Asian tiger mosquito

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Asian tiger mosquito
Asiatic tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus)

Asiatic tiger mosquito ( Aedes albopictus )

Systematics
Family : Mosquitoes (Culicidae)
Subfamily : Culicinae
Tribe : Aedini
Genre : Aedes
Subgenus : Stegomyia
Type : Asian tiger mosquito
Scientific name
Aedes albopictus
( Skuse , 1894)

The Asian tiger mosquito , occasionally also " tiger mosquito " ( Aedes albopictus , synonym : according to the controversial proposal from 2004 Stegomyia albopicta ), is a species of mosquito native to the South and Southeast Asian tropics and subtropics . It is important as a carrier of pathogens such as the Zika virus , the Chikungunya virus and the dengue virus . In the last few decades, the Asian tiger mosquito has been transported around the world through the transport of goods and travel activities. It has also been spreading in Europe since the 1990s. The spread is supported by their close socialization with humans and great adaptability. The global warming opens up the Asian tiger mosquito more settlements.

description

Skuse's first description of the Asian tiger mosquito under the name Culex albopictus .
The Asian tiger mosquito can be easily identified by its drawing. The striped hind legs and the white line on the thorax and between the eyes are particularly striking.

Name and system

The Asian tiger mosquito was scientifically described in 1894 by Frederick Askew Skuse under the name Culex albopictus ( Latin Culex "mosquito" and albopictus "white drawn"). Later it was assigned to the genus Aedes ( Greek ἀηδής "adverse") and called Aedes albopictus . Like the yellow fever mosquito it belonged within the genus Aedes to the subgenus Stegomyia (gr. Στέγος "roof", this refers to the scales that completely cover the backs of representatives of this subgenus, and μυῖα "fly"). In 2004 this sub-genus was raised to genus status, which is why the name Stegomyia albopicta, which was used for a short time at the beginning of the twentieth century, experienced a brief renaissance. Among other things, because of the great practical importance of the Asian tiger mosquito for human and veterinary medicine, the renaming was controversial. In July 2015, the mosquito was therefore returned to the genus Aedes , the name Stegomyia is now used again to designate a subgenus within the genus Aedes .

features

The Asian tiger mosquito is between two and ten millimeters in size and has a striking black and white pattern. The fluctuation in the body size of the adult animals is caused by differences in the density of the larvae and the food supply in the larval waters. Since these circumstances are rarely optimal, the body size is usually significantly smaller than ten millimeters. In a study of ten male and ten female adults in 1962, the average length of the abdomen ( abdomen ) was put at 2.63 millimeters, that of the wing at 2.7 millimeters and the mean length of the proboscis at 1.88 millimeters.

The males are around 20 percent smaller than the females, but morphologically very similar to them. However, as is generally the case with mosquitoes, the antennae of the males are noticeably bushier than those of the females. The palps are also longer than the proboscis, while they are significantly shorter in the females (typical for members of this subfamily). In addition, the feet ( tarsi ) of the hind legs are colored more silvery: the fourth segment is about three-quarters shimmering silvery, whereas that of the females is only about 60 percent.

The other characteristics do not differ between the two sexes. A silvery line of closely spaced scales runs in the middle of the head and continues on the upper part of the chest ( thorax ). This drawing is the most reliable feature for identifying the Asian tiger mosquito.

The proboscis is dark in color, the tip segment of the palps has silver scales on the front half, and the labium has no light line on the underside. The compound eyes are clearly separated from each other. The pronotum (scutum), the front part of the mesonotum of the thorax , is black next to the characteristic white midline. There are numerous spots with silvery-white scales on the sides of the thorax, the scutellum and on the abdomen.

