Long-winged bats
Long-winged bats | ||||||||||||
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Long-winged bat ( Miniopterus Schreibersi ) |
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Systematics | ||||||||||||
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Scientific name of the family | ||||||||||||
Miniopteridae | ||||||||||||
Dobson , 1875 | ||||||||||||
Scientific name of the genus | ||||||||||||
Miniopterus | ||||||||||||
Bonaparte , 1837 |
The long-winged bats ( Miniopterus ) are a species of bat that is widespread in southern Europe, Africa, Asia and Australia . The genus includes about 25 species, the best known is the (real) long-winged bat , which also lives in Europe .
description
Long-winged bats are characterized by their elongated fingers, which stretch a correspondingly wide flight membrane. The tail, which is completely embedded in the tail membrane, is also longer than that of bats of comparable size. The head of these animals is characterized by the short snout and the thick hair. The coat color varies from reddish brown to gray. Long-winged bats are relatively small animals, they reach a head body length of 4 to 8 centimeters, a tail length of 4 to 7 centimeters and a weight of 6 to 24 grams.
distribution
These bats are common in large parts of the Old World, they live in southern Europe , Africa , large parts of Asia , Australia and many oceanic islands.
Way of life
Long-winged bats often live in large groups that can sometimes contain more than a hundred thousand animals. They prefer caves as sleeping places, but they can also be found in crevices, tree hollows and buildings. Like most bats, they are nocturnal, in the early evening they go looking for food with rapid wing flaps. They feed primarily on insects such as small beetles . In the cooler regions they hibernate or migrate to warmer areas.
Reproduction
In cooler regions, mating takes place in autumn, but the embryo does not grow until late winter and the young are usually born in spring. The animals in tropical regions also usually have a fixed mating season, but there is no delayed embryonic development there. The gestation period is around three months, and many species have maternity roosts in which the females retreat for birth and to raise their young. The young animal is weaned after around two months, and sexual maturity occurs at around one to two years. Life expectancy is a maximum of nine years.
threat
The destruction of the habitat is the main threat to long-winged bats. The long-winged bat has disappeared from large parts of Central Europe, and some other species are also endangered.
Systematics
The genus Miniopterus was first described in 1837 by the Italian zoologist Charles Lucien Jules Laurent Bonaparte , the monotypical subfamily Miniopterinae was introduced in 1875 by the Irish zoologist George Edward Dobson . The genus and subfamily were assigned to the smooth-nosed family (Vespertilionidae). After numerous phylogenetic studies, the subfamily is now classified as an independent family (Miniopteridae).
The species
There are around 25 different types:
- Ankarana long-winged bat ( Miniopterus aelleni ) was discovered in the Comoros in 2009 .
- Ambre long-winged bat ( Miniopterus ambohitrensis ) occurs in northern Madagascar and was only described in 2015.
- The small Australian long-winged bat ( Miniopterus australis ) lives in the Philippines , Indonesia , New Guinea , eastern Australia and some oceanic islands ( Solomon Islands , Vanuatu , New Caledonia , Similan Islands ).
- Miniopterus aelleni , also from Madagascar.
- Sahafina's long-winged bat ( Miniopterus egeri ), was discovered in eastern Madagascar in 2009 and described as a species in 2011.
- Brother Long-winged Bat ( Miniopterus fraterculus ) lives in southern Africa (from Angola and Zambia to South Africa ) and on Madagascar .
- Ryukyu long-winged bat ( Miniopterus fuscus ) is endemic to the Japanese Ryūkyū Islands . The species is considered endangered.
- Toliara long-winged bat ( Miniopterus gleni ) was only described as a species in 1995. It is endemic to Madagascar .
- Androimpano long-winged bat ( Miniopterus griffithsi ) was only described as a species in 2010. It is endemic to southern Madagascar .
- Comoros long-winged bat ( Miniopterus griveaudi ) lives in Madagascar and the Comoros.
- European long-winged bat ( Miniopterus inflatus ) is common in large parts of central and southern Africa.
- North African long-winged bat ( Miniopterus maghrebensis ) lives in North Africa.
- Malay long-winged bat ( Miniopterus magnater ) lives in Southeast Asia and New Guinea.
- Fandriana long-winged bat ( Miniopterus manavi ) only occurs in Madagascar and the Comoros.
- Tanduy long-winged bat ( Miniopterus medius ) is common in the Malay Peninsula , Indonesia, and New Guinea.
- Central African long-winged bat ( Miniopterus minor ) is the smallest species. It lives in central Africa and Madagascar.
- Mozambique long-winged bat ( Miniopterus mossambicus ) lives in Mozambique, possibly also in Malawi and Zimbabwe, and was only described in December 2013.
- Natal long-winged bat ( Miniopterus natalensis ) occurs from Namibia to Ethiopia.
- Miniopterus nimbae endemic to the mountains of Liberia and Guinea.
- Little Asiatic Long-winged Bat ( Miniopterus pusillus ) is native to Southeast Asia, New Guinea, and western Oceania (Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, New Caledonia).
