Polydnaviridae

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Polydnaviruses
GiBV-em.jpg

Polydnaviruses

Systematics
Classification : Viruses
Area : unclassified
Empire : unclassified
Phylum : unclassified
Order : unclassified
Family : Polydnaviridae
Taxonomic characteristics
Genome : dsDNA
Baltimore : Group 1
Scientific name
Polydnaviridae
Left
NCBI  Taxonomy: 10482
ViralZone ( ExPASy , SIB): 147

The polydnaviruses are a family of enveloped viruses with a double-stranded, segmented DNA genome , which are integrated into the genome of some parasitic wasps and serve as a viral vector to influence the hosts of the parasitic wasp larvae. The family contains two genera with little homology to one another, the Ichnoviruses with a single lipid bilayer and the Bracoviruses with a double lipid bilayer in their respective virus envelope. The former occur in Ichneumonidae , while the latter occur in Braconidae .

structure

While Ichnoviruses have an egg-shaped shape in the transmission electron microscope ( Ascoviridae -like morphology ), Bracoviruses are rod-shaped ( Baculoviridae -like). The emergence of the polydnaviruses is dated between 64 and 100 million years before our era and is now only transmitted to the offspring (vertical infection ). The viral genome is integrated into the genome of the parasitic wasp, while the polydnavirus virions are only formed in the calyx cells of the ovaries and are injected into the parasitized caterpillar together with the wasp eggs. The virion contains multiple copies of viral dsDNA in segmented, circular and supercoiled form with lengths between 2 Kbp and 31 Kbp. Depending on the species, one to several capsids occur per virion, i.e. within a virus envelope. Bracoviruses leave the calyx cells by lysis , while Ichnoviruses leave the calyx cells by budding .

Parasitism and symbiosis

Polydnavirus injection

Polydnaviruses are part of a unique host-pathogen relationship between parasitoid wasps, the parasitized caterpillars (mostly Lepidoptera ) and the symbiotic virus of the ichneumon fly. The caterpillars are hosts of the parasitoid parasitic wasp larvae, while the parasitic wasps are symbiotic hosts for the polydnaviruses. At the same time, polydnaviruses are pathogens for the caterpillars, which is the symbiotic benefit for the parasitic wasps. The polydnavirus virions are only formed in the calyx cells of the ovaries and are injected into the parasitized caterpillar together with the wasp eggs. The virion does not contain all the necessary genes for replication , but does contain various virulence factors derived from the parasitic wasp genome , including shortened versions with homology to caterpillar genes that inhibit their function . The virus modulates the immune system , metabolism and behavior of the parasitized caterpillar without being replicated in it. Polydnaviruses and parasitic wasps thus have a symbiotic mutualism , because the virus serves as a vector for transient gene transfer , while the wasps only reproduce in their ovaries.

Inhibition of defense reactions

The modulation of the immune response to the injected eggs in the parasitized hosts prevents the defense reaction that usually occurs. This consists of an encapsulation of the eggs with the hematocytes of the mixocoel , which then reduces the oxygen supply to the foreign body through further hematocytes via the phenol oxidase with melanin , whereby the development of a pathogen is slowed down or stopped. Polydnaviruses can, among other things, inactivate or destroy NF-κB in hematocytes, which weakens this defense. The polydnavirus from Cotesia rubecula encodes the protein CrV1 , which depolymerizes actin filaments in hematocytes , which limits their mobility and stability. The Bracovirus of the Microplitis demolitor (MdBV) induces apoptosis in hematocytes by means of PTP-H2 , which results in less defense and more liquid food is available. Furthermore, the phagocytosis and adhesion of the haematocytes is reduced by the gene GLC1.8 , which further reduces the resistance . By Egf1.0 the phenol oxidase is inhibited, which inhibits the formation of melanin in the course of the immune defense.

The Ankyris protein inhibits the effects of antiviral peptides . In some Ichnoviruses, Vankyrin inhibits the induction of apoptosis. The viral innexin-related protein Vinnexin changes the communication between the cells of the caterpillar at the gap junctions . In addition, polydnaviruses induce hyperglycemia in the host , which improves the food supply for the parasitic wasp larvae.