Such scales are also found on the limbs of the feet ( tarsi ); Especially the hind legs, which are often swung in the air, whose tarsi limbs 1 to 4 are scaled white at the base, appear curled in black and white. In the tarsi of the front and middle legs, only the first three segments are drawn, while the last, fifth limb of the hind legs is completely white. The femora are also black and have white scales at the end of the "knees", those of the middle legs have no silvery line on top. The femora of the hind legs have short white lines at the base of the tops. The tibiae are black at the base and do not have white scales.

The tergites on segments two to six of the abdomen are dark and have an approximately triangular, silvery-white marking at the base that is not connected to the silvery bands on the ventral side of the abdomen ( abdomen ). This is only the case for the seventh abdominal segment. The transparent wings have a white dot at the base of the Costa loader .

In older specimens, the scales can be partially removed, so that the features mentioned do not always stand out.

Similar species

In Europe the widespread, but mostly not occurring in high density, marigold mosquito ( Culiseta annulata ) can be confused with the tiger mosquito, as it also has ringed leg markings. However, this species lacks the white line on the thorax, and it is usually significantly larger than Aedes albopictus , not drawn in black and white, but rather in beige and gray tones, has wings with clearer veins and three dark, blurred spots each.

In the eastern Mediterranean, Aedes albopictus can also be confused with Aedes cretinus , which belongs to the same genus and uses similar larval waters. Aedes cretinus also has a white line on the scutum, which forks just before the abdomen. In addition, this species has two additional lines in the back half of the scutum to the left and right of the midline. Was found Aedes cretinus far on Crete , in Georgia , Greece , Macedonia , the Turkey and Cyprus .

Outside of Europe, the Asian tiger mosquito can be confused with other representatives of the subgenus Stegomyia , which often have equally clear black and white patterns. This includes especially the common in the tropics and subtropics occurring yellow fever mosquito ( Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti ). From sister species like Aedes (Stegomyia) scutellaris ( India , Indonesia , Papua New Guinea , Philippines ), Aedes (Stegomyia) pseudoalbopictus (India, Indonesia, Malaysia , Myanmar , Nepal , Taiwan , Thailand and Vietnam ) or Aedes (Stegomyia) seatoi (Thailand ) it is difficult to distinguish.

Way of life and life cycle

Life cycle of the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus

habitat

Asian tiger mosquitoes are found in urban, suburban, and rural areas. They can also be found in forests, but then mainly in the peripheral zones near human settlements and in secondary forests . They are rarely or never found in biotopes with little vegetation .

Nutrition and finding a host

Female Asian tiger mosquito at the beginning of the blood meal
After sucking, the abdomen is filled with blood.

As with other mosquitoes, only the females suck the blood that they need for the formation of the eggs. Otherwise, like male mosquitoes, they cover their energy needs with nectar and sweet vegetable juices.

In addition to the carbon dioxide and organic substances produced by the host, moisture and optical recognition also play a role in finding the host . The host search takes place in two phases: first, an undirected search behavior and, if host stimuli are perceived, a targeted approach. When catching tiger mosquitoes with special traps, carbon dioxide and a combination of substances that are also found on human skin ( fatty acids , ammonia and lactic acid ) are attractive.

The Asian tiger mosquito bites mainly during the day, depending on the region and biotope, however, with different activity peaks, which are mostly in the morning and evening hours. It seeks out its hosts inside and outside of human dwellings, but seems to be particularly active outside. The size of the blood meal depends on the size of the mosquito and is around two microliters.

In addition to humans, the Asian tiger mosquito bites other mammals and birds. Since it mostly seeks out alert and active hosts, it is both persistent and cautious in finding a host and eating blood. For example, blood meals often have to be interrupted without enough blood being able to be taken in for the production of the eggs. As a result, Asian tiger mosquitoes often bite multiple hosts in one egg-laying cycle, making them effective vectors of disease. The peculiarity of stinging hosts of different species also makes them a possible bridge vector that enables pathogens such as the West Nile virus to cross species boundaries.

