Chrysochromulina ericina virus

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"Chrysochromulina ericina virus"
Transmission electron micrographs of H. ericinainfected by CeV-O1B.png

TME image of thin sections of a
cell of Haptolina ericina infected with CeV-01B

Systematics
Classification : Viruses
Area : Varidnaviria
Empire : Bamfordvirae
Phylum : Nucleocytoviricota
Class : Megaviricetes
Order : Impersonal
Family : " Mesomimiviridae "
without rank: " OLPG "
Type : "Chrysochromulina ericina virus"
Taxonomic characteristics
Genome : dsDNA linear, unsegmented
Baltimore : Group 1
Symmetry : icosahedral
Scientific name
"Chrysochromulina ericina virus 01B"
Short name
CeV-01B
Left
NCBI  Taxonomy: 455364

" Chrysochromulina ericina virus 01B " or simply " Chrysochromulina ericina virus " ( CeV , alias " Haptolina ericina virus ", HeV ) is a giant virus from the extended family Mimiviridae (order Imitervirales ), the Haptolina ericina (formerly the Assigned to genus Chrysochromulina ), a marine microalga from the group of the Haptophyta . Like all members of the extended Mimiviridae (or "Imitervirales"), CeV is a dsDNA virus and belongs to the Phylum Nucleocytoviricota (outdated Nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses , NCLDV ).

History and systematics

CeV was discovered, isolated and characterized in the Norwegian coastal waters in 1998. At that time it was assumed that it belongs to the Phycodnaviridae together with all other known viruses that infect algae - the group of the " OLPG " ( English Organic Lake Phycodna (virus) Group ) . The discovery of Acanthamoeba polyphaga mimivirus showed that marine mimiviruses exist that could infect microalgae. A CeV strain was later found in the Gulf of Maine in 2013 , and phylogenetic analysis of some specific markers confirmed its proximity to the mimivirus. In 2015, CeV was fully sequenced to classify it as a member of the expanded Mimiviridae .

In the meantime it has been suggested to expand the family Mimiviridae by some representatives which parasitize microalgae , which were previously assigned to the Phycodnaviridae . The ICTV found a home for the expanded Mimiviridae in March 2020 with the newly created order Imitervirales . For the extension itself (at least the clade with “OLPG”) the rank of a family “ Mesomimiviridae ” was proposed - within an extended family Mimiviridae , the rank of a subfamily “ Mesomimiviridae ” had already been proposed for this group . In addition to CeV, these also include the candidates

as " OLPG " members; as well as possibly

these should not be basal in the enlarged mimivirdae (i.e. imitervirales ).

This would make the " Mesomimiviridae " the sister group to the conventional Mimiviridae .

construction

The virus particles / virions of CeV have a diameter of 160  nm . They have an icosahedral structure and no outer membrane.

Genome

Diagram showing the relationships of five members of the extended family Mimiviridae (order Imitervirales ) based on their genome.

The genome of CeV (isolate CeV-01B) has 473,558  bp and a low GC content of 25%. It is predicted that 512 ORFs ( english open reading frame ) present (predicted number of encoded proteins ). CeV has a large number of core genes such as the major capsid protein VP1 and the DNA polymerases B, which are similar to the respective genes of PgV.

The presence of the sequences of MutS7 and a DNA repair - nuclease type ERCC4 that are involved in DNA repair suggests that the CEV could have the ability to have its DNA repair. The latter enzyme is typically used to repair DNA damage caused by UV light. This corresponds to the habitat of a mimivirus that infects a photosynthetic host. CeV also has 305 genes that could not be matched in the public databases and therefore may be specific to this virus.

