Bornash disease virus

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Bornash disease virus
Bdv c.jpg

3D model Bornavirus

Systematics
Classification : Viruses
Area : Riboviria
Empire : Orthornavirae
Phylum : Negarnaviricota
Subphylum : Haploviricotina
Class : Monjiviricetes
Order : Mononegavirals
Family : Bornaviridae
Genre : Orthobornavirus
Type : Mammalian 1 orthobornavirus ; unclassified
Subspecies : Bornash Disease Virus 1, 2; V
Taxonomic characteristics
Genome : (-) ss RNA
Baltimore : Group 5
Cover : available
Scientific name
Mammalian 1 / 2 ortho Bornavirus
Short name
BoDV-1, BoDV-2; BoDV-V
Left
NCBI  Taxonomy: 1714621 (BoDV-1) ,
1714622 (BoDV-2) ;
928296 (BoDV-V)
NCBI  Reference: U04608 (BoDV-V)
ICTV Taxon History: 201851553
ICTVdB Virus Code : 01.081.0.01.001

The virus of the Borna disease ( English Mammalian ortho Borna virus , formerly Borna disease virus , BoDV or BDV) is an enveloped virus with a negativsträngigen , nonsegmented RNA (-), ss RNA, the genus Ortho Borna virus (formerly Borna virus ), and thus to the family Bornaviridae properly. A distinction is made between two species pathogenic to humans, BoDV-1 and BoDV-2. BoDV-1 is the first described virus species of the family, meanwhile other similar virus species have been discovered in various mammals, birds and snakes. The BoDV is the causative agent of Borna's disease in horses and can cause encephalitis in humans .

features

The glycoprotein (G) is stored in the envelope of the virus particles (virions) . This protein mediates the binding of the virus to the host cell and also brings about the fusion process with the membrane of the target cell. The matrix protein (M) is located on the inside of the shell . In addition, the RNA genome is located inside the virus, which is connected (associated) with the phosphoprotein (P), the nucleoprotein (N), the viral polymerase (L) and a small protein X (p10). A special feature of the Bornaviruses is that transcription and genome replication, unlike the other representatives of the Mononegavirales , take place in the cell nucleus . The virus uses the splicing machinery there to produce three different mRNAs for the synthesis of the proteins M, L and G by alternative splicing from a precursor transcript .

history

The heated head disease in horses caused by the Borna virus was first described in cavalry horses in the Saxon city ​​of Borna in 1885 - the horses of an entire regiment had perished from a previously unknown disease. This city is also eponymous for the virus. In 1924, the Giessen virologist Wilhelm Zwick suspected a virus as the cause of Borna's disease. The virus was identified in the 1970s.

Diseases

The Borna disease mainly affects horses and sheep. More recently, infections in other animal species have also been described, e.g. B. Shrews . In thirteen-lined squirrels , parts of the Bornavirus genome are found in the genome that presumably inhibit the replication of Bornaviruses.

The virus is also found in the human genome , in the form of individual parts, but also two genes . It is thought to have been recorded at least 40 million years ago, an effect or function is so far unknown and has been discussed controversially in science. The virus has been implicated in psychiatric illnesses in humans, especially in connection with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia . However, there is insufficient evidence of this. According to the Society for Virology, "the claim that BDV is an agent pathogenic to humans is very likely based on a misjudgment of data and has not been proven by scientific experiments". Corresponding claims led to "irritation in the public and (in) affected patients and should (s) be avoided until reliable and validated experimental data are available." It was made by working groups in which only a detection of the BDV-specific antibodies with the The same ELISA antibodies are carried out, a human pathogenesis is still asserted after 2007 , but this claim has been refuted several times by independent working groups using other methods.

From 2011 to 2013 three breeders of red squirrels from Saxony-Anhalt died of encephalitis as a result of a Borna virus infection. The strain of Bornavirus found there, designated as VSBV-1 for variegated squirrel 1 bornavirus , has a homology of only 75% to the previously known Bornaviruses and is classified as a separate virus type ( Bunthörnchen-Bornavirus 1 ).

