Dna virus
A DNA virus (plural DNA virus , synonym DNS virus ) refers to viruses whose genetic material ( genome ) consists of DNA (abbreviation for English deoxyribonucleic acid , "deoxyribonucleic acid"). DNA viruses is a non-taxonomic collective term ( classification ) that does not contain any family references. Within the DNA viruses, however, the International Committee for the Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) has so far (as of March 2019) delimited a number of kinship groups. In terms of rank, these are some orders, but mostly only families. There are also suggestions for further kin groups ( clades ), e.g. H. also higher than order (see below).
properties
In viruses, the DNA is packed in capsids and / or virus envelopes , so that virus particles ( virions ) are formed. The DNA can be double-stranded or single-stranded in the virus; the strand can consist of only one piece (non-segmented) or it can be divided into different pieces (segmented). The DNA genome can also be closed to form a ring (circular) or present as an open strand (linear). The genome of single-stranded DNA viruses (ssDNA for single strand deoxyribonucleic acid ) can have positive, negative or both polarities .
Compared to RNA viruses, the genome of DNA viruses is usually less variable and often very stable with respect to environmental influences. This is due to the higher chemical stability of DNA compared to RNA and a lower mutation rate , as the enzymes that are used to replicate the DNA ( DNA polymerases ) have a proofreading function. An important exception to this are the Hepadnaviridae (e.g. the hepatitis B virus ), since genome replication takes place via an RNA intermediate stage and reverse transcription .
The DNA polymerase of the DNA viruses can be encoded by the virus itself (e.g. in the Herpesviridae family ) or the virus can use cellular polymerases for reproduction (e.g. in the Papillomaviridae ). The latter is excluded in the case of RNA viruses, which always require their own viral polymerase for reproduction.
The coevolution of DNA viruses and humans has given rise to various resistance factors in humans , e.g. B. TLR-2 , RIG-I , MDA-5 , AIM-2 and NLRP3 .
Most oncoviruses are DNA viruses, e.g. B. some herpes viruses , some human papilloma viruses or the hepatitis B virus .
Baltimore classification
Classification based on a proposal by Nobel Prize winner David Baltimore from 1971:
- Baltimore Group 1: Double-stranded DNA - dsDNA ( English double strand ), normal genome form of all life. Kinship groups included:
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- Duplodnaviria area with the kingdom of Heunggongvirae
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- Kingdom of Heunggongvirae
- Order Caudovirales - bacteriophages with a tail-like process
- Order Herpesvirales - order of the herpesviruses (in the broader sense), usually only the members of the Herpesviridae family are understood as herpes viruses . In addition there are the families Alloherpesviridae and Malacoherpesviridae
- Varidnaviria area (original proposal " Divdnaviria ")
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- Empire Bamfordvirae
- Phylum Nucleocytoviricota (original proposal " Nucleocytoplasmaviricota ", formerly Nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses , NCLDV) - smallpox and giant viruses
- Phylum Preplasmiviricota (family Lavidaviridae , Turriviridae , Tectiviridae , Adenoviridae , Corticoviridae )
- Empire Helvetiavirae with the Sphaerolipoviridae family
- without area assignment
- Order Ligamenvirales with family Lipothrixviridae - infect thermophilic bacteria and archaea ( Crenarchaeota )
- nameless clade (suggested): Baculoviridae , Hytrosaviridae , Nimaviridae , Nudiviridae , Bracovirus ( Polydnaviridae )
- Family Polydnaviridae (polyphyletic: Bracovirus see above)
- Family Ampullaviridae
- Family Bicaudaviridae
- Family Clavaviridae
- Family Fuselloviridae
- Family Globuloviridae
- Family Guttaviridae
- Family Halspiviridae
- Family Ovaliviridae
- Plasmaviridae family
- Family Portogloboviridae
- Family Thaspiviridae
- Family Tristromaviridae
- Genus Rhizidiovirus
- Genus Dinodnavirus ( Nucleocytoviricota ?)
- Species " Yaravirus " (suggested Nucleocytoviricota ?)
- Family " Autolykiviridae " (suggested tailless bacteriophages )
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- Baltimore group 2: single stranded DNA - ssDNA ( English single strand ). Virions contain DNA of positive or negative polarity.
