Hytrosaviridae

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Hytrosaviridae
Systematics
Classification : Viruses
without rank: "Baculo-like viruses" ?
Family : Hytrosaviridae
Taxonomic characteristics
Genome : dsDNA
Baltimore : Group 1
Scientific name
Hytrosaviridae
Short name
SGHVs
Left
NCBI  Taxonomy: 1285590
ViralZone ( ExPASy , SIB): 2959

The Hytrosaviridae ( Hytrosaviruses , English salivary gland hypertophy viruses , SGHVs) are a family of double-stranded DNA viruses that infect insects. The name is derived from Hytrosa , an abbreviation from the Greek hypertrophia for hypertrophy, and sialoadenitis for inflammation of the salivary glands.

description

construction

The virions of members of this family are not closed, wrapped and rod-shaped with a length of 500-1000  nm and a diameter of 50-80 nm They contain a thin, dense central nucleo. Capsid containing the DNA - protein envelops core. The nucleocapsid core is surrounded by an amorphous protein layer ( tegument ). The outer surface of the virions is covered with a spiral structure, which consists of virally (from the virus genome ) encoded protein dimers . these originate from the hosts ( horizontal gene transfer ). The virions contain at least 35 polypeptides, 10 to 200 kilodaltons in size .

Genome

The genome is a circular (circular) double-stranded DNA molecule ( dsDNA ), “ supercoiled ” (wound) and with a size of 120 to 190 kilobases . It is believed to have 108-174 non-overlapping genes that are evenly distributed across the genome in unidirectional clusters. The GC content varies between 28% and 44%.

Hosts and clinical picture

The symptoms caused by species in this family are primarily overt hypertrophy of the salivary gland in adult Diptera . In addition, infection and replication in non-salivary gland cells in tsetse flies include partial and complete disruption of vitellogenesis (yolk formation) in house flies .

Propagation cycle

The replication takes place in the nucleus of the secretory epithelial cells of the salivary gland. Viral DNA synthesis and transcription takes place within the cell nucleus. The nucleocapsids leave the cell nucleus into the cytoplasm through the nuclear pores and then attach to the Golgi apparatus . They are provided with a shell in the cytoplasm and assembled into complete virions.

transmission

The transmission occurs either “horizontally” through ingestion or “vertically” from the mother to the offspring. In houseflies and a mechanical transmission was (through wounds in the cuticle suggested).

Systematics

Internal system

In the family Hytrosaviridae (Hytrosaviruses, English salivary gland hypertophy viruses , SGHVs) there are (as of March 2019) confirmed by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) two genera, each with one species:

  • Species: Glossina hytrovirus (alias Glossina pallidipes salivary gland hypertophy virus , GpSGHV), host: tsetse fly
  • Species: Musca hytrovirus (alias Musca domestica salivary gland hypertophy virus , MdSGHV), host: housefly
  • unclassified or suggested species:
  • further possible representatives
Viruses similar in morphology and in terms of symptoms to SGHVs cause SGH symptoms in the filaments of the male adrenal glands of the solitary Braconid wasp Diachasmimorpha longicuadata (Hymenoptera, Braconidae ), which indicates the existence of other family members of the Hytrosaviridae .

External system

Structurally, the hytrosaviruses resemble members of other arthropod-infecting virus families such as Baculoviridae , Nudiviridae, and Nimaviridae . Share Hytrosaviren 12 of 38 nuclear genes ( English core genes ) which, when baculoviruses Nudiviren, Nimaviren and some Bracoviren (genus bracovirus at present - yet in the probably - as of March 2019 polyphyletic family Polydnavirus described). Some of the structural and genomic features that hytrosaviruses and other large dsDNA viruses have in common include:

  • enveloped, rod-shaped virions
  • circular dsDNA genome
  • Replication in the nucleus of infected cells

However, hytrosaviruses differ functionally from baculoviruses in the lack of occlusion bodies and a lower lethality.