A male tiger mosquito mates with a female during her blood meal. Such copulation is, however, atypical; mating usually takes place in flight, but often in the vicinity of the host.
Used tires stored outdoors are suitable as rainwater reservoirs for the Asian tiger mosquito to lay eggs. Often eggs or larvae are exported to other countries together with the tires.

Reproductive biology

pairing

Male tiger mosquitoes often stay near potential hosts of the females and try to mate the approaching sexual partners. Mating swarms over immobile landmarks have also been observed. As with other mosquitoes, the humming of the females is attractive to the males, the conspecifics recognize each other through contact chemoreception . Mating occurs in flight, with the male below the female and with the back down. A copulation usually takes no longer than ten seconds.

Egg laying

The female normally produces between 40 and 90 eggs per egg-laying cycle, with an average of more than 300 eggs throughout life. The 0.5 millimeter long black eggs are laid individually. Eggs can therefore be deposited in several places in one cycle. Egg-laying biotopes are small accumulations of water in knotholes, leaf axils of plants, bamboo stumps, coconut shells or similar, in urban areas mostly clogged rain gutters, gullies, or water-filled containers such as rain barrels, flower vases, plant coasters, buckets, cans, bottles or glasses. Car tires stored outdoors are particularly attractive.

The eggs of the tiger mosquito are drought-resistant for months and are mostly placed just above the water level and often in drying containers. Rain, which raises the water level, triggers the hatching of the mosquito larvae . This increases the likelihood that the offspring will have enough time to develop before the water evaporates. At the same time, the eggs can also survive periods of drought and cold. The period of rest between laying and hatching of the first larval stage (in which the embryonic development takes place) can be between a few days and two weeks.

Which stimuli trigger hatching from the eggs is not fully understood. Eggs can lie in the water for weeks or dry out several times before the larvae hatch. In the case of dried-out eggs, a lower oxygen concentration leads to higher hatching rates, while in younger eggs the hatching rate increases with increasing oxygen concentration.

Larval development

As is characteristic of mosquitoes, there are four aquatic larval stages that feed on organic matter and microorganisms. The larvae have a breathing tube at the rear end with which they can hang upside down on the surface of the water. In this position they swirl up food particles with the help of their mouthparts and eat them. At the end of each stage, the larva molts; the animals pupate with the fourth moult.

The development time of the larvae depends on temperature, food availability and the mosquito strain. At temperatures around 25 degrees Celsius and with optimal food supply, the larval stage lasts five to ten days. When examining a Japanese strain, the larval development stopped at temperatures below 11 degrees, at temperatures between 14 and 18 degrees it took up to three weeks for pupation. This time can also be prolonged for weeks due to a lack of food. In general, the development of males takes less time than that of females.

Increased larval density and poorer food supply increases the death rate of the larvae and reduces the size of the adult animals. The latter also has an impact on the rate of reproduction. Smaller females are slower to reproduce after hatching and produce fewer eggs per laying cycle. The same applies to smaller males.

Field trials and observations have shown that the death rate of Aedes albopictus larvae is over 70 percent. Although the mortality of the larvae is significantly influenced by stocking density and food availability, predators and parasites can also play a role.

Pupal development

The doll is like all holometabolous insect is taken the resting stage in which no food and transforms the larva into the adult animal. As with all mosquitoes, the pupae remain in the water and breathe through two breathing tubes at the front end while hanging below the surface of the water. They are agile, can flee when disturbed and submerge from the surface of the water. Like that of the larvae, their development time is temperature-dependent: at 30 degrees Celsius it is completed after two days, at 25 degrees it is three days and at a water temperature of 20 degrees five days. The death rate of the dolls in research in Singapore under field conditions was about one percent.

Natural enemies

Since the eggs of the Asian tiger mosquito are laid outside the water, they can be captured by insects living on the land. These include the ant species Solenopsis invicta and the larva of the ladybug Curinus coeruleus . With the right offer, this can destroy more than 100 eggs in three days.