Furthermore, polydnaviruses lead to behavioral changes in the parasitized caterpillars, which after infection refrain from migrating and pupating in order to protect the parasitic wasp larvae that have hatched and pupate from predators or other parasitoids until their own energy reserves are used up and the caterpillar dies. Polydnaviruses are the first known case of a gene transfer vector that is used by parasitoids to modify the host's behavior in addition to modulating the immune system and metabolism . It is also the first known case that hosts protect the offspring of their parasites or parasitoids outside of their bodies until they give up themselves.

Virus-like particles

Some polydnaviruses only produce virus-like particles (VLP) without any nucleic acids they contain , which in themselves dampen the immune response, e.g. B. in Venturia canescens ( Ichneumonidea ) and Leptopilina sp. ( Figitidaea ). The VLP of the canescens vein (VcVLP1, VcVLP2, VcNEP…) are produced in calyx cells in order to be released into the fallopian tube. Since the DNA sequences of the VLP proteins show more similarities with Hymenoptera proteins than with viral proteins, a non-viral origin has been assumed.

The wasp Leptopilina heterotoma secretes VLP, which can penetrate the lamellocytes.

Occurrence

Polydnaviruses occur in various subfamilies of the parasitic wasps, including

  • Bracovirus in:
  • Ichnovirus in:

Systematics

Internal system

As of February 2019, the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) reports that the Polydnaviridae family consists of the following two genera:

  • Family Polydnaviridae

External system

Nucleic acid analyzes suggest a very long association between viruses and wasps (more than 70 million years).

With regard to the co-evolution of wasps and viruses, two contradicting proposals have been made.

  • The first suggestion is based on the assumption that the virus is derived from wasp genes. Many non-polydnavirus parasitoid wasps inject proteins with many equivalent functions; H. suppress the immune response of the host to the Parasitenei and therefore English virus-like particles are (VLPs) called ( see below ). In this model, the braconid and ichneumonid wasps have packed genes for these functions into the viruses - which essentially leads to a gene transfer system in which the caterpillar itself produces the immunosuppressive factors. In this scenario, the structural proteins of the viruses ( capsids ) were probably "borrowed" from existing viruses.
  • The alternative proposal assumes that wasp ancestors developed a beneficial symbiosis with an existing virus that eventually resulted in the virus being integrated into the wasp's genome . The genes responsible for virus replication and the capsids were then unnecessary and at some point no longer included in the virus genome.

This second hypothesis is supported by the different morphologies between IV and BV, which suggests that the two genera have different origins. The IV bears remarkable similarities to, and is believed to have evolved from, ascoviruses , while the BV may have evolved from the Nudiviridae about 100 million years ago . The Polydnaviridae (i.e. the group of Bracoviruses) appear according to Koonin et al. (2015 and 2019) together with the Nimaviridae , Hytrosaviridae , Baculoviridae and the Nudiviridae to form an as yet unnamed family group, for which the authors propose the following family tree:



Nimaviridae


   

Hytrosaviridae


   

Baculoviridae


   

Nudiviridae


   