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- Monodnaviria area
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- Kingdom Loebvirae with the families Inoviridae , Plectroviridae
- Kingdom Sangervirae with the family Microviridae
- Rich Shotokuvirae
- Phylum Cressdnaviricota
- Bacilladnaviridae , Circoviridae , Smacoviridae , Nanoviridae , Redondoviridae ( Arfiviricetes , ssDNA)
- Geminiviridae , Genomoviridae ( Repensiviricetes , ssDNA)
- without area assignment
- Family Alphasatellitidae
- Family Anelloviridae
- Family Finnlakeviridae (with species Flavobacterium virus FLiP alias Phage FLiP )
- Family Spiraviridae
- Family Tolecusatellitidae
- Family “ Cruciviridae ” (suggestion, ssDNA) - similarity to the families of the Cressdnaviricota (dsDNA) and the Tombusviridae (+ ssRNA).
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- Baltimore special case: groups with representatives of Baltimore groups 1 and 2 and uncertain assignment
- Monodnaviria area
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- Empire Trapavirae
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- Phylum Saleviricota , families:
- Pleolipoviridae ( Huolimaviricetes , ssDNA + dsDNA)
- Rich Shotokuvirae
- Phylum Cossaviricota , families:
- Bidnaviridae ( Mouviricetes , ssDNA)
- Parvoviridae ( Quintoviricetes , ssDNA)
- Polyomaviridae , Papillomaviridae , " Adomaviridae " (proposed), " Adintoviridae " (proposed) ( Papovaviricetes , dsDNA)
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- Monodnaviria area
An overview of all orders, families and genera of the DNA viruses can be found as a taxonomic system in virus taxonomy .
literature
- Susanne Modrow, Dietrich Falke , Uwe Truyen: Molecular Virology. An introduction for biologists and medical professionals. 2nd Edition. Spectrum textbook, Heidelberg 2002, ISBN 3-8274-1086-X . (with references, English translation 2006) .
- David M. Knipe, Peter M. Howley, et al . (Ed.): Fields' Virology . (2 volumes; standard work on virology) 5th edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia 2007, ISBN 978-0-7817-6060-7 .
- HW Doerr, WH Gerlich (Ed.): Medical Virology , 2nd edition Stuttgart 2010. ISBN 978-3-13-113962-7 .
Web links
- MeSH Viruses DNA Virus
- SIB: Single Strand DNA Viruses - Taxonoomy , Single Strand DNA Viruses - Virions on: Viral Zone
- SIB: Double Strand DNA Viruses - Taxonoomy , Double Strand DNA Viruses - Virions on: Viral Zone
Individual evidence
- ↑ VA Rathinam, KA Fitzgerald: Innate immune sensing of DNA viruses. In: Virology. Volume 411, number 2, March 2011, pp. 153-162, doi: 10.1016 / j.virol.2011.02.003 . PMID 21334037 . PMC 3070751 (free full text).
- ↑ Harald zur Hausen : Oncogenic DNA viruses. In: Oncogene. Volume 20, Number 54, November 2001, pp. 7820-7823, doi: 10.1038 / sj.onc.1204958 . PMID 11753664 .
- ↑ SIB: Double Strand DNA Viruses , on: ViralZone
- ↑ ICTV: ICTV Taxonomy history: Human alphaherpesvirus 1 , EC 51, Berlin, Germany, July 2019; Email ratification March 2020 (MSL # 35)
- ↑ ICTV: ICTV Taxonomy history: Acanthamoeba polyphaga mimivirus , EC 51, Berlin, Germany, July 2019; Email ratification March 2020 (MSL # 35)
- ↑ SIB: Ampullaviridae , on: ViralZone
- ↑ SIB: Bicaudaviridae , on: ViralZone
- ↑ SIB: Fuselloviridae , on: ViralZone
- ↑ SIB: Globuloviridae , on: ViralZone
- ↑ Paulo VM Boratto, Graziel P. Oliveira, Talita B. Machado, Ana Cláudia SP Andrade, Jean-Pierre Baudoin, Thomas Klose, Frederik Schulz, Saïd Azza, Philippe Decloquement, Eric Chabrière, Philippe Colson, Anthony Levasseur, Bernard La Scola, Jônatas S. Abrahão: A mysterious 80 nm amoeba virus with a near-complete “ORFan genome” challenges the classification of DNA viruses , on: bioRxiv, January 28, 2020, bioRxiv : 10.1101 / 2020.01.28.923185v1 ( preprint full text), doi: 10.1101 / 2020.01.28.923185 .