Larvae of the non-bloodsucking mosquito genus Toxorhynchites eat mosquito larvae and are often found together with tiger mosquito larvae. Also flatworms and small diving beetles were observed as predators.

The main parasites that can occur are fungi, ciliates and other protozoa . Members of water molds of the genus Coelomomyces (department of potty fungi (Chytridiomycetes), order Blastocladiales ) develop in the body cavity (the haemocoel) of mosquito larvae. The species Coelomomyces stegomyiae was the first to be found in the Asian tiger mosquito. One of the ciliates that can attack the larvae of the Asian tiger mosquito is Lambornella stegomyiae ( Hymenostomatida : Tetrahymenidae) , which was also first detected in them . About virulence , death rate and the resulting possibility Lambornella use as a biocontrol agent, however, rule conflicting assessments. Parasites from the taxon of Apicomplexa can infect mosquitoes, the larval stages; the species Ascogregarina taiwanensis was described in Asian tiger mosquitoes. When the adult mosquitoes hatch from the pupa, they release infectious intermediate stages of the parasite into the water and thus close the infection cycle. Infected animals are often smaller than non-infected animals and have a slightly higher death rate; food supply and the density of the larvae apparently also play a role here. An infection with Ascogregarina can therefore reduce biological fitness in competitive situations with other, non-infected mosquitoes . However, since the parasite requires the host to reach adulthood for the parasite to pass on, its use as a sustainable biological control agent is unlikely.

Predatory copepods of the Cyclopidae family do not appear to be widespread in the natural habitats of Asian tiger mosquito larvae, but willingly eat them on occasion. When combating tiger mosquitoes, members of different genera (especially mesocyclops ) could therefore be an interesting option.

Various spider species have been identified as predators of adult Asian tiger mosquitoes in Malaysia . They could be detected as prey in up to 90% of the spiders collected on rubber plantations and a cemetery. However, whether the spiders have an influence on the mosquito population remains unclear; Tiger mosquitoes were abundant despite the presence of the spiders.

distribution

Climatic adaptation

Although the Asian tiger mosquito is native to tropical and subtropical regions, it successfully adapts to cooler regions. It is active all year round in the warm, humid tropics , but winters mostly in the ice stage in temperate climatic regions . Eggs from strains that colonize temperate zones are also more cold-tolerant than those from warmer regions. Even temperatures below freezing and snow can be tolerated in the field. In addition, adult tiger mosquitoes can survive the winter in suitable microhabitats .

Geographical distribution

Distribution of the Asian tiger mosquito. Blue is the original homeland, turquoise is the area where Aedes albopictus was introduced in the last 30 years.

The Asian tiger mosquito was originally native to Southeast Asia ; the first description was made with specimens from Bengal . For 1967 large parts of Asia and the islands of the Indian and Pacific Oceans were given as their range.

Africa and Middle East

In South Africa the way 1990 has been found in Nigeria is at home for at least the 1,991th In 1999/2000 it spread to Cameroon , 2001 to the island of Bioko , Equatorial Guinea and 2006 to Gabon .

In the Middle East, the species was detected in Lebanon in 2003 and in Syria in 2005 ; the first find in Israel was published in 2003.

Australia, New Zealand

In Australia and New Zealand , the Asian tiger mosquito is not native; Although the species has already been introduced there several times, it has not yet been able to establish itself. This is not least due to the well-organized entomological surveillance of ports and airports in these countries. However , the species has now become native to the islands of the Torres Strait between Queensland, Australia and Papua New Guinea .

Europe

In Europe, the species first appeared in 1979 in Albania , where it was apparently introduced with shipments of goods from China . A group of researchers from the University of Liverpool , led by Cyril Caminade, calculated, according to a publication in April 2012 in the journal Interface of the Royal Society , that due to climate change , the tiger mosquito will find the living conditions it needs in large parts of Europe between 2030 and 2050 .