The Hytrosaviridae therefore apparently form a relatives group that has not yet been named with the Baculoviridae , Nimaviridae , Nudiviridae and the genus Bracovirus of the suspected polyphyletic Polydnaviridae , for which Koonin et al. (2015 and 2019) the following family tree was proposed:



Nimaviridae


   

Hytrosaviridae


   

Baculoviridae


   

Nudiviridae


   

Polydnaviridae : Bracovirus




Template: Klade / Maintenance / 3

Template: Klade / Maintenance / Style

The term “Baculo-like viruses” (only including Baculoviridae and Nudiviridae ) used in the narrow sense by the Swiss Institute for Bioinformatics ( SIB ) therefore seems to be used by some authors in a broader sense for this entire group, also known as Chinese baculovirus- like virus for the white spot syndrome virus ( Nimaviridae ), as well as the term "white spot baculovirus complex" (WSBV, alias "China virus complex").

The encoded viral (virus-native) DNA polymerase is of type B, which is present and conserved in all large dsDNA viruses. At the amino acid level, the closest match of the DNA-PolB of hytrosaviruses is with the DNA-PolB found in Alcelaphine gammaherpesvirus 1 ( Alcelaphine herpesvirus ). Based on the DNA polB gene, hytrosaviruses are more closely related to invertebrate viruses with large linear dsDNA compared to other viruses with a circular dsDNA genome. Some of the linear dsDNA viruses with similarities to the hytrosaviruses include members of the following families (in brackets the size of the corresponding part of the genome):

Hytrosaviruses encode homologues to the highly conserved PIF genes found in other dsDNA viruses (PIF: oral infectivity factor , here the PIFs o / P74, 1,2 and 3) PIF: (PIF o / P74, 1,2 and 3)

In hytrosaviruses there are also homologues to some of the subunits of the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase complex (DdRp) that occur in baculoviruses and nudiviruses . The DdRp complex components present in the hytrosaviruses include the late expression factors 4, 5, 8 and 9 (LEF-4, LEF-5, LEF-8 and LEF-9).

Details and host range

Glossina hytrovirus

The tsetse fly Glossina pallidipes is the natural host of the virus species Glossina hytrovirus (alias Glossina pallidipes salivary gland hypertophy virus , GpSGHV), in which the virus mainly causes chronic asymptomatic (symptomless hidden) salivary gland hypertophy infections (SGH infections). GpSGHV is highly specific for Glossina species. There is no available evidence of GpSGHV infections or replications in other (heterologous) host species such as the housefly. The susceptibility of the tsetse fly to GpSGHV infections is very different for different Glossina species, with Glossina pallidipes being the most susceptible. Up to 15 different GpSGHV haplotypes with different prevalence have been reported in the wild population of tsetse flies in East, Central and West Africa .

The prevalence (frequency of disease) of this virus is high in Glossina pallidipes (80%).

Musca hytrovirus

The common housefly ( Musca domestica ) is the natural host of the virus species Musca hytrovirus (alias Musca domestica salivary gland hypertophy virus , MdSGHV). The virus only causes acute symptomatic (overt) SGH infections in the host.

Within the housefly populations, MdSGHV induces rates of overt SGH symptoms between 0 and 40%. This high variability is due to the different seasonal density of the fly populations at the various sampling points.

Under laboratory conditions, MdSGHV can also infect other insects, including:

MdSGHV does not induce any obvious SGH symptoms in hosts other than the housefly, however, it has a considerable influence on the development of the ovaries and can also lead to death in some Muscidae , such as in the calf stinger ( Stomoxys calcitrans ) and the tilt fly ( Hydrotaea aenescens ).

Merodon equestris hytrosavirus

This proposed member of the Hytrosaviridae infects the greater daffodil fly ( Merodon equestris ), a hover fly related to the onion hover fly ( Merodon trochantericus ). A more precise characterization is still pending.

