Akabane virus

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Akabane virus
CSIRO ScienceImage 1936 Akabane Cattle Virus.jpg

Akabane virus

Systematics
Classification : Viruses
Area : Riboviria
Empire : Orthornavirae
Phylum : Negarnaviricota
Subphylum : Polyploviricotina
Class : Ellioviricetes
Order : Bunyavirales
Family : Peribunyaviridae
Genre : Orthobunyavirus
Type : Akabane orthobunyavirus
Subspecies : Akabane virus
Taxonomic characteristics
Genome : (-) ss RNA segmented
Baltimore : Group 5
Symmetry : helical
Cover : available
Scientific name
Akabane virus
Short name
AKAV
Left
NCBI  Taxonomy: 70566
ICTV Taxon History: 201850090

The Akabane virus ( AKAV ) is a subspecies (subspecies) of viruses from the species (species) Akabane orthobunyavirus (AkObV) in the genus (Latin genus) Orthobunyavirus of the family Peribunyaviridae from the order Bunyavirales , which occurs in cattle, goats and sheep . The exact taxonomic position relative to the Schmallenberg virus (SBV), species Sathuperi orthobunyavirus (AkObV) in the same genus was disputed for a long time, but was clarified by the ICTV 2016.

AKAV was first isolated in 1959 in Akabane (Japan) from mosquitoes of the species Aedes vexans and Culex tritaeniorhynchus . The virus is transmitted by various mosquitoes and midges (bearded mosquitoes) and usually only causes mild febrile diseases in various ruminants. In the case of pregnancy , however, it passes through the placenta to the fetus , where it causes severe malformations and disorders of the central nervous system. There are also frequent abortions .

Virus morphology and genome

The Akabane virus is 90 to 100 nm in diameter and round in shape. The virus envelope contains embedded envelope proteins that appear morphologically as peplomers . The shell encloses three helical capsids of different sizes, each with a strand of the segmented RNA genome. The three genome segments (L, M and S) consist of a single-stranded RNA with negative polarity . The large segment (L, large : 6870  nt ) codes for the viral RNA polymerase , the middle (M, medium : 4310 nt) for two glycoproteins of the virus envelope and the small (S, small : 860 nt) for the nucleoprotein of the capsids . Each segment also contains a non-coding section.

The virus is heat labile and is at 56 ° C in a few minutes inactivated . At 37 ° C it loses about 0.3 log levels of its infectivity per hour . It shows no acid stability and can be inactivated by detergents and common alcoholic disinfectants.

Spread and hosts

Akabane virus has been isolated from cattle, sheep and goats. Antibodies against the virus (but not the virus itself) are also detectable in pigs, horses, camels, deer, hippos, elephants, giraffes, antelopes and other ungulates in Africa. Although the mosquitoes that carry the virus also bite humans, there is no known human disease caused by the Akabane virus. The virus is also predominantly endemic in Africa, the Middle East, South Asia, Japan, Korea and Australia. The occurrence of the disease is closely related to the incidence and seasonal activity of the mosquitoes that transmit it. Different mosquito species of the genera Culex , Aedes and Anopheles were identified as vectors . The virus is absorbed by the mosquito through the blood meal and multiplies there in the salivary glands. A vertical transmission to the mosquito eggs (transovarian transmission) could not be found.

Schmallenberg virus

The Schmallenberg virus (SBV) is a subspecies (subspecies) of the virus species Sathuperi orthobunyavirus (SaObV) in the same genus Orthobunyavirus that is related to the Akabane virus .

Systematics

The systematics of the two species Akabane orthobunyavirus and Sathuperi orthobunyavirus is (as of November 2018) as follows:

(A) Phylogenetic relationship between Schmallenberg virus and the orthobunyaviruses of the Simbu, Bunyamwera and California serogroups. (B) Detection of the Schmallenberg virus genome in the blood of experimentally infected calves.
  • Akabane virus subspecies , en. Akabane virus (AKAV)
  • Subspecies Sabo Virus , en. Sabo virus (SABOV)
  • Tinaroo virus subspecies , en. Tinaroo virus (TINV)
  • Subspecies Yaba-7 virus , en. Yaba-7 virus (Y7V)
  • Sathuperi virus subspecies , en. Sathuperi virus (SATV)
  • Schmallenberg virus subspecies , en. Schmallenberg virus (SBV)
  • Douglas virus subspecies , en. Douglas virus (DOUV)

swell

  • PS Mellor, PD Kirkland: Akabane virus . In: Brian WJ Mahy, Marc H. van Regenmortel (Eds.): Encyclopedia of Virology , 3rd Edition, San Diego 2008, Volume 1, ISBN 978-0-12-373935-3 , pp. 76-80

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ ICTV Master Species List 2018b.v2 . MSL # 34, March 2019
  2. ↑ a b ICTV: ICTV Taxonomy history: Akabane orthobunyavirus , EC 51, Berlin, Germany, July 2019; Email ratification March 2020 (MSL # 35)
  3. ↑ a b ICTV 2016 Master Species List # 31 with Acronyms (Excel XLSX) , on ViralZone , Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB)
  4. ↑ ICTV : Master Species List 2018a v1 , MSL including all taxa updates since the 2017 release. Fall 2018 (MSL # 33)

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