Polydnaviridae : Bracoviruses




Template: Klade / Maintenance / 3

Template: Klade / Maintenance / Style

The two genera of viruses in the family are actually not phylogenetically related, which means that this taxon may need some overhaul.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ ICTV: ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1 , New MSL including all taxa updates since the 2018b release, March 2020 (MSL # 35)
  2. ↑ BA Federici, Y. Bigot: Origin and evolution of polydnaviruses by symbiogenesis of insect DNA viruses in endoparasitic wasps. In: J Insect Physiol. (2003), Vol. 49 (5), pp. 419-32. PMID 12770621 .
  3. ^ JB Whitfield: Estimating the age of the polydnavirus / braconid wasp symbiosis. In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . Volume 99, Number 11, May 2002, pp. 7508-7513, ISSN  0027-8424 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas.112067199 . PMID 12032313 . PMC 124262 (free full text).
  4. ↑ EA Herniou, E. Huguet, J. Thézé, A. Bézier, G. Periquet, JM Drezen: When parasitic wasps hijacked viruses: genomic and functional evolution of polydnaviruses. In: Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences. Volume 368, Number 1626, September 2013, pp. 20130051, ISSN  1471-2970 . doi : 10.1098 / rstb.2013.0051 . PMID 23938758 . PMC 3758193 (free full text).
  5. ↑ JM Drezen, B. Provost, E. Espagne, L. Cattolico, C. Dupuy, M. Poirié, G. Periquet, E. Huguet: Polydnavirus genome: integrated vs. free virus. In: J Insect Physiol. (2003), Vol. 49 (5), pp. 407-17. PMID 12770620 .
  6. ↑ JG Fleming, MD Summers: Polydnavirus DNA is integrated in the DNA of its parasitoid wasp host. In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . Volume 88, Number 21, November 1991, pp. 9770-9774, ISSN  0027-8424 . PMID 1946402 . PMC 52802 (free full text).
  7. ↑ a b c Polydnaviridae , on: ViralZone , Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB)
  8. ↑ BA Webb, MR Strand, SE Dickey, MH Beck, RS Hilgarth, WE Barney, K. Kadash, JA Kroemer, KG Lindstrom, W. Rattanadechakul, KS Shelby, H. Thoetkiattikul, MW Turnbull, RA Witherell: Polydnavirus genomes reflect their dual roles as mutualists and pathogens. In: Virology. Volume 347, Number 1, March 2006, pp. 160-174, ISSN  0042-6822 . doi : 10.1016 / j.virol.2005.11.010 . PMID 16380146 .
  9. ↑ JG Fleming, MD Summers: Polydnavirus DNA is integrated in the DNA of its parasitoid wasp host. In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . Volume 88, Number 21, November 1991, pp. 9770-9774, ISSN  0027-8424 . PMID 1946402 . PMC 52802 (free full text).
  10. ↑ E. Espagne, C. Dupuy, E. Huguet, L. Cattolico, B. Provost, N. Martins, M. Poirié, G. Periquet, JM Drezen: Genome sequence of a polydnavirus: insights into symbiotic virus evolution. In: Science. Volume 306, Number 5694, October 2004, pp. 286-289, ISSN  1095-9203 . doi : 10.1126 / science.1103066 . PMID 15472078 .
  11. ↑ H. Thoetkiattikul, MH Beck, MR Strand: Inhibitor kappaB-like proteins from a polydnavirus inhibit NF-kappaB activation and suppress the insect immune response. In: Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (2005), Vol. 102 (32), pp. 11426-31. PMID 16061795 ; PMC 1183600 (free full text).
  12. ↑ a b JM. Drezen, S. Savary, M. Poirier, G. Periquet. Polydnaviruses, viral entities domesticated by the parasitoid wasps, Virology. Volume 3, Number 1, 11-21, Janvier-Février 1999.
  13. ^ M. Beck, MR Strand: Glc1.8 from Microplitis demolitor bracovirus induces a loss of adhesion and phagocytosis in insect high five and S2 cells. In: J Virol. (2005), Vol. 79 (3), pp. 1861-70. PMID 15650210 ; PMC 544146 (free full text).
  14. ↑ Beck MH, Strand MR: A novel polydnavirus protein inhibits the insect prophenoloxidase activation pathway. In: Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (2007), Vol. 104 (49), pp. 19267-72. PMID 18032603 ; PMC 2148279 (free full text).
  15. ↑ Bae Sungwoo; Kim Yonggyun: IkB genes encoded in Cotesia plutellae bracovirus suppress an antiviral response and enhance baculovirus pathogenicity against the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. In: Journal Of Invertebrate Pathology (2009), Vol. 102 (1), pp. 79-87. ISSN  0022-2011