Disease picture and tissue affinity

All hytrosaviruses (SGHVs) cause a broadly similar clinical picture (SGH symptoms) in the salivary glands of their respective adult insect hosts (only at the cellular level are there differences between the two known genera Glossinavirus and Muscavirus ). Both pairs of salivary gland tissue are equally affected and swollen up to four times their normal size, with the enlargement extending the entire length of the distal areas of the salivary glands. Infections of tissues other than the salivary glands are associated with various pathologies, such as: B. reproductive disorders, sterility in females and disturbed mating behavior.

Course of the disease in the salivary glands

GpSGHV causes salivary gland hyperplasia in the infected tsetse flies. H. only the cytoplasmic, not the core, of the glands is enlarged. However, the infected salivary gland cells can divide. It is believed that this pathology is due to the virus-induced reprogramming of the differentiated salivary gland cells. Overall, the occurrence of overt SGH symptoms is the exception rather than the rule. Only under some unknown conditions does the asymptomatic (symptom-free) state of infection change into a symptomatic state of infection (with the symptoms). When GpSGHV is artificially inoculated in the adult stages of the tsetse fly, obvious SGH symptoms will develop in the first generation offspring ( F1 offspring ) of the injected dams, but not in the parents themselves.

MdSGHV induces salivary gland hypertrophy in the housefly, i. H. Both the cytoplasmic and core compartments of the salivary gland tissue enlarge and the infected cells can no longer divide. When MdSGHV suspensions are artificially injected into adult house flies, the virus causes obvious SGH symptoms in 100% of infected flies within three days of infection. Adult houseflies develop an increased resistance to MdSGHV infections with increasing age.

Course of disease in other tissues

Infections of other tissue parts of the tsetse flies by GpSGHV can be linked to testicular degeneration , ovarian anomalies , severe necrosis and deterioration in the development, survival and fertility of the fly.

Infections of the mammary glands cause necrosis and depletion of the milk reservoir organelles.

In the housefly, MdSGHV blocks the production of sesqui terpenoids in other tissue parts , which in turn leads to the complete breakdown of vitellogenesis (egg yolk formation).

Virus latency

The symptom-free GpSGHV infection status means either that the virus is permanently present without leading to disease (sublethal persistence), or that the virus is “sleeping” (hiding, virus latency ). RNA interference ( RNAi ) of the host as well as small interfering RNA ( English small interfering RNA , siRNA ) and micro-RNA ( miRNA ) can apparently keep a GpSGHV infection under control.

Diagnosing and managing hytrosavirus infections

In mass rearing facilities for tsetse flies, infections with hytrosaviruses lead to a reduction in colony productivity, which can lead to colony collapse.

The virus is unintentionally introduced into the mass rearing facilities from symptom-free, locally collected animals or from existing colonies when new colonies are to be established or existing colonies are to be replenished. The virus is then spread in the colonies by vertical transmission (from parent to offspring). Various factors (e.g. stress or genetic factors, but often unknown) can trigger the expression of overt SGH symptoms and either lead to the death of the flies or at least reduce fertility and ultimately lead to colony collapse. In the absence of any outward clinical signs of symptom-free hytrosavirus infection, hytrosavirus infection in tsetse flies is diagnosed using a simple and reliable non-destructive PCR test. This enables the virus to be screened on individual live flies. The control of hytrosavirus infections in tsetse flies in mass housing can be effectively controlled by an integrated approach. This should include the following measures:

  • a "clean feeding system" ( English Clean Feeding System , CFS)
  • strict hygiene
  • Regular and routine-based monitoring of virus infections (see above) and especially of the occurrence of overt SGH symptoms