In 1990/91, Aedes albopictus was probably brought to Italy with used tires from Georgia (USA) and is now distributed over almost the entire Italian mainland as well as in large parts of Sicily and Sardinia .

Since 1999 it has been represented on the French mainland , mainly in the south of France . In 2002 it was found in a holiday village on Corsica , where it was only able to establish itself definitively from 2005.

It was first detected in Belgium in 2000, in 2001 in Montenegro , in 2003 in the canton of Ticino in southern Switzerland and in Greece, in 2004 on the Spanish mainland ( Catalonia ) and in Croatia , in 2005 in the Netherlands , Slovenia and Greece . Finds in Bosnia and Herzegovina followed in 2006 .

The first evidence in Turkey was made in 2012 in Eastern Thrace , in the Czech Republic at two rest stops on European route 461 , just across the border with Austria and on Mallorca . In Romania , adults and larvae of the Asian tiger mosquito have been regularly detected in Bucharest since 2012 , so that an establishment of the species is assumed at least in the capital.

In Great Britain , mosquito eggs were found for the first time in September 2016 at a truck rest stop near a petrol station at Westenhanger near the Eurotunnel.

DACH (Germany, Austria, Switzerland)

In Switzerland , the Asian tiger mosquito has spread almost everywhere in 60 municipalities , especially in the canton of Ticino . In 2019, the fight in the Basel region was intensified.

After the insects were first sighted in Basel-Stadt in 2015, larvae of the Asian tiger mosquito were also found in the settlement area of ​​the municipalities of Muttenz and Reinach in the canton of Basel-Landschaft in spring 2020 .

In Germany in September 2007, mosquito eggs were discovered for the first time on a motorway service station on the A5 near Bad Bellingen ( Baden-Württemberg ); In July 2011, an adult female was caught near Weil am Rhein and also near a motorway service station on the A5. In Weil am Rhein, the spread is controlled and combated with the support of private garden owners: In spring 2020, initially no new individuals were discovered here, but the Asian bush mosquito that was also introduced in several places .

In 2012, mosquito traps were set up at four locations each in Baden-Württemberg and Bavaria to monitor imported mosquitoes. Asian tiger mosquitoes were caught at three of these eight locations, which indicated repeated and regular introductions via traffic routes from southern Europe to Germany and thus a higher risk of establishment; the Austrian Inn Valley is also affected.

In August 2014 larvae, pupae and eggs were discovered as part of the German mosquito atlas at Waldsee in Freiburg im Breisgau . H. For the first time, all stages of development outside of the flight distance to motorways were determined. In the summer of 2015, hundreds of mosquito larvae, pupae and adult specimens were discovered in an allotment garden in the west of Freiburg (in the vicinity of the truck loading station on the " Rolling Road "), which means there is a "stable population " within Germany. In 2016, the city founded the municipal action group to combat the Schnakenplage e. V. (KABS) tasked with combating the mosquito; In 2017 it provided € 100,000.00 for appropriate measures and a 14-person action group to combat it.

Initially in Heidelberg , 1,000 sterile male mosquitoes per hectare were released in 2016 in order to decimate the hatching rate. In 2017, the release started earlier in the year, increasing the number of sterile individuals released to 3,000 / hectare; Freiburg is also to be included in the control attempt next.

In 2018 and 2019, tiger mosquitoes were also detected in the urban area of Frankfurt am Main ; in the summer of 2019 a larger population of mosquitoes and larvae also in the Fürth calves settlement in Middle Franconia .

North, South America and the Caribbean

The first evidence in North America was in Memphis (Tennessee) in 1983 . A little later in 1985 a population was found in Texas . By the end of the 1990s, the species had already become native to at least 25 states in the USA .

Asian tiger mosquitoes were first discovered in Brazil in 1986, and in Mexico in 1988 . Further first records in Latin America were made in 1993 in the Dominican Republic , 1995 in Bolivia , Cuba , Honduras and Guatemala , 1996 in El Salvador , 1997 on the Cayman Islands , 1998 in Argentina , 1999 in Paraguay , 2001 in Colombia , 2002 in Panama and 2003 in Uruguay and Nicaragua .

