Sand flies

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Sand flies
Female sandfly of the species Phlebotomus papatasi having a blood meal

Female sandfly of the species Phlebotomus papatasi having a blood meal

Systematics
Order : Fly (Diptera)
Subordination : Mosquitoes (Nematocera)
Partial order : Psychodomorpha
Superfamily : Psychodoidea
Family : Butterfly mosquitoes (Psychodidae)
Subfamily : Sand flies
Scientific name
Phlebotominae
Rondani , 1840
Genera

The sand flies (Phlebotominae) are a subfamily of the butterfly mosquitoes (Psychodidae). Some authors, however, run them as a separate family Phlebotomidae.

The assigned species, like all blood-sucking insects, are parasites . They are known as "pool" suckers because they tear open the skin with wide mouthparts and then suck up the "pool" of blood and lymph that is created . Its name is derived from the Greek phlebos "vein, blood vessel" and tomē "cut".

distribution

There are more than 700 sand fly species that are almost spread wherever the Jahresisotherme also called annual average temperature not below 10 ° C falls. They are mainly found in the tropics and subtropics of Europe (especially in the Mediterranean region ), Asia and America . Some genera occur in the Palearctic (except Northern Europe).

The increasing spread of the sand fly towards the north is often associated with global warming and increasing globalization . It is also conceivable that the sand fly was overlooked, it is very small and a bad flyer. In 1999 sand flies were detected for the first time in Bremgarten, Neuchâtel and at Isteiner Klotz (Breisgau, southwest Germany ). In 2001 four sandflies of the species Phlebotomus perniciosus were caught in Gehrweiler (Rhineland-Palatinate) . In 2008, several sites of Phlebotomus mascittii were known in Germany, and this species of sand flies was also found in Belgium . The occurrence of Phlebotomus mascittii was first documented in Austria in 2009. The northernmost location of this species so far is in Hesse near Gießen (July 2013). In Switzerland , mosquitoes are mainly found in the canton of Ticino .

features

The eggs are elongated and furrowed. The larvae are hairy, worm-shaped and have a head capsule (eucephal). On the last segment they have club-shaped, inclined bristles. The adults are only up to four millimeters in size, yellow-brown and hairy. The wings are quite large, giving them a butterfly-like appearance.

Life cycle

In contrast to the mosquitoes (family Culicidae ), phlebotome females do not necessarily need a blood meal in order to lay eggs. The blood meal is therefore optional, but it probably accelerates - in contrast to a diet with vegetable juices - the egg-laying process enormously. The male sandflies, like the males of the mosquitoes, feed exclusively on plant sap. The eggs are later laid in damp places, especially in garbage dumps, in barns, holes in the ground and stables. After hatching, four larval stages go through, whereby the larvae feed on predigested or rotted plants. Then pupation takes place, from which the adult sandfly emerges. This lives up to 40 days and lays up to 100 eggs after each suckling.

Sand flies as a disease carrier

Sand fly bites (Despite the small size of the sand fly, clear skin reactions. Honduras, 2004)

The bite triggers itching and reddening of the skin, for example with the species Phlebotomus papatasi a rash occurs in non- desensitized people and the bite can also cause discomfort and fever.

As with all blood-sucking insects , by far the greatest danger comes from the vector function d. H. The disease vector function of the sandflies. They are, among other things, the main carrier for:

A transmission of skin leishmaniasis by sand flies in Germany has not yet been proven and is still considered unlikely. The climatic conditions, however, allow it to spread in Germany either today or in the near future if the temperature continues to rise. The next focus (focus) with a proven complete chain of infection is Paris.

Protective measures

Sand flies appear particularly aggressive at certain times of the day and weather conditions. Many species remain inactive during the night and are relatively slow to move. They can be locked out through close-meshed fly screens . There are also options for fabric head protection. They cannot get to covered areas of skin. Personal repellants are effective when they contain a high enough amount of icaridin or DEET .

Systematics

In Europe the subfamily is represented with 22 species and subspecies:

See also

Web links

Commons : Sandflies  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

literature

  • MM Artemiev: A classification of the subfamily Phlebotominae. In: Parassitologia. Volume 33 Suppl, December 1991, pp. 69-77, ISSN  0048-2951 . PMID 1841259 .

supporting documents

  1. ↑ a b Horst Aspöck: Pathogens of human infections transmitted by arthropods in Central Europe - an update . (PDF) In: Mitt. Dtsch. General Applied Ent. . 16, 2008, pp. 371-392.
  2. ↑ Oerther, S., Steinhausen, I., Lorentz, S., Heitmann, A., Lühken, R., Krüger, A., Naucke, TJ, Jöst, H., Schmidt-Chanasit, J. & Becker, N .: Spatial distribution of phlebotomine sand flies in Southwest Germany . October 3, 2017, doi : 10.13140 / rg.2.2.15328.38402 ( researchgate.net [accessed December 30, 2018]).
  3. ^ B. Pesson, TJ Naucke: Presence of Phlebotomus (Transphlebotomus) mascittii Grassi, 1908 (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Germany . In: Parasitology Research . tape 86 , no. 4 , March 1, 2000, ISSN  1432-1955 , p. 335–336 , doi : 10.1007 / s004360050053 ( springer.com [accessed December 30, 2018]).
  4. ↑ Naucke, TJ & Schmitt, C: Is leishmaniasis becoming endemic in Germany? In: International Journal of Medical Microbiology Supplements . tape 293 , April 1, 2004, ISSN  1433-1128 , p. 179-181 , doi : 10.1016 / S1433-1128 (04) 80036-6 ( sciencedirect.com [accessed December 30, 2018]).
  5. ↑ Torsten J. Naucke, Susanne Lorentz, Friedrich Nahrungsmittelwald, Horst Aspöck (2011): Phlebotomus (Transphlebotomus) mascittii Grassi, 1908, in Carinthia: first record of the occurrence of sandflies in Austria (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae). Parasitology Research 109 (4): 1161-1164. doi: 10.1007 / s00436-011-2361-0
  6. ↑ Christian Melaun, Andreas Krüger, Antje Werblow, Sven Klimpel: New record of the suspected leishmaniasis vector Phlebotomus (Transphlebotomus) mascittii Grassi, 1908 (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) - the northernmost phlebotomine sandfly occurrence in the Palearctic region . In: Parasitology Research . 113, No. 6, 2014, pp. 2295-2301. doi : 10.1007 / s00436-014-3884-y .
  7. ^ Danger of leishmaniasis: sand flies first discovered in Hesse . In: Spiegel Online . August 4, 2014. Retrieved August 4, 2014.
  8. ^ Study Solothurner Spitäler AG, end of the article
  9. ↑ Irmgard Steinhausen: Study on the spread of sandflies (phlebotomes) in Germany with the help of geographical information systems (GIS) . Bonn 2005.
  10. ↑ Dr. Barbara Kreutzkamp: Harara : Think of phleboviruses when you return with a high fever or exanthem. In: Medical Tribune. July 9, 2019, accessed July 9, 2019 .
  11. ↑ Walter A. Meier (main author) (2001): Possible effects of climate changes on the spread of pathogens primarily relevant to human medicine via animal vectors as well as on the important human parasites in Germany. Environmental research plan of the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety. Funding number (UFOPLAN) 200 61 218/11.
  12. ↑ Phlebotominae in Fauna Europaea. Retrieved November 3, 2013