Winter hammer

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Winter hammer
Junco hyemalis hyemalis-001.jpg

Winter bunting ( Junco hyemalis )

Systematics
Order : Passerines (Passeriformes)
Subordination : Songbirds (passeri)
Superfamily : Passeroidea
Family : New World Chambers (Passerellidae)
Genre : Junkos ( Junco )
Type : Winter hammer
Scientific name
Junco hyemalis
( Linnaeus , 1758)
Distribution of junk:
yellow: breeding area
green: occurrence as a resident bird
blue: wintering area

The winter bunting ( Junco hyemalis ), formerly known as Junko , is a common American songbird from the family of the New World chambers (Passerellidae).

features

The plumage color of the individual subspecies of the 15 cm long junk is quite different. Mostly it is gray or brown on the back and pale in color on the belly. The beak is usually pink in color. In flight, the outer white tail feathers are clearly visible.

Occurrence

The winter bammer lives in mixed and coniferous forests , thickets, parks and gardens in large parts of North America to northern Mexico . The northern populations move south in the cold season, some from higher elevations to lower ones. In winter, the bird often appears at bird feeders in or around cities. In Western Europe he is a rare stray visitor .

Way of life

The winter bunting looks for insects and seeds on the ground. The bird breeds in coniferous and mixed forests. Both partners build a bowl-shaped nest out of twigs, grass, roots and other plant material with a diameter of about 10 cm on the ground or on low branches. The bird usually breeds twice a year. The average of four eggs with a matt sheen are gray or bluish-white in color and have brown, purple or gray spots. The clutch is incubated by the female alone for 12 to 13 days. Both adult birds take care of the offspring, which fledge after 11 to 14 days.

Subspecies

Fifteen subspecies are known:

  • Junco hyemalis hyemalis ( Linnaeus , 1758) is colored slate gray on the head, chest and upper side. The female is gray-brown. It occurs in the coniferous forests from Alaska to Newfoundland and south to the Appalachians and winters further south. This subspecies is relatively common.
  • Junco hyemalis aikeni Ridgway , 1873 is gray on the head, chest and upper side and has white wing stripes . The female is gray-brown. He lives in the Black Hills in South Dakota and Wyoming and is relatively rare.
  • The Oregon Junko ( Junco hyemalis oreganus ) ( Townsend, JK , 1837) is black-gray in color on the head and chest and has a brown back, brown wings and reddish flanks. The distribution area extends from Alaska to northern Baja California . This subspecies is the most common in western North America.
  • Junco hyemalis mearnsi Ridgway , 1897 is gray on the head and chest with brown back and wings and pinkish-brown flanks. It can be found in the northern Rocky Mountains from Alberta to Idaho and Wyoming .
  • The gray-headed junko ( Junco hyemalis caniceps ( Woodhouse , 1853)) is mainly gray with a rust-colored back and lives in the Rocky Mountains from Colorado to central Arizona .
  • Junco hyemalis dorsalis Henry , 1858 has a dark lower beak and rust-colored wings. It can be found in the mountains of Arizona and New Mexico .
  • Junco hyemalis mutabilis van Rossem , 1931 - This subspecies is found in southeastern California and southern Nevada .
  • Junco hyemalis townsendi Anthony , 1889 - This subspecies occurs in the Sierra de San Pedro Mártir .
  • Junco hyemalis thurberi Anthony , 1890 - The range of this subspecies is the south of Oregon and the northwest of California.
  • Junco hyemalis montanus Ridgway , 1898 - This subspecies is found in the interior of southwestern Canada and the interior of the northwestern United States.
  • Junco hyemalis pontilis Oberholser , 1919 - The distribution area of ​​this subspecies is the Sierra de Juárez .
  • Junco hyemalis carolinensis Brewster , 1886 - This subspecies is found in the eastern central part of the United States.
  • Junco hyemalis cismontanus Dwight , 1918 - The subspecies is common in the interior of western Canada.
  • Junco hyemalis shufeldti Coale , 1887 - This subspecies is common on the coast of southwest British Columbia and the coast in the northwest of the United States.
  • Junco hyemalis pinosus Loomis , 1893 - This subspecies is found in central and southern California.

