Hepadnaviridae
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The Hepadnaviridae family comprises enveloped viruses with a circular, partially double-stranded DNA as a genome . The virions of the Hepadnaviridae are between 42 and 50 nm in diameter and have an icosahedral capsid . The name of the family is made up of the two terms "hepar" (Latin for liver) and "DNA" (for the genome). This indicates that the predominant place of multiplication for the hepadnaviruses are the liver cells . The virus species have so far only been found in mammals and birds .
Since they use a genomic RNA during replication of the virus genome , which they transcribe into DNA with the help of a viral reverse transcriptase , they are closely related to retroviruses and are therefore classified in the non-taxonomic group of pararetroviruses . The binding of a short piece of RNA, the original primer piece of the reverse transcription, to the DNA genome is very characteristic of the hepadnaviruses . This makes them the only viruses that contain both viral DNA and viral RNA in the virion. The family has a certain similarity to a group of plant viruses, the Caulimoviridae, based on sequence studies and the arrangement of the genes . The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) therefore placed the orders Blubervirales (with the Hepadnaviridae ) and Ortervirales (with the Caulimoviridae ) in the same virus class Revtraviricetes in its Master Species List (MSL) issue 35 in March 2020 .
Systematics
The family Hepadnaviridae is divided into two genera according to ICTV as of 2017. This is justified by comparing their genome sequence, but also reflects the occurrence in mammals (“real” hepadnaviruses: Orthohepadnavirus ) and birds ( avihepadnavirus ). Many other virus species discovered in primates and various birds have not yet been finally assigned to a genus or defined as a separate species.
- Family Hepadnaviridae
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- Genus Orthohepadnavirus (in Mammalia )
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- Species hepatitis B virus (HBV, known in humans, 8 genotypes AH)
- Subtype orangutan hepadnavirus (OuHBV, in orangutans )
- Subtype Woolly Monkey Hepatitis B Virus (WMHBV, in woolly monkeys )
- Species Woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV, in woodchucks )
- Species ground squirrel hepatitis virus (GSHV, in ground squirrel )
- Subtype Arctic Squirrel Hepatitis Virus (ASHV, in the Arctic ground squirrel )
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- Genus Avihepadnavirus (in birds)
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- Species duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV, in ducks )
- Species heron hepatitis B virus (HHBV, in herons of the genus Ardea )
- Subtype stork hepatitis B virus (STHBV, in storks )
In addition, for newly found hepadnaviruses, the following new genera have been proposed because they are only distantly related to the above:
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- Genus Herpetohepadnavirus (except in birds also in reptiles and amphibians - see below)
- Saproscincus basiliscus hepatitis B virus (SkHBV to Herpetohepadnavirus, in skinks of the species Saproscincus basiliscus )
- Spiny Lizard hepatitis B virus (eSLHBV / SLHBV-1 Herpetohepadnavirus in spiny lizards the type Sceloporus adleri , English Spiny lizard )
- Winterammer hepatitis B virus (eJHBV, in Junkos of the species Winterammer , Junco hyemalis , English Dark-eyed Junco )
- Genus Metahepadnavirus (in fish)
- Genus Parahepadnavirus (also in fish)
- White sucker hepatitis B virus (WSHBV, in sucker carp of the species Catostomus commersonii , English white sucker ).
The latter was the first hepadnavirus to affect fish. In the meantime, other representatives have been found, such as:
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- Genus Herpetohepadnavirus
- Tibetan frog hepadnavirus (TFHBV in the Asian toad frog of the species Scutiger nyingchiensis , English Tibetan Frog )
- Genus Metahepadnavirus
- Tetra metahepadnavirus (TMDV in tetras the type Astyanax mexicanus , English Mexican tetra )
- Astatotilapia metahepadnavirus (AMDV, in the cichlid Astatotilapia )
- Icefish metahepadnavirus (IMDV, for ice fish, English ice fish )
- Genus Parahepadnavirus
- Coho salmon kidneyvirus (CSKV, with silver salmon , Oncorhynchus kisutch , English Coho salmon )
- Genus indefinite
- Bluegill hepatitis B virus (BGHBV, in blue sunfish , Lepomis macrochirus , English Bluegill )
Representatives of the family Nackednaviridae , which have been isolated from fish, have a similar genome organization as Hepadnaviruses . It is believed that the two families separated over 400 million years ago. In particular, African cichlid hepadnavirus (ACHBV, in African cichlids ) was identified as a fragment of African cichlid nackednavirus (ACNDV).
swell
- WS Mason, CJ Burrell, J. Casey, WH Gerlich et al .: Family Hepadnaviridae . In: CM Fauquet, MA Mayo et al .: Eighth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses , London, San Diego, 2005, pp. 373-384
Web links
- Family Hepadnaviridae , on: NCBI Taxonomy Browser
- Researchers decipher hepatitis B virus from the Stone Age , on: Spiegel Online from May 11, 2018.
- 16th-Century Child Mummy Had Oldest Known Case of Hepatitis B , on: Smithonian.com, January 8, 2018.
- The hepatitis B virus is significantly older than expected , on: Spiegel Online from September 29, 2010.
- Liver disease hepatitis B - ancient epidemic , on: Süddeutsche Zeitung Online from May 21, 2018.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f ICTV: ICTV Taxonomy history: Hepatitis B virus , EC 51, Berlin, Germany, July 2019; Email ratification March 2020 (MSL # 35)
- ↑ ICTV: ICTV Taxonomy history: Commelina yellow mottle virus , EC 51, Berlin, Germany, July 2019; Email ratification March 2020 (MSL # 35)
- ↑ SIB: Orthohepadnavirus , on: ViralZone
- ↑ Central Commission for Biosafety: OuHBV , 2012
- ↑ SIB: Avihepadnavirus , on: ViralZone
- ↑ a b c d Lauber C, Seitz S, Mattei S, Suh A, Beck J, Herstein J, Börold J, Salzburger W, Kaderali L, Briggs JA, Bartenschlager R: Deciphering the Origin and Evolution of Hepatitis B Viruses by Means of a Family of Non-enveloped Fish Viruses . In: Cell Host & Microbe . 22, No. 3, September 2017, pp. 387-399.e6. doi : 10.1016 / j.chom.2017.07.019 . PMID 28867387 . PMC 5604429 (free full text). and PDF
- ↑ endogenous in crocodiles (eCrHBV-1), snakes (eSnHBV-1) and turtles
- ↑ Suh A, Weber CC, Kehlmaier C, Braun EL, Green RE, Fritz U, Ray DA, Ellegren H: Early Mesozoic coexistence of amniotes and hepadnaviridae . In: PLoS Genetics . 10, No. 12, December 2014, p. E1004559. doi : 10.1371 / journal.pgen.1004559 . PMID 25501991 . PMC 4263362 (free full text).
- ^ Hahn CM, Iwanowicz LR, Cornman RS, Conway CM, Winton JR, Blazer VS: Characterization of a Novel Hepadnavirus in the White Sucker (Catostomus commersonii) from the Great Lakes Region of the United States . In: Journal of Virology . 89, No. 23, December 2015, pp. 11801–11. doi : 10.1128 / JVI.01278-15 . PMID 26378165 . PMC 4645335 (free full text).
- ↑ a b c Dill JA, Camus AC, Leary JH, Di Giallonardo F, Holmes EC, Ng TF: Distinct Viral Lineages from Fish and Amphibians Reveal the Complex Evolutionary History of Hepadnaviruses . In: Journal of Virology . 90, No. 17, September 2016, pp. 7920-33. doi : 10.1128 / JVI.00832-16 . PMID 27334580 . PMC 4988138 (free full text).