CFS can be combined with the addition of blood meals with antiviral drugs such as valaciclovir given in doses that are small enough to not interfere with the fly's DNA synthesis. When administered, the antiviral drug is converted into active metabolites by the virally encoded thymidylate synthase . These then block virus replication, which leads to a reduction in virus titers and the release of viruses.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Abd-Alla A, Vlak J, Bergoin M, Maruniak J, Parker A, Burand J, Jehle J, Boucias D et al .: Hytrosaviridae : A proposal for classification and nomenclature of a new insect virus family, in: Arch Virol 154 , 2009, pp. 909-918. PMID 19458899 . (Hytrosavirus Study Group of the ICTV)
  2. ↑ Henry M. Kariithi, Jan WM van Lent, Sjef Boeren, Adly MM Abd-Alla, İkbal Agah İnce, Monique M. van Oers, Just M. Vlak: between correlation structure, protein composition, morphogenesis and cytopathology of Glossina pallidipes salivary gland hypertrophy virus . In: Journal of General Virology . 94, No. 1, 2013, pp. 193-208. doi : 10.1099 / vir.0.047423-0 . PMID 23052395 .
  3. ↑ a b c d Adly MM Abd-Alla, Henry M. Kariithi, François Cousserans, Nicolas J. Parker, İkbal Agah İnce, Erin D. Scully, Sjef Boeren, Scott M. Geib, Solomon Mekonnen, Just M. Vlak, Andrew G. Parker, Marc JB Vreysen, Max Bergoin: Comprehensive annotation of Glossina pallidipes salivary gland hypertrophy virus from Ethiopian tsetse flies: a proteogenomics approach . In: Journal of General Virology . 97, No. 4, 2016, ISSN 1465-2099 , pp. 1010-1031. doi : 10.1099 / jgv.0.000409 . PMID 26801744 . PMC 4854362 (free full text).  
  4. ↑ a b Henry M. Kariithi, Xu Yao, Fahong Yu, Peter E. Teal, Chelsea P. Verhoeven, Drion G. Boucias: Responses of the housefly, Musca domestica, to the Hytrosavirus Replication: Impacts on host's vitellogenesis and Immunity . In: Frontiers in Microbiology . 8, April 5, 2017, ISSN 1664-302X , p. 583. doi : 10.3389 / fmicb.2017.00583 . PMID 28424677 . PMC 5380684 (free full text).  
  5. ↑ a b c Henry M Kariithi, Irene K Meki, Drion G Boucias, Adly MM Abd-Alla: Hytrosaviruses: current status and perspective . In: Current Opinion in Insect Science . 22, August 1, 2017, ISSN 2214-5745 , pp. 71-78. doi : 10.1016 / j.cois.2017.05.009 . PMID 28805642 .  
  6. ↑ a b Drion G. Boucias, Henry M. Kariithi, Kostas Bourtzis, Daniela I. Schneider, Karen Kelley, Wolfgang J. Miller, Andrew G. Parker, Adly MM Abd-Alla: Transgenerational transmission of the Glossina pallidipes hytrosavirus depends on the presence of a functional symbiome . In: PLOS ONE . 8, No. 4, 2013, ISSN 1932-6203 , p. E61150. bibcode : 2013PLoSO ... 861150B . doi : 10.1371 / journal.pone.0061150 . PMID 23613801 . PMC 3632566 (free full text).  
  7. ↑ a b Adly MM Abd-Alla, Henry M. Kariithi, Andrew G. Parker, Alan S. Robinson, Musie Kiflom, Max Bergoin, Marc JB Vreysen: Dynamics of the salivary gland hypertrophy virus in laboratory colonies of Glossina pallidipes (Diptera: Glossinidae) . In: Virus Research . 150, No. 1, June 1, 2010, ISSN 0168-1702 , pp. 103-110. doi : 10.1016 / j.virusres.2010.03.001 . PMID 20214934 .  