literature

  • Colin Harrison, Alan Greensmith: Birds: with more than 800 species. Dorling Kindersley, Starnberg 2005, ISBN 978-3-8310-0785-1 .
  • Bryan Richard: Birds: over 400 species from around the world. Parragon, Bath 2006, ISBN 978-1-4054-5506-0 .
  • Carl von Linné: Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, Cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis . 10th edition. tape 1 . Imprensis Direct Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm 1758 ( gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de [accessed on April 9, 2015]).
  • Robert Ridgway: On some new forms of American Birds . In: The American Naturalist, an Illustrated Magazine of Natural History . tape 7 , 1873, p. 602-619 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed April 9, 2015]).
  • Robert Ridgway: Note on Junco Annectens Baird and J. Ridgwayi Mearns . In: The Auk . tape 14 , no. 1 , 1897, p. 94 (English, sora.unm.edu [PDF; 58 kB ; accessed on April 9, 2015]).
  • Robert Ridgway: New Species, Etc., of American Birds .-- II. Fringillidae (Continued) . In: The Auk . tape 15 , no. 4 , 1898, p. 319–324 (English, sora.unm.edu [PDF; 229 kB ; accessed on April 9, 2015]).
  • Henry Kelso Coale: Description of a New Subspecies of Junco From New Mexico . In: The Auk . tape 4 , no. 4 , 1887, p. 330–331 (English, sora.unm.edu [PDF; 83 kB ; accessed on April 9, 2015]).
  • Leverett Mills Loomis: Description of a New Junco From California . In: The Auk . tape 10 , no. 1 , 1893, p. 47–48 (English, sora.unm.edu [PDF; 97 kB ; accessed on April 9, 2015]).
  • William Brewster: An Ornithological Reconnaissance in Western North Carolina . In: The Auk . tape 3 , no. 1 , 1886, p. 94–112 (English, sora.unm.edu [PDF; 933 kB ; accessed on April 9, 2015]).
  • Harry Church Oberholser : Description of an Interesting New Junco From Lower California . In: The Condor . tape 21 , no. 3 , 1919, p. 94–112 (English, sora.unm.edu [PDF; 152 kB ; accessed on April 9, 2015]).
  • Samuel Washington Woodhouse: Description of a new Snow Finsch of the genus Struthus, Boie . In: Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia . tape 6 , no. 6 December 1852, p. 202-203 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed April 9, 2015]).
  • Thomas Charlton Henry: Description of new Birds from Fort Thorn, New Mexico . In: Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia . tape 10 , 1858, p. 117–118 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed April 9, 2015]).
  • John Kirk Townsend: Description of Twelve New Species of Birds, chiefly from the vicinity of Columbia river . In: Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia . tape 7 , no. 2 , 1837, p. 187–193 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed April 9, 2015]).
  • Adriaan Joseph van Rossem: Descriptions of new birds from the Mountains of Southern Nevada . In: Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History . tape 6 , no. 22 , 1931, p. 325-332 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed April 9, 2015]).
  • Jonathan Dwight: The geographical distribution of color and of other variable characters in the genus Junco: a new aspect of specific and subspecific values . In: Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History . tape 38 , no. 9 , 1918, pp. 269–309 (English, digitallibrary.amnh.org [PDF; 6.7 MB ; accessed on April 9, 2015]).
  • Alfred Webster Anthony: New Birds from Lower California and Mexico . In: Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences . Series 2, volume 2 , 1889, p. 73-82 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed April 9, 2015]).
  • Alfred Webster Anthony: A new Junco from California . In: Zoe A biological Journal . tape 1 , no. 8 , 1890, p. 238–239 ( biodiversitylibrary.org [accessed April 9, 2015]).

Web links

Commons : Junko  album with pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ IOC World Bird List Bananaquit, buntings, sparrows & bush tanagers
  2. ^ Carl von Linné, p. 183.
  3. ^ Robert Ridgway (1873), pp. 613, 615.
  4. ^ John Kirk Townsend, p. 188.
  5. ^ Robert Ridgway (1897), p. 94.
  6. ^ Samuel Washington Woodhouse, p. 202.
  7. ^ Thomas Charlton Henry, p. 321.
  8. ^ Adriaan Joseph van Rossem, p. 329.
  9. ^ Alfred Webster Anthony (1889), p. 76.
  10. ^ Alfred Webster Anthony (1890), p. 238.
  11. ^ Robert Ridgway (1898), p. 321.
  12. ^ Harry Church Oberholser, p. 119.
  13. ^ William Brewster, p. 108.
  14. ↑ Jonathan Dwight, p. 295.
  15. ^ Henry Kelso Coale, p. 330.
  16. ^ Leverett Mills Loomis, p. 47.