Propagation cycle

Little is known about the reproduction cycle of CeV. It replicates in the host's cytoplasm and its cycle of lysis lasts 14 to 19 hours. CeV has a sequence in its genome which codes for a DNA polymerase and two DNA-dependent RNA polymerase II. It also has twelve tRNAs , suggesting important machinery for relatively independent replication and virion formation, as is characteristic of Mimiviridea .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e ICTV: ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1 , New MSL including all taxa updates since the 2018b release, March 2020 (MSL # 35)
  2. ↑ a b Jonathan Filée: Giant viruses and their mobile genetic elements: the molecular symbiosis hypothesis , in: Current Opinion in Virology, Volume 33, December 2018, pp. 81-88; bioRxiv : 2018/04/11/299784 ( preprint full text)
  3. ↑ a b Torill Vik Johannessen, Gunnar Bratbak, Aud Larsenb, Hiroyuki Ogatac, Elianne S. Egged, Bente Edvardsen, Wenche Eikremd, Ruth-Anne Sandaaa: Characterization of three novel giant viruses reveals huge diversity among viruses infecting Prymnesiales (Haptophyta) , in : Virology, Volume 476, February 2015, pp. 180-188, doi: 10.1016 / j.virol.2014.12.014 , PMID 25546253
  4. ↑ Bente Edvardsen, Wenche Eikrem, Jahn Throndsen, Alberto G. Sáez, Ian Probert, Linda K. Medlin: Ribosomal DNA phylogenies and a morphological revision provide the basis for a revised taxonomy of the Prymnesiales (Haptophyta) . In: European Journal of Phycology . 46, No. 3, August 2011, pp. 202-228. doi : 10.1080 / 09670262.2011.594095 .
  5. ↑ a b c d e Ruth-Anne Sandaa, Mikal Heldal, Tonje Castberg, Runar Thyrhaug, Gunnar Bratbak: Isolation and Characterization of Two Viruses with Large Genome Size Infecting Chrysochromulina ericina (Prymnesiophyceae) and Pyramimonas orientalis (Prasinophyceae) . In: Virology . 290, No. 2, November 2001, pp. 272-280. doi : 10.1006 / viro.2001.1161 . PMID 11883191 .
  6. ↑ a b J. B. Larsen, A. Larsen, G. Bratbak, R.-A. Sandaa: Phylogenetic Analysis of Members of the Phycodnaviridae Virus Family, Using Amplified Fragments of the Major Capsid Protein Gene . In: Applied and Environmental Microbiology . 74, No. 10, March 21, 2008, pp. 3048-3057. doi : 10.1128 / AEM.02548-07 . PMID 18359826 . PMC 2394928 (free full text).
  7. ↑ Adam Monier, Jens B. Larsen, Ruth-Anne Sandaa, Gunnar Bratbak, Jean-Michel Claverie, Hiroyuki Ogata: Marine mimivirus relatives are probably large algal viruses . In: Virology Journal . 5, No. 1, 2008, p. 12. doi : 10.1186 / 1743-422X-5-12 . PMID 18215256 . PMC 2245910 (free full text).
  8. ^ A b William H. Wilson, Ilana C. Gilg, Amy Duarte, Hiroyuki Ogata: Development of DNA mismatch repair gene, MutS, as a diagnostic marker for detection and phylogenetic analysis of algal Megaviruses . In: Virology . 466-467, October 2014, pp. 123-128. doi : 10.1016 / j.virol.2014.07.001 . PMID 25063474 .
  9. ↑ a b Lucie Gallot-Lavallée, António Pagarete, Matthieu Legendre, Sebastien Santini, Ruth-Anne Sandaa, Heinz Himmelbauer, Hiroyuki Ogata, Gunnar Bratbak, Jean-Michel Claverie: The 474-Kilobase-Pair Complete Genome Sequence of CeV-01B, a Virus Infecting Haptolina (Chrysochromulina) ericina (Prymnesiophyceae) . In: Genome Announcements . 3, No. 6, December 3, 2015. doi : 10.1128 / genomeA.01413-15 . PMID 26634761 . PMC 4669402 (free full text).
  10. ↑ a b c d Lucie Gallot-Lavallée, Guillaume Blanc, Jean-Michel Claverie, Grant McFadden: Comparative Genomics of Chrysochromulina ericina virus and Other Microalga-Infecting Large DNA Viruses Highlights Their Intricate Evolutionary Relationship with the Established Mimiviridae Family . In: Journal of Virology . 91, No. 14, July 15, 2017. doi : 10.1128 / JVI.00230-17 . PMID 28446675 . PMC 5487555 (free full text).
  11. ^ A b Jean-Michel Claverie, Chantal Abergel: Mimiviridae: An Expanding Family of Highly Diverse Large dsDNA Viruses Infecting a Wide Phylogenetic Range of Aquatic Eukaryotes . In: Viruses . 2018 Sep; 10 (9), September 18, 2018, p. 506, doi: 10.3390 / v10090506 , PMC 6163669 (free full text), PMID 30231528
