Pegivirus

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Pegivirus
Systematics
Classification : Viruses
Area : Riboviria
Empire : Orthornavirae
Phylum : Kitrinoviricota
Class : Flasuviricetes
Order : Amarillovirales
Family : Flaviviridae
Genre : Pegivirus
Taxonomic characteristics
Genome : (+) ssRNA linear
Baltimore : Group 4
Symmetry : icosahedral, complex
Cover : available
Scientific name
Pegivirus
Left
NCBI  Taxonomy: 1307799
ViralZone ( ExPASy , SIB): 4860

Pegivirus is the name recognized by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) for a genus of single-stranded RNA viruses of positive polarity from the Flaviviridae family. The name is derived as follows: “Pe” stands for “persistent”, “g” is an indication of hepatitis G , thedisease causedby the species Pegivirus C (outdated GB virus C ).

Pegivirus A

Pegiviruses of the type species Pegivirus A (obsolete GB virus A ) have all been isolated from primates (humans, chimpanzees and several species of New World monkeys ).

The first described sequence for this species is U22303 (isolate A / T1053, for SPgV), it was therefore assigned to it as a type.

Pegivirus B

Another species within the pegiviruses is called Pegivirus B (obsolete GB virus D ). The original proposed name contained only a single virus line, but a full genome of which was available. It was found in the bat species Pteropus giganteus . This sequence differs by more than 50% (in the nucleotides) and more than 55% (in the encoded amino acids) from all proposed members of the species Pegivirus C derived from primate hosts (humans, chimpanzees and several species of New World monkeys) . The sequence GU566734 (isolate D / 68) was assigned as a type member of the species as this was the first pegivirus to be described for this species.

Pegivirus C

Isolates of the species Pegivirus C (outdated GB virus C ) are monophyletic and show a divergence between aligned sequences of less than 50% ( nucleotide sequence) or 55% ( encoded amino acid sequence). However, they all differ from other members of this genus by a deviation of more than 50% (nucleotide sequence) or 55% (amino acid sequence). The type sequence is U44402 (isolate PNF2161).

One variant is the subspecies GB virus Citro , which affects chimpanzees; the gene sequence is AF070476 (isolate Citro).

More species

By using deep- Sequencing Technologies ( deep sequencing technologies ) additional species could be identified, which differ from the species Pegivirus B and C differ by more than 50% in the nucleotide and more than 55% in the amino acid sequence. The gene sequences were found in mammalian hosts such as rodents , horses , various bat species and old world monkeys . The number of different Pegivirus species has thus been increased to eleven (as of September 2019).

Systematics

Pegivirus representatives are conventionally classified according to their host species as follows:

  • HPgV or HPgV-1 for the human pegivirus A ( English " human ")
  • SPgV for the New World monkey pegiviruses (" simian ")
  • SPgVcpz or SPgV-ch for the chimpanzee monkey virus (" chimpanzee ")
  • ...

This naming of the pegiviruses after their hosts is not recognized by the ICTV.

As of September 2019, the genus includes Pegivirus eleven confirmed by ICTV species Pegivirus A - K .

  • Genus Pegivirus ( PgV )
  • Species Pegivirus A (PgV-A, outdated GB virus A , GBV-A, type species), infects New World monkeys : SPgV
  • Species Pegivirus B (pGV-B, dated GB virus D , GBV-D), affects bats ( English bats ): BPgV-B
  • Species pegivirus C (PgV-C, outdated GB virus C , GBV-C, hepatitis G virus , HGV), human pegivirus : HPgV or HPgV-1
  • Subspecies GB virus Citro , GBV-Citro, infects chimpanzees: SPgV-ch / SPgVcpz
  • Species Pegivirus D (PgV-D, alias Theiler's disease-associated virus , TDAV) infects horses
  • Species Pegivirus E (PgV-E, alias Equines Pegivirus ), infects horses: EPgV
  • Species Pegivirus F (PgV-F, alias Bat Pegivirus F ), infects bats: BPgV-F
  • Species Pegivirus G (PgV-D, alias Bat Pegivirus F ), infects bats: BPgV-F
  • Species Pegivirus H (PgV-H, alias Human hepegivirus , HHPgV), Human pegivirus 2 : HPgV-2
  • Species Pegivirus I (PgV-I, alias Bat Pegivirus I ), infects bats: BPgV-I
  • Species Pegivirus J (PgV-J, alias Rodent pegivirus ), infects rodents: RPgV
  • Species Pegivirus K (PGV-K, alias Porcines Pegivirus ), affects pigs : PPgV
not confirmed by ICTV as of March 2019:
  • Species " Dolphin pegivirus ", attacks dolphins : "DPgV"