  8. ↑ Celeste R. Vallejo, Jo Ann Lee, James E. Keesling, Christopher J. Geden, Verena-Ulrike Lietze, Drion G. Boucias: A Mathematic Model That Describes Modes of MdSGHV Transmission within House Fly Populations . In: Insects . 4, No. 4, November 20, 2013, ISSN 2075-4450 , pp. 683-693. doi : 10.3390 / insects4040683 . PMID 26462530 . PMC 4553510 (free full text).  
  9. ↑ Henry M. Kariithi: Hytrosaviridae - Hytrosaviridae - dsDNA Viruses ( en ) International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). June 2019.
  10. ↑ ViralZone: Hytrosaviridae (SIB)
  11. ↑ SIB: Glossinavirus , on: ViralZone
  12. ↑ a b Adly MM Abd-Alla, François Cousserans, Andrew G. Parker, Johannes A. Jehle, Nicolas J. Parker, Just M. Vlak, Alan S. Robinson, Max Bergoin: Genome analysis of a Glossina pallidipes salivary gland hypertrophy virus reveals a novel, large, double-stranded circular DNA virus . In: Journal of Virology . 82, No. 9, 2008, ISSN 1098-5514 , pp. 4595-4611. doi : 10.1128 / JVI.02588-07 . PMID 18272583 . PMC 2293021 (free full text). . Alcelaphine misspelled as Acelaphine .  
  13. ↑ SIB: Muscavirus , on: ViralZone
  14. ↑ a b Alejandra Garcia-Maruniak, James E. Maruniak, William Farmerie, Drion G. Boucias: Sequence analysis of a non-classified, non-occluded DNA virus that causes salivary gland hypertrophy of Musca domestica, MdSGHV . In: Virology . 377, No. 1, July 20, 2008, ISSN 0042-6822 , pp. 184-196. doi : 10.1016 / j.virol.2008.04.010 . PMID 18495197 . PMC 2583363 (free full text).  
  15. ↑ a b A. Amargier, JP Lyon, C. Vago, G. Meynadier, JC Veyrunes: Discovery and purification of a virus in gland hyperplasia of insects. Study of Merodon equistris F. (Diptera, Syrphidae) . In: Comptes Rendus des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences. Series D, Sciences Naturelles . 289, No. 5, September 24, 1979, ISSN 0567-655X , pp. 481-484. PMID 117940 .  
  16. ↑ Li Luo, Ling Zeng: A new rod-shaped virus from parasitic wasp Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) . In: Journal of Invertebrate Pathology . 103, No. 3, 2010, ISSN 1096-0805 , pp. 165-169. doi : 10.1016 / j.jip.2009.08.008 . PMID 19682456 .  
  17. ↑ Henry M. Kariithi, İkbal Agah İnce, Sjef Boeren, Edwin K. Murungi, Irene K. Meki, Everlyne A. Otieno, Steven RG Nyanjom, Monique M. van Oers, Just M. Vlak and Adly MM Abd-Alla: Comparative Analysis of Salivary Gland Proteomes of Two Glossina Species that Exhibit Differential Hytrosavirus Pathologies , in: Front. Microbiol., 9. February 2016, doi: 10.3389 / fmicb.2016.00089
  18. ^ Dupuy C, Huguet E, Drezen JM: Unfolding the evolutionary story of polydnaviruses . In: Virus Res . 117, No. 1, 2006, pp. 81-89. doi : 10.1016 / j.virusres.2006.01.001 . PMID 16460826 .
  19. ↑ Eugene V. Koonin, Natalya Yutin: Evolution of the Large Nucleocytoplasmatic DNA Viruses of Eukaryotes and Convergent Origins of Viral Gigantism , in: Advances in Virus research, Volume 103, AP January 21, 2019, doi: 10.1016 / bs.aivir.2018.09 .002 , pp. 167-202
  20. ^ Eugene V. Koonin, Valerian V. Dolja, Mart Krupovic: Origins and evolution of viruses of eukaryotes: The ultimate modularity , in: Virology. May 2015; 479-480. 2-25, PMC 5898234 (free full text), PMID 25771806
  21. ↑ SIB: Double Strand DNA Viruses , on: ViralZone