Distribution channels

The Asian tiger mosquito spreads over great distances around the world, primarily by sea, with the eggs, larvae and pupae being carried away in used car tires, some of which are filled with water, on lucky bamboo ( Dracaena sanderiana ) and cut flowers, and in their shipping containers. In addition, transport in trucks, cars and trains also plays an important role. The flight distance is usually only a few hundred meters and is therefore less important for rapid spread.

Competition with established mosquito species

As they spread to previously unpopulated regions and habitats, it has been observed that the Asian tiger mosquito has displaced other species with similar egg-laying habitats.

In Calcutta , for example, it was observed as early as the 1950s that no yellow fever mosquitoes ( Aedes aegypti ) were found in city districts where malaria mosquitoes (genus Anopheles ) had been fought with DDT . However, the egg-laying containers were now colonized by the Asian tiger mosquito. In this case, the reason for this may have been that when fighting malaria mosquitoes with DDT, mainly the inner walls of dwellings are treated in order to kill the mosquitoes resting there. Since the yellow fever mosquito is also mostly inside, it was also hit - the Asian tiger mosquito, which is also dormant in the vicinity of human dwellings, thus had an advantage. In other cases in which yellow fever mosquitoes have been pushed back by Asian tiger mosquitoes, such as in Florida, this explanation does not apply. Further hypotheses are therefore above all competition in the larval waters, differences in metabolism and reproductive biology, or a greater susceptibility to parasites.

Aedes (Stegomyia) guamensis on Guam was another species that had been pushed back by immigrant Asian tiger mosquitoes .

In Europe, the Asian tiger mosquito resembles the common mosquito ( Culex pipiens ) in its close association with humans . Among other differences in their biology, however , Culex pipiens prefers larger egg-laying containers and is more cold-tolerant. In this respect, there is probably no real competition or displacement situation.

There have been no observations to date on possible competition with mosquitoes, which also lay their eggs in knotholes and similar locations ( Aedes cretinus , Dahlia geniculata and Anopheles plumbeus ). However, these species are also not preferred in human surroundings.

Apparently, the Asian tiger mosquito covers a largely new niche in Europe. This also means that there shouldn't be any indigenous mosquitoes that, as long-established species, prevent their further spread.

Role as a carrier of pathogens

It is certain that the Asian tiger mosquito can transmit arboviruses that are pathogenic and sometimes dangerous for humans : These include the West Nile virus , the yellow fever virus , the pathogens of St. Louis encephalitis , dengue fever and des Chikungunya fever . It is also suspected that the Zika virus could be transmitted

The tiger mosquito is also relevant in veterinary medicine , for example as a carrier of roundworms : Both Dirofilaria immitis , which causes heartworm disease in domestic dogs , and Dirofilaria repens , which parasitizes in the subcutaneous tissue of dogs, can be transmitted by Asian tiger mosquitoes.

Chikungunya fever

Asian tiger mosquitoes carried the virus in the Chikungunya epidemic of 2005/2006 on the French island of Reunion Island . By September 2006 it is estimated that 266,000 people were infected with 248 deaths.

The Asian tiger mosquito was also the vector of the first Chikungunya outbreak on the European continent in summer 2007 in the Italian province of Ravenna , which affected around 200 people. The trigger was a sick tourist who had brought the virus from India.

Apparently, a mutated strain of the Chikungunya virus is transmitted particularly well by the Asian tiger mosquito, so that further spread of the disease in areas with Asian tiger mosquitoes is to be feared.

In October 2014, 11 locally transmitted cases of Chikungunya were detected in Montpellier ( France ), where the Asian tiger mosquito has been established since 2010. The virus was apparently introduced from Cameroon .