Research history

  • In 1995, two new members of the Flaviviridae family (GBV-A and GBV-B) were identified in tamarins that developed hepatitis after inoculation. A number of GBV-A variants were later identified in wild New World monkeys that were caught.
  • Then a human virus was identified in the same year (GBV-C or hepatitis G virus, HGV).
  • A more distantly related virus (GBV-D) was later discovered in a bat ( Pteropus giganteus , Indian giant bat ).

Another virus - rodent pegivirus or rodent pegivirus - was isolated from the white-throated bush rat ( Neotoma albigula , English throated woodrat ).

Another pegivirus ( equine pegivirus or horse pegivirus ) was also isolated from a horse.

  • In 2011 the new genus Pegivirus was proposed for the previous representatives . GBV-B was assigned to the genus Hepacivirus , while GBV-A was assigned to the new genus Pegivirus together with GBV-C .
  • The Humane Hepegivirus 1 (HHPgV1, also known as Human Pegivirus 2, HPgV2) is a viral species, the two hemophiliacs (patients with hemophilia) after multiple blood transfusions and was isolated from two other patients, also after blood transfusion. This virus appears to belong to a new group of pegiviruses.
  • The human pegiviruses appear to be related to the species that affect non-human primate species.
  • In 2016, the genus was Pegivirus divided into 11 types - Pegivirus A - K , where GBV-C as Pegivirus C was graded.
  • In 2019, researchers described human pegivirus-1 as the cause of a form of human encephalitis ( leukoencephalitis ) that is transmitted both sexually and vertically from mother to child.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ ICTV Master Species List 2018b.v2 . MSL # 34, March 2019
  2. ↑ a b c d ICTV: ICTV Taxonomy history: Yellow fever virus , EC 51, Berlin, Germany, July 2019; Email ratification March 2020 (MSL # 35)
  3. ↑ Peter Simmonds, Paul Becher, Jens Bukh, Ernest A Gould, Gregor Meyers, Tom Monath, Scott Muerhoff, Alexander Pletnev, Rebecca Rico-Hesse, Donald B Smith, Jack T Stapleton, Consortium Ictv Report: ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Flaviviridae . In: Journal of General Virology . 98, No. 1, 2017, pp. 2–3. doi : 10.1099 / jgv.0.000672 . PMID 28218572 . PMC 5370391 (free full text).
  4. ↑ a b c ICTV Report Flaviviridae .
  5. ↑ a b J. T Stapleton, S Foung, A. S Muerhoff, J Bukh, P Simmonds: The GB viruses: A review and proposed classification of GBV-A, GBV-C (HGV), and GBV-D in genus Pegivirus within the family Flaviviridae . In: Journal of General Virology . 92, No. 2, 2010, pp. 233-46. doi : 10.1099 / vir.0.027490-0 . PMID 21084497 . PMC 3081076 (free full text).
  6. ↑ M. J Adams, E. J Lefkowitz, AM Q King, E. B Carstens: Recently agreed changes to the International Code of Virus Classification and Nomenclature . In: Archives of Virology . 158, No. 12, 2013, pp. 2633-9. doi : 10.1007 / s00705-013-1749-9 . PMID 23836393 .
  7. ↑ a b c d ICTV: Genus: Pegivirus , 10th Report of the ICTV, revision of February 19, 2019