  12. ↑ William H Wilson, Ilana C Gilg, Mohammad Moniruzzaman, Erin K Field, Sergey Koren, Gary R LeCleir, Joaquín Martínez Martínez, Nicole J Poulton, Brandon K Swan, Ramunas Stepanauskas, Steven W Wilhelm: Genomic exploration of individual giant ocean viruses , in: ISME Journal 11 (8), August 2017, pp. 1736–1745, doi: 10.1038 / ismej.2017.61 , PMC 5520044 (free full text), PMID 28498373
  13. ↑ Weijia Zhang, Jinglie Zhou, Liu Taigang, Yongxin Yu Yingjie Pan, Shuling Yan, Yongjie Wang et al . Four novel algal virus genomes discovered from Yellowstone Lake metagenomes . In: Scientific Reports . 5, No. 1, October 13, 2015, p. 15131. doi : 10.1038 / srep15131 . PMC 4602308 (free full text).
  14. ↑ a b Sailen Barik: A Novel Family of cyclophilin, Conserved in the Mimivirus genus of the Giant DNA virus , in: Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal, Volume 16, July 2018, pp 231-236, doi: 10.1016 / j.csbj .2018.07.001
  15. ↑ Jônatas Abrahão, Lorena Silva, Ludmila Santos Silva, Jacques Yaacoub Bou Khalil, Rodrigo Rodrigues, Thalita Arantes, Felipe Assis, Paulo Boratto, Miguel Andrade, Erna Geessien Kroon, Bergmann Ribeiro, Ivan Bergier, Herve Seligmann, Eric Ghigo, Philippe Colson, Anthony Levasseur, Guido Kroemer, Didier Raoult, Bernard La Scola: Tailed giant Tupanvirus possesses the most complete translational apparatus of the known virosphere . In: Nature Communications . 9, No. 1, February 27, 2018. doi : 10.1038 / s41467-018-03168-1 .
  16. ↑ Natalya Yutin, Philippe Colson, Didier Raoult, Eugene V Koonin: Mimiviridae: clusters of orthologous genes, reconstruction of gene repertoire evolution and proposed expansion of the giant virus family , in: Virol J. 2013; 10: 106, April 4, 2013, doi: 10.1186 / 1743-422X-10-106 , PMC 3620924 (free full text), PMID 23557328
  17. ↑ NCBI: Yellowstone lake mimivirus (species)
  18. ↑ NCBI: Prymadium kappa virus (species)
  19. ↑ Lucie Gallot-Lavallee, Guillaume Blanc, Jean-Michel Claverie: Comparative genomics of Chrysochromulina Ericina Virus (CeV) and other microalgae-infecting large DNA viruses highlight their intricate evolutionary relationship with the established Mimiviridae family , in: J. Virol., 26 April 2017, doi: 10.1128 / JVI.00230-17
  20. ↑ a b Christopher R. Schvarcz, Grieg F. Steward: A giant virus infecting green algae encodes key fermentation genes. Virology, 2018; 518: 423 doi: 10.1016 / j.virol.2018.03.010
  21. ↑ a b Christoph M. Deeg, Cheryl-Emiliane T. Chow, Curtis A. Suttle: The kinetoplastid-infecting Bodo saltans virus (BsV), a window into the most abundant giant viruses in the sea ... , in: eLife Sciences 7, March 2018, doi: 10.7554 / eLife.33014
  22. ^ A new giant virus found in the waters of Oahu, Hawaii , ScienceDaily, May 3, 2018
  23. ↑ David M. Needham, Susumu Yoshizawa, Toshiaki Hosaka, Camille Poirier, Chang Jae Choi, Elisabeth Hehenberger, Nicholas AT Irwin, Susanne Wilken, Cheuk-Man Yung, Charles Bachy, Rika Kurihara, Yu Nakajima, Keiichi Kojima, Tomomi Kimura-Someya , Guy Leonard, Rex R. Malmstrom, Daniel R. Mende, Daniel K. Olson, Yuki Sudo, Sebastian Sudek, Thomas A. Richards, Edward F. DeLong, Patrick J. Keeling, Alyson E. Santoro, Mikako Shirouzu, Wataru Iwasaki , Alexandra Z. Worden: A distinct lineage of giant viruses brings a rhodopsin photosystem to unicellular marine predators , in: PNAS, 23 September 2019, doi: 10.1073 / pnas.1907517116 , ISSN  0027-8424
  24. ↑ Natalya Yutin et al. : Origin of giant viruses from smaller DNA viruses not from a fourth domain of cellular life . In: Virology , Volumes 466-467, October 2014, pp. 38-52, doi: 10.1016 / j.virol.2014.06.032
  25. ↑ Carolina Reyes, Kenneth Stedman: Are Phaeocystis globosa viruses (OLPG) and Organic Lake phycodnavirus a part of the Phycodnaviridae or Mimiviridae? , Blog on ResearchGate, January 8, 2016
  26. ↑ Frederik Schulz, Lauren Alteio, Danielle Goudeau, Elizabeth M. Ryan, Feiqiao B. Yu, Rex R. Malmstrom, Jeffrey Blanchard, Tanja Woyke: Hidden diversity of soil giant viruses , in: Nature Communicationsvolume 9, Article number: 4881 (2018 ) from November 19, 2018, doi : 10.1038 / s41467-018-07335-2
  27. ↑ David M. Needham, Alexandra Z. Worden et al .: A distinct lineage of giant viruses brings a rhodopsin photosystem to unicellular marine predators , in: PNAS, 23 September 2019, doi: 10.1073 / pnas.1907517116 , ISSN 0027-8424 , here: Supplement 1 (xlsx)