Escape mutation

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An escape mutation is a mutation in the genetic material of a pathogen that is used for immune evasion .

properties

Escape mutations serve to circumvent an immune response by changing the genome of a pathogen. In the case of non-silent mutations in protein-coding genes , the protein changes, as a result of which it is recognized to a lesser extent by the immune cells occurring in an infected person. Escape mutations occur more frequently in more strongly mutating pathogens such as RNA viruses . In the case of persistent pathogens in particular , escape mutations help with immune evasion, e.g. B. in HIV or HBV . For an effective adaptive immune response , new immune cells must first be formed that can recognize the mutated epitope . The type of escape mutation in HIV is partially predictable and depends on the MHC I subtypes present in the infected person. The mutated pathogen is referred to as the escape mutant , the totality of the escape mutations forms a quasi-species .

Escape mutations are also a frequent cause of vaccination breakthroughs , for example specific amino acid exchanges have been described in HBV that cannot prevent HBV infection despite a demonstrably high concentration of vaccine antibodies.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Norbert H. Brockmeyer: HIV infection. Springer-Verlag, 2013, ISBN 978-3-642-59683-4 , p. 13.
  2. ↑ J. Katoh, A. Kawana-Tachikawa, A. Shimizu, D. Zhu, C. Han, H. Nakamura, M. Koga, T. Kikuchi, E. Adachi, T. Koibuchi, GF Gao, ZL Brumme, A. Iwamoto: Rapid HIV-1 Disease Progression in Individuals Infected with a Virus Adapted to Its Host Population. In: PloS one. Volume 11, number 3, 2016, p. E0150397, doi : 10.1371 / journal.pone.0150397 , PMID 26953793 , PMC 4783116 (free full text).
  3. ↑ T. Yamamoto, Y. Tsunetsugu-Yokota: Prospects for the therapeutic application of lentivirus-based gene therapy to HIV-1 infection. In: Current gene therapy. Volume 8, Number 1, February 2008, pp. 1-8, PMID 18336245 .
  4. ↑ K. Tajiri, Y. Shimizu: Unsolved problems and future perspectives of hepatitis B virus vaccination. In: World journal of gastroenterology. Volume 21, number 23, June 2015, pp. 7074–7083, doi : 10.3748 / wjg.v21.i23.7074 , PMID 26109794 , PMC 4476869 (free full text).
  5. ↑ C. Han, A. Kawana-Tachikawa, A. Shimizu, D. Zhu, H. Nakamura, E. Adachi, T. Kikuchi, M. Koga, T. Koibuchi, GF Gao, Y. Sato, A. Yamagata, E. Martin, S. Fukai, ZL Brumme, A. Iwamoto: Switching and emergence of CTL epitopes in HIV-1 infection. In: Retrovirology. Volume 11, 2014, p. 38, doi : 10.1186 / 1742-4690-11-38 , PMID 24886641 , PMC 4036671 (free full text).
  6. ↑ WH Gerlich: Breakthrough of hepatitis B virus escape mutants after vaccination and virus reactivation. J. Clin. Virol. (2006) 36 (Suppl. 1): pp. 18-22 PMID 16831688