, south-west Germany) and south-east Europe (border distribution in the Czech Republic, south-east Austria), over the entire Mediterranean area from parts of North and West Africa to Anatolia and the Middle East to the Caucasus . In North Africa it is known from Morocco , Algeria , Tunisia and Libya , in West Africa it is widespread in Guinea , Sierra Leone , Liberia , Nigeria and Cameroon . This bat occurs at altitudes of up to 1,400 meters.
In the past, a distribution as far as Japan and South Australia was given, but the former subspecies Miniopterus fuliginosus (Eastern long-winged bat) and Miniopterus oceanensis (Australasian long-winged bat) are now listed as a separate species.
Way of life
It is a type of cave that occurs in the plains as well as in the mountains and in karst areas. The summer and winter quarters are mainly caves, cellars and tunnels with temperatures between 7 and 12 ° C. In addition, accommodation options on and in buildings are also used. The bats hang freely on the wall and from the ceiling, sometimes in larger groups.
In winter, the animals hibernate from November to the end of March, with up to 10,000 animals in the same winter quarters in Romania.
Diet and hunting behavior
The species feeds on small insects such as beetles , moths and two-winged birds and hunts them shortly after dusk with echolocation sounds of 52 to 58 kHz at 20 calls per second. She is very persistent and fast. The excursions of up to 12 hours sometimes cover distances of 700 kilometers. With a flight speed of 50 to 55 km / h it is the fastest bat in Europe.
Reproduction and development
The females reach sexual maturity in their second year of life. The mating season begins in late summer. In contrast to all other European bat species, the egg cell is fertilized shortly after mating. After that, the development of the fertilized egg is stopped and only continued in spring.
The females form nurseries on cave ceilings, which often contain more than 1000 animals, in Bulgaria nurseries with up to 14,000 animals are known. Often there are also males in the nursery. The young are born in late June to early July. Usually one young is born by one female, rarely two. It has already been observed that some mothers suckle a strange boy in addition to their own offspring. The young grow quickly; within 56 days, the forearm grows from 17 millimeters in newborns to 46 millimeters in young animals capable of flying. The animals reach the ability to fly on the 37th to 41st day after birth.
The proven maximum age of a long-winged bat is around 16 years.
Threat and protection
In Germany this species is considered extinct or missing. In 1996 a single animal was discovered. The last known colony existed in southern Germany in 1958. In Austria , where it still had good populations in the middle of the 20th century, but was only observed at a few sites in 1980, the species was considered lost since the end of the 20th century, but a breeding colony was discovered again in Klöch in southeast Styria in 2011 . In Switzerland it is listed as critically endangered. It is also endangered in other European countries. Because of the significant decline in the portfolio, the Schreiber's bat in which the Red List of IUCN as a kind of early warning ( near threatened ) out.
The long-winged bat is listed by the European Union in Annexes II and IV of the Habitats Directive and is therefore a species of community interest that must be strictly protected, and special protected areas must be designated for their preservation.
supporting documents
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i Wilfried Schober, Eckhard Grimmberger: The bats of Europe - know, determine, protect. 2nd updated edition, Franckh-Kosmos Verlags-GmbH, Stuttgart 1998; Pages 196-198. ISBN 3-440-07597-4 .
- ↑ a b c Erich Sodiurek: The long-winged bat in Burgenland. In: Association of Austrian Cave Researchers: Die Höhle 10 (1959), pp. 8-10, PDF on ZOBODAT
- ↑ a b Miniopterus Schreibersii in the Red List of Threatened Species of the IUCN 2011. Posted by: A. M. Hutson u. a., 2008. Retrieved January 1, 2012.
- ↑ a b Friederike Spitzenberger: The long-winged bat (Miniopterus schreiberi KÜHL, 1819) in Austria. - Mammalia austriaca 5. In: Mitt. Abt. Zool. Landesmus. Joanneum vol. 10 (1981), issue 2, pp. 139–156, Graz 1981, PDF on ZOBODAT
- ↑ Kurt Bauer, Hans Steiner: Ringing results on the long-winged bat (Miniopterus Schreibersi) in Austria. In: Bonn zoological Bulletin (formerly Bonn Zoological Contributions ) 11 (1960), pp. 36–53, PDF on ZOBODAT
- ↑ "Extinct" bat species rediscovered. science.ORF.at, July 6, 2011.
- ↑ Long-winged bat . natur.vulkanland.at
literature
- Wilfried Schober, Eckhard Grimmberger: The bats of Europe - know, determine, protect. 2nd updated edition, Franckh-Kosmos Verlags-GmbH, Stuttgart 1998; Pages 196-198. ISBN 3-440-07597-4 .
Web links
- Miniopterus Schreibersii in the Red List of Threatened Species of the IUCN 2011. Posted by: A. M. Hutson u. a., 2008. Retrieved January 1, 2012.
- Photos at www.naturlichter.de