  22. ↑ Jaime Iranzo, Mart Krupovic, Eugene V. Koonin: The Double-Stranded DNA Virosphere as a Modular Hierarchical Network of Gene Sharing , in: mBio. 7 (4), July – August 2016, e00978-16, doi: 10.1128 / mBio.00978-16 , PMC 4981718 (free full text)}, PMID 27486193 .
  23. ↑ Often prescribed as ' Acephaline herpesvirus ' or ' Acelaphine herpesvirus ', see Gammaherpesvirinae .
  24. ↑ Quizlet: Bovine viruses - index cards , referenced ' Acephaline Herpesvirus 1 ' (sic! - misspelling)
  25. ↑ Johannes A. Jehle, Adly MM Abd-Alla, Yongjie Wang: Phylogeny and evolution of Hytrosaviridae . In: Journal of Invertebrate Pathology . 112 Suppl, 2013, ISSN 1096-0805 , pp. 62-67. doi : 10.1016 / j.jip.2012.07.015 . PMID 22841640 .  
  26. ↑ SIB: Herpesviridae , on: ViralZone
  27. ↑ SIB: Iridoviridae , on: ViralZone
  28. ↑ SIB: Poxviridae , on: ViralZone
  29. ↑ SIB: Phycodnaviridae , on: ViralZone
  30. ↑ SIB: Mimiviridae , on: ViralZone
  31. ↑ HM Kariithi, M. Ahmadi, AG Parker, G. Franz, VID Ros, I. Haq, AM Elashry, JM Vlak, M. Bergoin, MJB Vreysen, AMM Abd-Alla: Prevalence and genetic variation of salivary gland hypertrophy virus in wild populations of the tsetse fly Glossina pallidipes from southern and eastern Africa . In: Journal of Invertebrate Pathology . 112, March 1, 2013, ISSN 0022-2011 , pp. 123-132. doi : 10.1016 / j.jip.2012.04.016 . PMID 22634094 .  
  32. ↑ Irene K. Meki, Henry M. Kariithi, Mehrdad Ahmadi, Andrew G. Parker, Marc JB Vreysen, Just M. Vlak, Monique M. van Oers, Adly MM Abd-Alla: Hytrosavirus genetic diversity and eco-regional spread in Glossina species . In: BMC Microbiology . 18, No. Suppl 1, 2018, ISSN 1471-2180 , p. 143. doi : 10.1186 / s12866-018-1297-2 . PMID 30470191 . PMC 6251127 (free full text).  
  33. ↑ a b Christopher J. Geden, Verena-Ulrike Lietze, Drion G. Boucias: Seasonal prevalence and transmission of salivary gland hypertrophy virus of house flies (Diptera: Muscidae) . In: Journal of Medical Entomology . 45, No. 1, 2008, ISSN 0022-2585 , pp. 42-51. doi : 10.1603 / 0022-2585 (2008) 45 [42: spatos] 2.0.co; 2 . PMID 18283941 .  
  34. ↑ RR Coler, DG Boucias, JH Frank, JE Maruniak, A. Garcia-Canedo, JC Pendland: Characterization and description of a virus Causing salivary gland hyperplasia in the housefly, Musca domestica . In: Medical and Veterinary Entomology . 7, No. 3, 1993, ISSN 0269-283X , pp. 275-282. doi : 10.1111 / j.1365-2915.1993.tb00688.x . PMID 8369563 .  
  35. ↑ C. Geden, A. Garcia-Maruniak, VU Lietze, J. Maruniak, DG Boucias: Impact of house fly salivary gland hypertrophy virus (MdSGHV) on a heterologous host, Stomoxys calcitrans . In: Journal of Medical Entomology . 48, No. 6, November 2011, ISSN 0022-2585 , pp. 1128-1135. doi : 10.1603 / me11021 . PMID 22238871 .  
  36. ↑ Henry M. Kariithi: Glossina hytrosavirus control strategies in tsetse fly factories: application of infectomics in virus management | Wda . Wageningen University and Research.
  37. ↑ Verena-Ulrike Lietze, James E. Keesling, Jo Ann Lee, Celeste R. Vallejo, Christopher J. Geden, Drion G. Boucias: Muscavirus (MdSGHV) disease dynamics in house fly populations - How is this virus transmitted and has it potential as a biological control agent? . In: Journal of Invertebrate Pathology . 112, March 1, 2013, ISSN 0022-2011 , pp. 40-43. doi : 10.1016 / j.jip.2012.07.017 . PMID 22841946 .  