  16. ↑ Fath-Goodin A .; Kroemer YES; Webb BA: The Campoletis sonorensis ichnovirus vankyrin protein P-vank-1 inhibits apoptosis in insect Sf9 cells. In: Insect Mol Biol (2009), Vol. 18 (4), pp. 497-506
  17. ↑ G. Clavijo, T. Dorémus, M. Ravallec, MA Mannucci, V. Jouan, AN Volkoff, I. Darboux: Multigenic families in Ichnovirus: a tissue and host specificity study through expression analysis of vankyrins from Hyposoter didymator Ichnovirus. In: PloS one. Volume 6, number 11, 2011, p. E27522, ISSN  1932-6203 . doi : 10.1371 / journal.pone.0027522 . PMID 22087334 . PMC 3210807 (free full text).
  18. ^ NK Marziano, DK Hasegawa, P. Phelan, MW Turnbull: Functional interactions between polydnavirus and host cellular innexins. In: Journal of virology. Volume 85, Number 19, October 2011, pp. 10222-10229, ISSN  1098-5514 . doi : 10.1128 / JVI.00691-11 . PMID 21813607 . PMC 3196458 (free full text).
  19. ↑ a b A. J. Pruijssers, P. Falabella, JH Eum, F. Pennacchio, MR Brown, MR beach: Infection by a symbiotic polydnavirus induces wasting and Inhibits metamorphosis of the moth Pseudoplusia includens. In: J Exp Biol. (2009), Vol. 212 (18), pp. 2998-3006. PMID 19717683 ; PMC 2734494 (free full text).
  20. ^ AH Grosman, A. Janssen, EF de Brito, EG Cordeiro, F. Colares, JO Fonseca, ER Lima, A. Pallini, MW Sabelis: Parasitoid increases survival of its pupae by inducing hosts to fight predators. In: PLoS One (2008), Vol. 3 (6), p. E2276. PMID 18523578 ; PMC 2386968 (free full text).
  21. ^ A. Reineke, S. Asgari, O. Schmidt: Evolutionary Origin of V enturia canescens Virus-Like Particles, In: Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology (2006), 61: 123-133.
  22. ↑ RM Rizki, TM Rizki: Parasitoid virus-like particles destroy Drosophila cellular in the community, In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (1990), Vol. 87, pp. 8388-8392.
  23. ↑ Nicholas Murphy, Jonathan C. Banks, James B. Whitfield, Andrew D. Austin: Phylogeny of the parasitic microgastroid subfamilies (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) based on sequence data from seven genes, with an improved time estimate of the origin of the lineage . In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution . 47, No. 1, April 1, 2008, pp. 378-395. doi : 10.1016 / j.ympev.2008.01.022 .
  24. ↑ a b c d e f g Gaelen R. Burke, Michael R. Strand: Polydnaviruses of Parasitic Wasps: Domestication of Viruses To Act as Gene Delivery Vectors . In: Insects . 3, No. 1, January 31, 2012, pp. 91–119. doi : 10.3390 / insects3010091 . PMID 26467950 . PMC 4553618 (free full text).
  25. ↑ ICTV: Master Species List 2018b.v2 (MSL # 34)
  26. ↑ SIB: Bracovirus , on: ViralZone
  27. ↑ SIB: Ichnovirus , on: ViralZone
  28. ↑ BA Federici, DK Bideshi, Y. Tan, T. Spears, Y. Bigot: Ascoviruses: superb manipulators of apoptosis for viral replication and transmission . In: Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology . tape 328 , 2009, ISBN 978-3-540-68617-0 , pp. 171-196 , doi : 10.1007 / 978-3-540-68618-7_5 , PMID 19216438 .
  29. ↑ Herniou EA, Huguet E, Thézé J, Bézier A, Periquet G, Drezen JM: When parasitic wasps hijacked viruses: genomic and functional evolution of polydnaviruses . In: Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci . 368, No. 1626, 2013. doi : 10.1098 / rstb.2013.0051 . PMID 23938758 . PMC 3758193 (free full text).
  30. ↑ A. Bézier, M. Annaheim, J. Herbinière, C. Wetterwald, G. Gyapay, S. Bernard-Samain, P. Wincker, I. Roditi, M. Heller, M. Belghazi, R. Pfister-Wilhem, G Periquet, C. Dupuy, E. Huguet, AN Volkoff, B. Lanzrein, JM Drezen: Polydnaviruses of braconid wasps derive from an ancestral nudivirus. In: Science (2009), Vol. 323 (5916), pp. 926-30, PMID 19213916 , doi: 10.1126 / science.1166788 .
  31. ↑ Eugene V. Koonin, Natalya Yutin: Evolution of the Large Nucleocytoplasmatic DNA Viruses of Eukaryotes and Convergent Origins of Viral Gigantism , in: Advances in Virus research, Volume 103, AP January 21, 2019, doi: 10.1016 / bs.aivir.2018.09 .002 , pp. 167-202
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