In early August 2015, the Spanish health authorities confirmed the infection of a 60-year-old man in Valencia with Chikungunya fever who had not previously traveled to areas where the disease occurs. Aedes albopictus is firmly established in Valencia and the surrounding area .

Dengue fever

In September 2010, two dengue infections, apparently transmitted by Aedes albopictus , were detected in Nice ( southern France ) . Also in autumn 2010, a German tourist who had previously been on vacation in Croatia was diagnosed with dengue. As a result, a woman who lived in the same resort was also diagnosed with acute dengue disease. Immunological evidence of a survived infection was found in nine of their neighbors. None of these cases had previously been in areas where dengue is endemic.

In 2013, near Aix-en-Provence (southern France), another dengue infection was detected locally and probably transmitted by the Asian tiger mosquito. In August 2015, two locally acquired cases of dengue were discovered in Nîmes, southern France .

Surveillance and control

An Ovitrap for the detection of the presence of tiger mosquitoes. The brown grains give off Bti , which kills any hatching larvae.
Dried eggs of the Asian tiger mosquito on the wooden paddle of an Ovitrap

Due to the high adaptability of the Asian tiger mosquito, the close contact with humans and its reproductive biology, the species is difficult to control or control.

In order to prevent further spread and establishment (establishment), efficient monitoring of possible routes of incursion is necessary. In addition to monitoring ports, warehouses with imported plants and tire dumps, petrol stations and rest areas on motorways and train stations should also be monitored using suitable methods.

In addition to checking for possible larval waters, so-called ovitraps are usually used for monitoring , black water containers in which styrofoam blocks float or small wooden paddles touch the surface of the water. Female tiger mosquitoes that are present lay their eggs on these surfaces and are thus indirectly detected, either by determining the eggs or the larvae that are hatched from them in the laboratory. This sometimes happens within a few hours. Variants of these traps with adhesive films ( sticky traps ) hold the mosquitoes that deposit eggs, but are more complex to handle. However, the results vary and depend, among other things, on the availability of alternative egg-laying waters. They are therefore best used in large numbers and in combination with other monitoring methods.

To catch adult tiger mosquitoes, special traps are used which, with the help of a fan , produce an upward air flow containing ammonia , fatty acids and lactic acid , which is similar in shape and composition to the odor plume of the human body. Their effectiveness can be further increased by adding carbon dioxide. In addition to being used to detect the presence of tiger mosquitoes, such traps are also used to quickly check the success of control measures or to examine trapped mosquitoes for pathogens. This saves the ethically questionable method of catching blood-seeking mosquitoes from volunteers , especially in the case of epidemics .

The control of the Asian tiger mosquito takes place, if possible, within the framework of an integrated mosquito control system using a combination of different control methods . First of all, water-filled containers that can serve as egg-laying sites should be emptied or covered. Plant coasters, vases standing in the open (for example in cemeteries), knotholes or other depressions in which water can collect, are filled with sand or fine gravel and cannot be used as egg-laying places for mosquitoes. Otherwise, larvicides such as Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (BTI), spinosad or insect growth regulators such as pyriproxyfen are added to standing water . The area around the detection point should also be treated with insecticides such as pyrethroids in order to also kill adult animals. Attractant traps or deadly egg-laying traps that have been deployed across the board can also help to contain populations and reduce the bite load from tiger mosquitoes. The follow-up will continue to be monitored to determine the success of the measures.

In addition to monitoring and control, the generally understandable and comprehensive public relations work is an important pillar in the fight against the establishment of the Asian tiger mosquito.

In Switzerland, a concept for combating the tiger mosquito and the diseases it transmits was jointly published by the Federal Offices for Health ( FOPH ) and the Environment ( FOEN ) in 2011 . In Germany, for the first time in 2012, a search for Asian tiger mosquitoes and other invasive mosquitoes was carried out on behalf of the Federal Environment Agency .