In 2018 there were again four proven human diseases due to an infection by the Borna virus. There is a high probability that three infected people were infected through an organ transplant from the same donor, and two of them died later. A third death from Borna virus infection was unrelated. The infections were expressed as a brain inflammation . These infections were the Borna disease virus (BoDV-1).

Systematics

The system according to ICTV (as of March 2019) and NCBI (as of September 24, 2019) is:

  • Species: Mammalian 1 orthobornavirus
  • Borna disease virus 1
  • Borna disease virus 2
  • Variegated squirrel bornavirus 1
  • ...
  • ...
  • Borna disease virus-V

Reporting requirement

For Bornaviruses which are pathogenic to humans , i.e. also for the Bornash disease virus, according to Section 7 IfSG , there is an obligation to report in Germany for direct evidence.

literature

  • Masayuki Horie, Tomoyuki Honda, Yoshiyuki Suzuki, Yuki Kobayashi, Takuji Daito, Tatsuo Oshida, Kazuyoshi Ikuta, Patric Jern, Takashi Gojobori, John M. Coffin, Keizo Tomonaga: Endogenous non-retroviral RNA virus elements in mammalian genomes . In: Nature . No. 463 , January 7, 2010, p. 84–87 , doi : 10.1038 / nature08695 (English, Access . Nature, January 6, 2010. [accessed on February 22, 2010] Rec. September 2, 2009; Acc. November 17, 2009; Department of Virology, Osaka University) .
  • S. Mordrow, D. Falke, U. Truyen: Molecular Virology. 2nd Edition. Heidelberg / Berlin 2003, ISBN 3-8274-1086-X .
  • Katrin Breitenborn: Bornavirus - controversy about human pathogenicity. In: Deutsches Ärzteblatt , 104, 2007, pp. 1365–1368 aerzteblatt.de (PDF; 187 kB).
  • Large animal practice working group - Society for veterinary training: BDV diseases - not only in horses . (PDF; 1.71 MB)
  • Roland Dieckhöfer: Summary of the epidemiological studies on equine BDV infection, Borna’s disease in horses, therapy and the associated current legal situation in Germany. Dissertation. FU Berlin, 2006, urn : nbn: de: kobv: 188-fudissthesis000000002517-7 Abstract ; Full text ZIP

