Rna virus

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

As RNA virus (plural RNA viruses , synonym RNA virus , Ribovirus ) refers to viruses whose genetic material ( genome ) of RNA (short for English ribonucleic acid , "ribonucleic acid") is. RNA viruses is a non-taxonomic collective term that does not contain any family references.

An accurate classification of RNA viruses is in the Baltimore groups 3 (double-stranded RNA genome), 4 (single-stranded RNA genome of positive polarity) and 5 (single-stranded RNA genome of negative polarity) and the (still incomplete) taxonomy of viruses made .

Riboviria

Riboviria
Sindbis virus structure.png

Scale cross section of the
Sindbis virus , a (+) ssRNA virus

Systematics
Classification : Viruses
Area : Riboviria
Taxonomic characteristics
Genome : RNA
Baltimore : Group 3 - 7
Scientific name
Riboviria
Left
NCBI  Taxonomy: 2559587
ViralZone ( ExPASy , SIB): 293 (dsRNA) ,
294 (ssRNA +) ,
237 (ssRNA-) ,
6896 (ssRNAcirc)

Riboviria is anew taxon createdby the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) 2018/2019 ofthe highest rank area ( English realm ), analogous to the domain in cellular organisms (living beings). This rank is increasingly replacing the old Baltimore classification .

The Riboviria initially include all real RNA viruses (Baltimore groups 3 , 4 and 5 ). However, due to major structural differences, Baltimore Group 5 satellite viruses (such as the genus Deltavirus with the hepatitis D virus ) were removed in 2019/2010. However, the reverse transcribing viruses are new :

In retroviruses (Baltimore group 6 ), the RNA is transcribed into DNA during replication in the host cell infected by the virus by means of an enzyme , reverse transcriptase . These include not only the family Retroviridae (retroviruses in the narrow sense) some other smaller families like the Belpauviridae , Metaviridae and Pseudoviridae .

Viruses that replicate their DNA genome via an intermediate RNA step are sometimes referred to as pararetroviruses. You also need a reverse transcriptase for this (Baltimore group 7 ). This includes the Caulimoviridae family , which the ICTV has placed in the common order Ortervirales with the above families of retroviruses because of homologies .

properties

RNA viruses include most plant viruses, many animal viruses, and some bacteriophages . The RNA viruses can be enveloped or not, the RNA single-stranded (ssRNA) or double-stranded (dsRNA), positively or negatively strand-oriented , with a segmented or unsegmented genome .

The pathogens of the vast majority of the newly emerging viral infectious diseases of the last decades (variations of the influenza viruses, SARS , Ebola virus ), but also the millennia-old rabies pathogens are RNA viruses.

variability

RNA viruses are due to the higher error rate of RNA polymerases much more variable than DNA viruses because their RNA polymerase usually no proof-reading - exonuclease has function. An exception are the nidovirales , which have a proof-reading function with the exoribonuclease ExoN , which means that the genome size is somewhat less limited. Due to the high mutation rate, RNA viruses produce more defective, non-infectious viral particles, which is referred to as fitness costs due to the reduced functionality . However, in the course of an immune evasion they can also adapt more quickly to new hosts or intermediate hosts and escape the immune response through escape mutation . Nevertheless, there are conserved areas of the viral genome in which a high selection pressure acts on the function of the conserved sequence. For example, in the hepatitis C virus there is a conserved area near the core protein , the RNA of which contains an IRES . Due to the lower genetic preservation compared to DNA viruses and the high genetic variability , vaccines have to be adapted more frequently to currently circulating virus strains. This also makes it more difficult to determine the time of the evolution of the RNA viruses in the sense of a molecular clock .

Host resistance

In the course of the coevolution of RNA viruses and their hosts, various mechanisms for defense against RNA viruses have developed in the hosts. Among the resistance factors of man against RNA viruses include the RNA interference , some PAMP receptors, the protein kinase R . The immune response also takes place. However, RNA viruses have also developed additional mechanisms to bypass resistance.

Systematics

The RNA viruses are classified into Baltimore Groups 3, 4, and 5 (but which are not taxonomic groups, i.e., kin groups).

Group III: dsRNA viruses

There are twelve families and some unassigned genera:

Group IV: positive-stranded ssRNA viruses

Group IV comprises three orders, over 34 families and some unassigned virus types and genera.

Satellite viruses

Classification according to Krupovic et al. (2016).

Group V: negative-stranded ssRNA viruses

In group V there are 8 orders and more than 21 families. There are also some unassigned families, genera and virus types. Since November 2018, the ICTV these viruses (with the exception of having delta virus ) different phyla, and classes Subphyla assigned.

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ ICTV Master Species List 2018b.v2 . MSL # 34, March 2019
  2. ↑ ICTV Master Species List 2018b v1 . MSL # 34, Feb. 2019
  3. ↑ ICTV: ICTV Taxonomy history: Hepatitis delta virus , EC 51, Berlin, Germany, July 2019; Email ratification March 2020 (MSL # 35)
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