  8. ↑ a b c Donald B Smith, Paul Becher, Jens Bukh, Ernest A Gould, Gregor Meyers, Thomas Monath, A. Scott Muerhoff, Alexander Pletnev, Rebecca Rico-Hesse, Jack T Stapleton, Peter Simmonds: Proposed update to the taxonomy of the genera Hepacivirus and Pegivirus within the family Flaviviridae . In: Journal of General Virology . 97, No. 11, 2016, pp. 2894-2907. doi : 10.1099 / jgv.0.000612 . PMID 27692039 . PMC 5770844 (free full text).
  9. ↑ a b c ICTV : Positive-sense RNA Viruses: Flaviviridae, Genus: Pegivirus , 2019
  10. ↑ NCBI: Dolphin pegivirus (species)
  11. ↑ Jonathan H Epstein, Phenix-Lan Quan, Thomas Briese, Craig Street, Omar Jabado, Sean Conlan, Shahneaz Ali Khan, Dawn Verdugo, M. Jahangir Hossain, Stephen K Hutchison, Michael Egholm, Stephen P Luby, Peter Daszak, W. Ian Lipkin: Identification of GBV-D, a Novel GB-like Flavivirus from Old World Frugivorous Bats (Pteropus giganteus) in Bangladesh . In: PLoS Pathogens . 6, No. 7, 2010, p. E1000972. doi : 10.1371 / journal.ppat.1000972 . PMID 20617167 . PMC 2895649 (free full text).
  12. ^ A Kapoor, P Simmonds, TK H Scheel, B Hjelle, J. M Cullen, P. D Burbelo, L. V Chauhan, R Duraisamy, M Sanchez Leon, K Jain, K. J Vandegrift, C. H Calisher, C M Rice, W. I Lipkin: Identification of Rodent Homologs of Hepatitis C Virus and Pegiviruses . In: mBio . 4, No. 2, 2013, pp. E00216–13. doi : 10.1128 / mBio.00216-13 . PMID 23572554 . PMC 3622934 (free full text).
  13. ^ A Kapoor, P Simmonds, J. M Cullen, TK H Scheel, J. L Medina, F Giannitti, E Nishiuchi, K. V Brock, P. D Burbelo, C. M Rice, W. I Lipkin: Identification of a Pegivirus (GB Virus-Like Virus) That Infects Horses . In: Journal of Virology . 87, No. 12, 2013, pp. 7185-90. doi : 10.1128 / JVI.00324-13 . PMID 23596285 . PMC 3676142 (free full text).
  14. ↑ S Chandriani, P Skewes-Cox, W Zhong, D. E Ganem, T. J Divers, A. J Van Blaricum, B. C Tennant, A. L Kistler: Identification of a previously undescribed divergent virus from the Flaviviridae in an outbreak of equine serum hepatitis . In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 110, No. 15, 2013, pp. E1407-15. bibcode : 2013PNAS..110E1407C . doi : 10.1073 / pnas.1219217110 . PMID 23509292 . PMC 3625295 (free full text).
  15. ↑ Amit Kapoor, Arvind Kumar, Peter Simmonds, Nishit Bhuva, Lokendra Singh Chauhan, Bohyun Lee, Amadou Alpha Sall, Zhezhen Jin, Stephen S Morse, Beth Shaz, Peter D Burbelo, W. Ian Lipkin: Virome Analysis of Transfusion Recipients Reveals a Novel Human Virus That Shares Genomic Features with Hepaciviruses and Pegiviruses . In: mBio . 6, No. 5, 2015, pp. E01466–15. doi : 10.1128 / mBio.01466-15 . PMID 26396247 . PMC 4600124 (free full text).
  16. ↑ Julien Thézé, Sophia Lowes, Joe Parker, Oliver G Pybus: Evolutionary and Phylogenetic Analysis of the Hepaciviruses and Pegiviruses . In: Genome Biology and Evolution . 7, No. 11, 2015, pp. 2996-3008. doi : 10.1093 / gbe / evv202 . PMID 26494702 . PMC 5635594 (free full text).
  17. ↑ Ross Neitz: Scientists discover a hidden cause of encephalitis . On: Medical Express of February 22, 2019