- New Caledonian long-winged bat ( Miniopterus robustior ) is endemic to the Loyalty Islands belonging to New Caledonia . The species is listed as threatened by the IUCN .
- (Real or European) long-winged bat ( Miniopterus Schreibersi ) lives in southern Europe, large parts of Africa, in all of southern Asia, in New Guinea, the Solomon Islands and Australia.
- Miniopterus tristis is native to the Philippines, Indonesia, New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, and Vanuatu.
- Miniopterus wilsoni occurs in southern Africa.
However, the final number of species and the delimitation of the species from one another has not been established. Sometimes the Melanesian long-winged bat ( Minopterus macrocneme ) from Southeast Asia and Oceania is listed as a separate species.
literature
- Ronald M. Nowak: Walker's Mammals of the World . Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999, ISBN 0801857899
Individual evidence
- ^ Dobson, GE 1875. Conspectus of the suborders, families and genera of Chiroptera arranged according to their natural affinities. Annals & Magazine of Natural History series 4 16: 345-357.
- ^ Hoofer, SR & Van den Bussche, RA 2003. Molecular Phylogenetics of the Chiropteran Family Vespertilionidae. Acta Chiropterologica 5 (supplement): 1-63. doi: 10.3161 / 001.005.s101
- ↑ Van Den Bussche, RA & Hoofer, SR 2004. Phylogenetic relationships among recent chiropteran families and the importance of choosing appropriate out-group taxa. Journal of Mammalogy 85 (2): 321-330. [[doi: 10.1644 / 1545-1542 (2004) 085 <0321: PRARCF> 2.0.CO; 2]]
- ↑ Hutcheon, JM & Kirsch, JAW 2004. Camping in a different tree: results of molecular systematic studies of bats using DNA-DNA hybridization. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 11 (1): 17-47. doi: 10.1023 / B: JOMM.0000029144.80747.d2
- ↑ Eick, GN, Jacobs, DS & Matthee, CA 2005. A Nuclear DNA Phylogenetic Perspective on the Evolution of Echolocation and Historical Biogeography of Extant Bats (Chiroptera). Molecular Biology and Evolution 22 (9): 1869-1886. doi: 10.1093 / molbev / msi180
- ↑ Miller-Butterworth, CM, Murphy, WJ, O'Brien SJ, Jacobs, DS, Springer, MS & Teeling, EC 2007. A family matter: conclusive resolution of the taxonomic position of the long-fingered bats, Miniopterus. Molecular Biology and Evolution 24 (7): 1553-1561. doi: 10.1093 / molbev / msm076 Full article (PDF) Reference page.
- ↑ a b c Goodman, SM, Maminirina, CP, Bradman, HM, Christidis, L. and Appleton, B. 2009. The use of molecular phylogenetic and morphological tools to identify cryptic and paraphyletic species: Examples from the diminutive long-fingered bats (Chiroptera: Miniopteridae: Miniopterus) on Madagascar. American Museum Novitates 3669: 1-34.
- ↑ Goodman et al .: Description of a new species of the Miniopterus aelleni group (Chiroptera: Miniopteridae) from upland areas of central and northern Madagascar. Zootaxa 3936 (4): 538-558 (March 2015), doi: 10.11646 / zootaxa.3936.4.4
- ↑ SM Goodman, CP Maminirina, HM Bradman, L. Christidis, BR Appleton. Patterns of morphological and genetic variation in the endemic Malagasy bat Miniopterus gleni (Chiroptera: Miniopteridae), with the description of a new species, M. griffithsi. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research, Vol 48 Issue 1, DOI: 10.1111 / j.1439-0469.2009.00524.x
- ↑ Puechmaille, Sebastien J., Benjamin Allegrini, Petr Benda, Kanat Gürün, Jan Šrámek, Carlos Ibañez, Javier Juste & Rasit Bilgin. 2014. A new species of the Miniopterus Schreibersii species complex (Chiroptera: Miniopteridae) from the Maghreb Region, North Africa. Zootaxa . 3794 (1): 108-124. doi: 10.11646 / zootaxa.3794.1.4
- ↑ Ara Monadjem, Steven M. Goodman, William T. Stanlay & Belinda Appleton: A cryptic new species of Miniopterus from south-eastern Africa based on molecular and morphological characters. Zootaxa 3746 (1): 123-142 (Dec. 10, 2013)
- ↑ Ara Monadjem, Julie T. Shapiro, Leigh R. Richards, Hatice Karabulut, Wing Crawley, Ida Broman Nielsen, Anders Hansen, Kristine Bohmann and Tobias Mourier. 2020. Systematics of West African Miniopterus with the Description of A New Species. Acta Chiropterologica. 21 (2); 237-256. DOI: 10.3161 / 15081109ACC2019.21.2.001
- ↑ Ara Monadjem, Jen Guyton, Piotr Naskrecki, Leigh R. Richards, Anna S. Kropff and Desire L. Dalton. 2020. Cryptic Diversity in the Genus Miniopterus with the Description of A New Species from southern Africa. Acta Chiropterologica. 22 (1); 1-19. DOI: 10.3161 / 15081109ACC2020.22.1.001