- ↑ Peter Dockrill: Scientists Discover Mysterious Virus in Brazil With No Known Genes They Can Identify , on: ScienceAlerts, February 10, 2020
- ↑ Kathryn M. Kauffman, Fatima A. Hussain, Joy Yang, Philip Arevalo, Julia M. Brown, William K. Chang, David VanInsberghe, Joseph Elsherbini, Radhey S. Sharma, Michael B. Cutler, Libusha Kelly, Martin F. Polz : A major lineage of non-tailed dsDNA viruses as unrecognized killers of marine bacteria , in: Nature Volume 554, pp. 118–122, January 24, 2018, doi: 10.1038 / nature25474
- ↑ Scientists Find New Type of Virus in World's Oceans: Autolykiviridae , on: sci-news of January 25, 2018
- ↑ Researchers discover a mysterious virus that dominates the oceans on: business insider January 29, 2018
- ↑ Never-Before-Seen Viruses With Weird DNA Were Just Discovered in The Ocean , on: science alert of January 25, 2018
- ↑ NCBI: Autolykiviridae (family) - unclassified dsDNA viruses
- ↑ SIB: Single Strand DNA Viruses , on: ViralZone
- ↑ ICTV: ICTV Taxonomy history: Primate erythroparvovirus 1 , EC 51, Berlin, Germany, July 2019; Email ratification March 2020 (MSL # 35)
- ↑ ICTV: ICTV Taxonomy history: Porcine circovirus 1 , EC 51, Berlin, Germany, July 2019; Email ratification March 2020 (MSL # 35)
- ↑ Elina Laanto, Sari Mäntynen, Luigi De Colibus, Jenni Marjakangas, Ashley Gillum, David I. Stuart, Janne J. Ravantti, Juha Huiskonen, Lotta-Riina Sundberg: Virus found in a boreal lake links ssDNA and dsDNA viruses , in: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114 (31), July 2017, doi: 10.1073 / pnas.1703834114
- ↑ Quaiser A, Krupovic M, Dufresne A, Francez AJ, Roux S: Sphagnum-dominated peatlands . In: Virus Evolution . 2, No. 2, July 2016, p. Vew025. doi : 10.1093 / ve / vew025 . PMID 29492276 . PMC 5822885 (free full text). , Erratum
- ↑ Geoffrey S Diemer, Kenneth M Stedman: A novel virus genome discovered in an extreme environment suggests recombination between unrelated groups of RNA and DNA viruses . In: Biology Direct . 7, June 2012, p. 13. doi : 10.1186 / 1745-6150-7-13 . PMID 22515485 . PMC 3372434 (free full text).
- ↑ Ignacio de la Higuera, Ellis L. Torrance, Alyssa A. Pratt, George W. Kasun, Amberlee Maluenda, Kenneth M. Stedman: Genome Sequences of Three Cruciviruses Found in the Willamette Valley (Oregon) , in: Microbiol Resour Announc. 8 (23), June 6, 2019, e00447-19, doi: 10.1128 / MRA.00447-19 , PMC 6554611 (free full text), PMID 31171623
- ↑ Nicole L. Welch, Natalya Yutin et al. : Adomaviruses: an emerging virus family provides insights into DNA virus evolution , in: bioRxiv, June 7, 2018, bioRxiv : 2018/06/07/341131 ( Preprint - full text), doi: 10.1101 / 341131 , in particular Fig. 7
- ^ A b Nicole L. Welch, Michael J. Tisza et al. : Identification of “Missing Link” Families of Small DNA Tumor Viruses , in: BioRxiv; Cold Spring Harbor, July 11, 2019, bioRxiv : 10.1101 / 697771v3 ( preprint - full text).
- ↑ NCBI: Adomaviridae
- ↑ NCBI: Adintoviridae