Arbovirus

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As arboviruses , before 1963 arborviruses ( acronym for English arthropode-borne viruses ; from borne "carried"), viruses are called that are transmitted by arthropods (arthropods such as mosquitoes, sand flies and ticks); the diseases they cause are summarized as arboviruses . It is an artificially combined group with no closer relationships within the virus taxonomy .

The group membership is taken solely by the transmission path: arboviruses multiply in vertebrates , during the viremia by blood-sucking insects or ticks picked up by bite or sting transferred to other susceptible vertebrates. The carriers (arthropods) do not fall ill from the viruses they have taken in.

Occurrence

More than 350 different arboviruses are known, of which around 95 can be transmitted to humans. The main distribution area are the habitats of the vectors , mostly in the tropics. Most human arbovirus diseases are zoonotic in nature, around five arboviruses circulate in both human and animal populations , so far only the dengue virus has exclusively used humans as a reservoir host .

Several arboviruses that can be transmitted to humans ( pathogenic to humans ) are also known in Europe : TBE virus , Chikungunya virus , Tahyna virus , Sindbis virus and West Nile virus , probably also the Usutu virus .

Multiplication

Arboviruses can survive in ticks and mosquitoes for years or for life. Reservoir hosts are domestic and wild animals such as birds , rodents , sheep , cattle , monkeys , etc. Humans are often only random hosts and then do not serve as reservoirs . Due to ecological changes (migration, displacement of animals, deforestation, climate changes, etc.), some arboviruses have spread beyond their original range in recent years. The vectors ( vector ) include shield ticks (Ixodidae), leather ticks (Argasidae), mosquitoes ( Culicidae ), midges (Ceratopogonidae) and sand flies .

As a largely anthrophilic vector, four arboviruses use the yellow fever mosquito ( Aedes aegypti ), which mainly stings humans: the flaviviruses dengue virus, yellow fever virus and Zika virus as well as the alphavirus Chikungunya virus.

List of arboviruses that can be transmitted to humans (examples)

Togaviridae family (Togaviruses)

Family Flaviviridae (Flaviviruses)

Order bunyavirales (bunyaviruses)

  • Species " Heartland banyangvirus "
  • Species Jamestown Canyon orthobunyavirus
  • Species Tahyna orthobunyavirus
  • Subtype Tahyna virus (TAHV, unspecific fever, vector: mosquitoes, especially of the genus Aedes )
  • Species Trivittatus orthobunyavirus

Reoviridae family (orbiviruses)

Asfarviridae family

Family Orthomyxoviridae

Clinical picture in humans

As of 2019, human infectious diseases have been described for 130 arboviruses and animal infections for 50 arboviruses. When arbovirus infection becomes symptomatic, it falls into one of three symptom subgroups. Each of the symptom groups is caused by many different arboviruses from different taxonomic groups:

Reporting requirement

In Germany, the direct or indirect detection of arboviruses must be reported by name in accordance with Section 7 of the Infection Protection Act (IfSG), provided the evidence indicates an acute infection (Section 7 (1) sentence 1 number 50a IfSG: "Zika virus and other arboviruses") .

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b David M. Morens, Gregory K. Folkers, Anthony S. Fauci: Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus - Another Emergent Arbovirus in the United States New England Journal of Medicine 2019, Volume 381, Issue 21 November 21, 2019, pages 1989 –1992, DOI: 10.1056 / NEJMp1914328 , free full text