  38. ↑ The tsetse fly, like all members of the Hippoboscoidea - in addition to the tsetse flies ( Glossinidae ), the louse flies ( Hippoboscidae ) and the bat flies ( Nycteribiidae and Streblidae ) - is viviparous ( larviparia ). The larva is housed in the abdomen until it is born , where it is fed by a "mammary gland" for a few days, during which it already goes through several larval stages (adenotrophic viviparity ). Therefore this group was referred to in older literature as pupipara ("doll-bearers").
  39. ↑ Geoffrey M. Attardoa, Claudia Lohs, Abdelaziz Heddi, Uzma H. ​​Alama, Suleyman Yildirim, SerapAksoy: Analysis of milk gland structure and function in Glossina morsitans : Milk protein production, symbiont populations and fecundity , in: Journal of Insect Physiology, Volume 54, No. 8, August 2008, pp. 1236-1242, doi: 10.1016 / j.jinsphys.2008.06.008
  40. ↑ Sesquiterpenes are a class of terpenes made up of three isoprene units .
  41. ↑ Temporary concealment of an illness, symptom-free time (according to Pschyrembel )
  42. ↑ Irene K. Meki, Henry M. Kariithi, Andrew G. Parker, Marc JB Vreysen, Vera ID Ros, Just M Vlak, Monique M van Oers, Adly MM Abd-Alla: RNA interference-based antiviral immune response against the salivary gland hypertrophy virus in Glossina pallidipes . In: BMC Microbiology . 18, No. Suppl 1, 23 November 2018, ISSN 1471-2180 , p. 170. doi : 10.1186 / s12866-018-1298-1 . PMID 30470195 . PMC 6251114 (free full text).  
  43. ↑ Irene K. Meki, İkbal A. İnce, Henry M. Kariithi, Drion G. Boucias, Orhan Ozcan, Andrew G. Parker, Just M. Vlak, Monique M. van Oers, Adly MM Abd-Alla: Expression Profile of Glossina pallidipes MicroRNAs During Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Infection With Glossina pallidipes Salivary Gland Hypertrophy Virus (Hytrosavirus) . In: Frontiers in Microbiology . 9, September 3, 2018, ISSN 1664-302X , p. 2037. doi : 10.3389 / fmicb.2018.02037 . PMID 30233523 . PMC 6129597 (free full text).  
  44. ↑ Adly Abd-Alla, Hervé Bossin, François Cousserans, Andrew Parker, Max Bergoin, Alan Robinson: Development of a non-destructive PCR method for detection of the salivary gland hypertrophy virus (SGHV) in tsetse flies . In: Journal of Virological Methods . 139, No. 2, 2007, ISSN 0166-0934 , pp. 143-149. doi : 10.1016 / j.jviromet.2006.09.018 . PMID 17070938 .  
  45. ↑ Adly MM Abd-Alla, Henry M. Kariithi, Abdul Hasim Mohamed, Edgardo Lapiz, Andrew G. Parker, Marc JB Vreysen: Managing hytrosavirus infections in Glossina pallidipes colonies: feeding regime affects the prevalence of salivary gland hypertrophy syndrome . In: PLOS ONE . 8, No. 5, 2013, ISSN 1932-6203 , p. E61875. bibcode : 2013PLoSO ... 861875A . doi : 10.1371 / journal.pone.0061875 . PMID 23667448 . PMC 3646844 (free full text).  
  46. ↑ Adly MM Abd-Alla, Henry Adun, Andrew G. Parker, Marc JB Vreysen, Max Bergoin: The Antiviral Drug Valacyclovir Successfully Suppresses Salivary Gland Hypertrophy Virus (SGHV) in Laboratory Colonies of Glossina pallidipes . In: PLoS ONE . 7, No. 6, June 5, 2012, ISSN 1932-6203 , p. E38417. bibcode : 2012PLoSO ... 738417A . doi : 10.1371 / journal.pone.0038417 . PMID 22679503 . PMC 3367962 (free full text).