See also

literature

  • Mary Dobson: Plagues That Changed the World. From cholera to SARS (= National Geographic History. , Original title: Disease: The Extraordinary Stories Behind History's Deadliest Killers, translated by Meike Grow and Ute Mareik). Gruner + Jahr, Hamburg 2009, ISBN 978-3-86690-094-3 , p. 154.

Broadcast reports

Web links

Commons : Asian Tiger Mosquito ( Aedes albopictus )  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Richard C. Wilkerson, Yvonne-Marie Linton, Dina M. Fonseca, Ted R. Schultz, Dana C. Price, Daniel A. Strickman: Making Mosquito Taxonomy Useful: A Stable Classification of Tribe Aedini that Balances Utility with Current Knowledge of Evolutionary Relationships. PLoS ONE 10, 7, e0133602, July 2015, doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0133602 .
  2. ↑ a b c J.-E. Scholte, F. Schaffner: Waiting for the tiger: establishment and spread of the Aedes albopictus mosquito in Europe. In: W. Takken, BGJ Knols (Ed.): Emerging pests and vector-borne diseases in Europe. Volume 1, Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2007, ISBN 978-90-8686-053-1 .
  3. ↑ Sarah Cunze, Judith Kochmann, Lisa K. Koch and Sven Klimpel: Niche conservatism of Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti - two mosquito species with different invasion histories. In: Scientific Reports. Volume 8, Article Number 7733, 2018, doi: 10.1038 / s41598-018-26092-2 .
    Tiger mosquitoes are still on the rise. On: uni-frankfurt.de on May 17, 2018.
  4. ↑ a b c F. AA Skuse: The banded mosquito of Bengal. In: Indian Museum Notes. Volume 3, No. 5, 1894, p. 20.
  5. ^ FW Edwards: Notes on the mosquitoes of Madagascar, Mauritius and Reunion. In: Bull. Ent. Res. No. 11, 1920, pp. 133-138.
  6. ^ FV Theobald: A monograph of the Culicidae or mosquitoes. Volume 1, British Museum (Natural History), London 1901. Quoted in: K. Snow: The names of European mosquitoes: Part 7. In: European Mosquito Bulletin. 9, 2001, pp. 4–8 ( PDF; 804 kB ).
  7. ↑ JF Reinert and a .: Phylogeny and classification of Aedini (Diptera: Culicidae), based on morphological characters of all life stages. In: Zool J Linn Soc. 142, 2004, pp. 289-368.
  8. ↑ JF Reinert, RE Harbach: Generic changes affecting European aedine mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae: Aedini) with a checklist of species. In: Journal of the European Mosquito Control Association, European Mosquito Bulletin. 19, 2005, pp. 1–4 ( PDF; 650 kB ).
  9. ↑ Y.-M. Huang: Neotype designation for 'Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus' (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae). In: Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. Volume 7, No. 4, 1968, pp. 297-302.
  10. ↑ K. Walker: Asian Tiger Mosquito (Aedes albopictus) Pest and Diseases Image Library. Updated on 22/12/2007 10:10:35 PM. Available online: Pest and Diseases Image Library .
  11. ^ A b John N. Belkin: The Mosquitoes of the South Pacific (Diptera, Culicidae) . University of California Press, Berkeley / Los Angeles 1962.
  12. ↑ a b Yiau-Min Huang: The subgenus Stegomyia of Aedes in the Afrotropical Region with keys to the species (Diptera: Culicidae). In: Zootaxa. Magnolia Press, Auckland 2004.
  13. ↑ J. Lane: “Aedes (Stegomyia) cretinus” Edwards 1921 (Diptera: Culicidae). In: Mosquito Systematics. Volume 14, No. 2, 1982, pp. 81-84.
  14. ↑ Yiau-Min Huang: A new species of Aedes (Stegomyia) from Thailand (Diptera: Culicidae). In: Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. Volume 71, No. 2, 1969, pp. 234-239.
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