Huaiyangshan banyangvirus

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Huaiyangshan Banyang Virus
Systematics
Classification : Viruses
Area : Riboviria
Empire : Orthornavirae
Phylum : Negarnaviricota
Subphylum : Polyploviricotina
Class : Ellioviricetes
Order : Bunyavirales
Family : Phenuiviridae
Genre : Banyang virus
Type : Huaiyangshan Banyang Virus
Subspecies : Huaiyangshan Virus,
Bhanja Virus
Taxonomic characteristics
Genome : (-) ss RNA segmented
Baltimore : Group 5
Symmetry : helical
Cover : available
Scientific name
Huaiyangshan banyangvirus
Short name
SFTSV, BHAV
Left
NCBI  Taxonomy: 2509281
ICTV Taxon History: 201850166

The Huaiyangshan banyangvirus is the species (type) of viruses of the genus Banyangvirus from the family Phenuiviridae in the order Bunyavirales (as of November 2018). As a serogroup , these viruses are classified as Bhanja viruses (see below). There are two subspecies, the SFTS virus ( SFTSV , synonym Huaiyangshan virus ), and the Bhanja virus ( BHAV ). Previously, this virus species was assigned to the genus Phlebovirus as SFTS phlebovirus . This now also belongs to the Phenuiviridae family , but was then still in the Bunyaviridae family (the same order Bunyavirales ). In addition to this species, which has been confirmed by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), the Heartland virus (as Heartland banyang virus ) was proposed as a further species for the genus Banyang virus .

Like all bunyavirales , the SFTSV belongs to the single- stranded RNA viruses of negative polarity : (-) ssRNA. The generic name Banyangvirus is a combination of the names of the subspecies Bhanja virus and Huaiyangshan virus, followed by the suffix '-virus' for virus genera.

The SFTS virus triggers the SFTS ( Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome ), which is transmitted by bites from ticks , which is why the SFTS virus belongs to the arboviruses .

structure

Virion

As a member of the bunyaviruses (order Bunyavirales ), the SFTSV is enveloped with single-stranded, segmented RNA as the genome . In the two viral envelope 5-10 nm long are glycoprotein - spikes (the viral proteins Gn and Gc stored). The capsid (a ribonucleocapsid) is 2 to 2.5 nm thick and, depending on the length of the RNA strand, 200-3000 nm long and of helical symmetry .

Genome

Genome of SFTV virus strain DBM

The RNA genome of the SFTS virus is segmented into 3 parts, large (L, 6,368  nt ), medium (M, 3,378 nt) and small (S, 1,744 nt). The L segment codes for the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) with 2084 amino acids . The M segment codes for the precursor glycoprotein of 1073 amino acids, from which the glycoproteins Gn and Gc are formed by proteolysis . The S segment is an ambisense RNA of 1744 nucleotides with two oppositely oriented genes , separated by 62 nucleotides , which code for the NP (245 amino acids) and the NSs protein (293 amino acids). The RNA segments are predominantly of negative polarity , but partly also ambisense RNA.

Virus proteins

6 viral proteins are produced from the genome of the SFTSV , including an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) for the replication of the genome, a precursor glycoprotein (M), a glycoprotein N (Gn), a glycoprotein C (Gc) Nucleoprotein (NP) and a non-structural protein (NSs, does not occur in the virion). The NSs is a virulence factor and inhibits the induction of interferons and their signal transduction by sequestering TRIM25 , RIG-I , TBK1 , IRF-3 , STAT1 and STAT2 in viral inclusion bodies in the cytosol of an infected cell.

evolution

Disseminated in Japan on April 27, 2016

SFTSV and BHAV, along with Heartland virus, are serologically classified as Bhanja viruses .

5 genotypes (A-E) of the SFTS virus have been described. All 5 genotypes were found in China , while A, D and E occur in South Korea and only genotype E in Japan. The SFTS virus probably first appeared in the Dabie Mountains in central China between 1918 and 1995.

Infection and clinical picture

Infection route

Haemaphysalis longicornis

SFTSV is transmitted by Haemaphysalis longicornis , Ixodes nipponensis , Amblyomma testudinarium and Rhipicephalus microplus . In addition, a smear infection can also occur from infected people. Human infections occur mainly from May to July, with a focus on May.

The tropism includes humans and probably sheep, goats, cattle, pigs, dogs and chickens, since seropositive representatives have been found in these species . Risk factors for human infection are the density of cattle, wet arable land, temperature and relative humidity.

Symptoms

Symptoms of human disease from the SFTS virus include high fever, fatigue, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia , which are grouped together as Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS). The mortality rate in humans is 5.3 to 7.3% and more often affects the elderly.

Diagnostics and therapy

A competitive ELISA and a plaque assay / virus neutralization test , which is carried out with Vero cells and neutral red , are available for virus and antibody determination . STAT2 -negative Syrian golden hamsters or IFNAR -negative mice can be used as animal models of the infection with SFTS viruses .

The replication of the SFTS virus is inhibited by the experimental drug favipiravir in vitro and in vivo .

history

The SFTS virus was isolated from the blood of SFTS patients by Xue-jie Yu and colleagues in 2009.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ ICTV Master Species List 2018b.v2 . MSL # 34, March 2019
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  3. ↑ a b ICTV : Master Species List 2018a v1 , MSL including all taxa updates since the 2017 release. Fall 2018 (MSL # 33)
  4. ↑ ICTV 2016 Master Species List # 31 with Acronyms, (Excel XLSX) , on ViralZone , Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB)
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