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ ICTV Master Species List 2018b.v2 . MSL # 34, March 2019.
  2. ↑ ICTV: ICTV Taxonomy history: Akabane orthobunyavirus , EC 51, Berlin, Germany, July 2019; Email ratification March 2020 (MSL # 35)
  3. ↑ R. Dürrenwald, J. Kolodziejek, H. Weissenböck, N. Nowotny: The bicolored white-toothed shrew Crocidura leucodon (HERMANN 1780) is an indigenous host of mammalian Borna disease virus. In: PloS one. Volume 9, number 4, 2014, ISSN  1932-6203 , p. E93659, doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0093659 , PMID 24699636 , PMC 3974811 (free full text).
  4. ↑ K. Fujino, M. Horie, T. Honda, DK Merriman, K. Tomonaga: Inhibition of Borna disease virus replication by an endogenous bornavirus-like element in the ground squirrel genome. In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . Volume 111, number 36, September 2014, ISSN  1091-6490 , pp. 13175-13180, doi: 10.1073 / pnas.1407046111 , PMID 25157155 , PMC 4246967 (free full text).
  5. ↑ Cédric Feschotte: Bornavirus enters the genome . Virology. In: Nature . No. 463 , January 7, 2010, p. 39-40 , doi : 10.1038 / 463039a (English, Access . Nature, January 6, 2010. Accessed February 22, 2010 ).
  6. ↑ Liv Bode: Borna Disease Virus - natural infection and disease in animals and humans - state of knowledge and reassessment of diagnostics, pathogenesis and epidemiology, including own studies. Habilitation , Robert Koch Institute , Department of Veterinary Medicine at the Free University of Berlin , 1999 ( http://www.diss.fu-berlin.de/diss/receive/FUDISS_thesis_000000002517 )
  7. ↑ Liv Bode: Acceptance speech on the occasion of the award of the Whistleblower Prize , April 13, 2007, vdw-ev.de ( Memento of the original from February 1, 2012 in the Internet Archive ; PDF; 1.14 MB) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / vdw-ev.de
  8. ↑ Hanns Ludwig: An open letter. Answer and request for comment ( memento of the original from January 31, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. of the Society for Virology on the topic Is the Borna Disease Virus (BDV) an agent which is pathogenic to humans? Retrieved September 29, 2009. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.gfv.org
  9. ↑ Peter Staeheli, Klaus Lieb: Bornavirus and psychiatric disorders - fact or fiction? In: J Med Microbiol. 50 (2001), pp. 579-581 jmm.sgmjournals.org (PDF; 50 kB)  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / jmm.sgmjournals.org  
  10. ↑ Statement by the Society for Virology on the subject of Is the Borna Disease Virus (BDV) an agent that is pathogenic to humans? - accessed on March 27, 2018.
  11. ^ Statement by the Robert Koch Institute on the discontinuation of Bornavirus research at the Robert Koch Institute, 2007.
  12. ^ S. Rackova, L. Janu, H. Kabickova: Borna disease virus (BDV) circulating immunocomplex positivity in addicted patients in the Czech Republic: a prospective cohort analysis. In: BMC Psychiatry. (2010) 10, p. 70. PMID 20825673 ; PMC 2944235 (free full text).
  13. ↑ A. Heinrich, M. Adamaszek: anti-Borna disease virus antibody responses in psychiatric patients: long-term follow up. In: Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. June 2010; 64 (3), pp. 255-261. Epub 2010 Apr 8. PMID 20408992 .
  14. ↑ D. Brnic, V. Stevanovic, M. Cochet, C. Agier, J. Richardson, CN Montero-Menei, O. Milhavet, M. Eloit, M. Coulpier: Borna disease virus infects human neural progenitor cells and impairs neurogenesis. In: J Virol. 2012 Mar; 86 (5), pp. 2512-2522. Epub 2011 Dec 21. PMID 22190725 .
  15. ^ WI Lipkin, T. Briese, M. Hornig: Borna disease virus - fact and fantasy. In: Virus Res. December 2011, pp. 162 (1-2), pp. 162-172. Epub 2011 Oct 1. PMID 21968299 .
  16. ↑ M. Hornig, T. Briese, J. Licinio, RF Khabbaz, LL Altshuler, SG Potkin, M. Schwemmle, U. Siemetzki, J. Mintz, K. Honkavuori, HC Kraemer, MF Egan, PC Whybrow, WE Bunney, WI Lipkin: Absence of evidence for bornavirus infection in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder. In: Mol Psychiatry. (2012) doi: 10.1038 / mp.2011.179 . [Epub ahead of print] PMID 22290118 .
  17. ↑ KS Na, SH Tae, JW Song, YK Kim: Failure to detect borna disease virus antibody and RNA from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of psychiatric patients. In: Psychiatry Investig. December 2009; 6 (4), pp. 306-312. Epub, Nov. 2009, p. 5. PMID 20140130 ; PMC 2808801 (free full text).
  18. ↑ Bernd Hoffmann, Dennis Tappe, Dirk Höper, Christiane Herden, Annemarie Boldt: A Variegated Squirrel Bornavirus Associated with Fatal Human Encephalitis . In: The New England Journal of Medicine . tape 373 , no. 2 , July 9, 2015, ISSN  1533-4406 , p. 154-162 , doi : 10.1056 / NEJMoa1415627 , PMID 26154788 .
  19. ↑ Three deaths in Germany: Borna virus dangerous for humans. In: FOCUS Online. Retrieved March 27, 2018 .
  20. ↑ Human infections with the Borna Disease Virus (BoDV-1) . In: Epidemiological Bulletin . No. 10 . Robert Koch Institute, March 8, 2018 ( rki.de [PDF; accessed March 27, 2018]).
  21. ↑ Master Species List 2018b.v2 , MSL # 34v, ICTV, March 2019
  22. ^ Orthobornavirus (Genus) NCBI