African swine fever

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Petechial bleeding of the auricle in a domestic pig infected with African swine fever

The African swine fever ( ASP ), and African swine fever or Pestis Africana Suum , is a viral infection in species of genuine pork . In terms of symptoms and course, it is very similar to classic or European swine fever (KSP), but the pathogens of ASF and KSP are not related. The disease is not a zoonosis . The animal disease was originally native to Africa , at that time it also played a role on the Iberian Peninsula and Sardinia . Through dragging in tourist traffic and animal transportsthere have also been outbreaks in other areas in the past, including in Belgium, Brazil, China, Dominican Republic, France, Haiti, Italy, Cuba, Malta, Netherlands, Portugal and Spain. In 2007 the ASP was brought from Africa to Georgia by a transport ship. From there, the animal disease spread to Ukraine, Belarus, Russia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and Germany. In 2014 the disease occurred in the eastern member states of the European Union . So far, it has not been possible in any of the affected countries to eradicate the virus after it was introduced into the wild boar population.

In Germany, the disease was first detected in wild boars in September 2020 . However, in retrospect, epidemiological studies showed July 2020 as the period for the start west of the German-Polish border.

The African swine fever is considered dangerous disease ; it is notifiable. The control after an outbreak is carried out by the veterinary authorities in the same way as classic swine fever according to the swine fever ordinance.

etiology

The causative agent of ASF is the African swine fever virus (ASF virus), of which several subtypes are described. The pathogen belongs to the Asfarviridae family , genus Asfivirus , and thus to the enveloped ds-DNA viruses. The pathogen reservoirs are mainly warthogs and bush pigs (mainly living south of the Sahara ) and ticks ( leather ticks - Ornithodorus moubata ), which are often not clinically ill. Similar to classical swine fever , only pigs and ticks are susceptible to the virus as hosts or intermediate hosts . So-called vectors often play a decisive role as carriers .

The virus is not dangerous to humans or other animal species outside of the real pig family . Consumption of pork contaminated with ASF is harmless.

The virus is transmitted through direct contact with animals or through consumption of contaminated meat products, such as leftover food containing pork , that is thrown away by humans and eaten by wild boars and domestic pigs . Such foods can remain contagious for up to six months. The virus survives up to 300 days in dried pork and up to 1000 days in frozen pork. The consumption of biting flies that contain infected blood can also lead to infection of the pig in question. In addition, the above-mentioned leather tick should be mentioned as a carrier . This carries the virus within itself without becoming sick and infects the host animal after it has been bitten. The incubation period is between two and 14 days. The pathogen reaches the pharynx via the mouth or nose, where it settles in the lymph nodes and multiplies. After one to three days it enters the bloodstream ( viraemia ) and affects the body organs. Sick animals excrete the virus through their faeces, urine and nasal secretions and thus form the source of infection for other animals.

The risk of infection with African swine fever is much lower than with European swine fever . Usually only individual animals get sick, as droplet infections do not play a role. Therefore, localized natural foci often form in which the disease recurs but never goes away (“habitat epidemic”). In most cases, other animals only become infected after the death of an infected animal, when they sniff or eat at the carcass.

Clinical symptoms and course

Basically, there is no difference to classic swine fever , either in the varied clinical picture or in the course of ASF . The disease can be peracute , acute , chronic or subacute . The virus itself ( virulence ) and the breed or age of the affected pig are decisive for the development of the course .

  • peracute form:
This form is relatively quick. There is a high fever and fatigue or apathy . Sometimes the skin turns blue ( cyanosis ), coughing fits and bleeding from the nose and anus. The animal dies within 48 hours. The death rate ( lethality ) is almost 100%.
  • acute form:
This variant is characterized by extremely high fever (42 ° C) for up to four days, although the general condition can often still be normal. After about a week the skin turns blue (mainly nose and extremities), coughing, shortness of breath, bloody diarrhea and vomiting. The animals die suddenly, the mortality rate is approx. 90%. During the dissection , punctiform hemorrhages ( petechiae ) on the serous mucous membranes, bruises in the kidneys and lymph nodes, swelling of the spleen , pulmonary edema and water retention in the chest cavity ( hydrothorax ) or in the pericardium ( hydropericardium ) are noticeable.
  • subacute and chronic forms:
Both forms of the course have no characteristic features; they are often confused with other pig diseases (e.g. swine rotlauf ). Joint inflammations , abortions or the birth of weak piglets are common here. The death rate is low.

Transmission of the virus

Ways of transmission of ASF virus, the causative agent of African swine fever (ASF)
  • Within wild pig populations, through the act of sucking when a tick bites .
    The ASF virus multiplies in the ticks and persists within the tick for up to three years.
  • In domestic pig herds mainly naso-oral transmission from pig to pig
  • Touch contact of a healthy pig with an infected pig
  • Contact with the excrement of a sick pig in the area
  • Conspecifics eating a pig that has died of the disease
  • Contact of healthy pigs with contaminated objects
  • Eating contaminated feed and eating scraps of food containing meat from an infected pig
  • People and other living beings who, after touching an infected pig or with its excretions or with its raw meat, carry the pathogen externally and transport it as a vector to other wild and domestic pigs, which are then infected through contact or through contaminated food.

The pathogen is very resistant to the environment, it sticks to objects and parts of the body and remains infectious there for a very long time. In the case of predators that have captured an infected wild boar, the pathogen can stay with their catch , so that they leave the virus on a new, killed prey of a different animal species in the subsequent period.
Since wild boars occasionally eat carcasses left by predators, this is how they can ingest the virus.

After the wolf monitoring the telemetry records of movement patterns of two of tracked wolves with cross-border grazing areas in Brandenburg and Poland were only published until April 2020 is, however, specified by the DBBW, there would be "no evidence" that predators play a "special" role in the transmission . Although the wolf "migrates further than other predators", it would be "assumed" that wolves "clean" the contaminated fur.

One of the bans applicable in the restricted zones is that dogs (see Canis lupus ) are not allowed to run around freely in the endangered area.

disinfection

The ASF virus is characterized by exceptional tenacity (resistance to environmental influences). Heat inactivation only takes place at 56 ° C for 70 minutes or 60 ° C for 20 minutes. Many basic disinfectants do not inactivate the virus; acid-based disinfectants are suitable. Effective disinfectants are also sodium hydroxide (0.8% NaOH, 30 min), hypochlorite (2.3%, 30 min) (incorrectly written as "hypochlorite" in the source), formalin (0.3%, 30 min), orthophenylphenol (3%, 30 min) and disinfectants containing iodine. The ASF virus is stable in the pH range 3.0 to 13.4. The German Veterinary Medical Society is currently testing and evaluating the effectiveness of disinfectants for use in veterinary medicine.

From the Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture existed before the introduction of the disease to Germany for hunters recommendations for prevention, cleaning and disinfection , as they and their hunting dogs without these protections to easily transfer agents can be.

prophylaxis

In contrast to classic swine fever , vaccination is not possible with ASF. Tests have shown that vaccinated pigs have almost no antibodies in their blood and that they fall ill again if they are infected again.

Situation by state

Spain and Italy

Until the end of January 2014, the disease only occurred in the European Union on the Iberian Peninsula and Sardinia.

This epidemic has existed in Sardinia for decades.

Lithuania

The virus was detected in Lithuania in early 2014.

In July 2017 there was the greatest spread in Lithuania (in the village of Šilai near Kaunas ). In 2017, 23,464 pigs were to be killed at Jonava alone .

Poland

In February 2014, the virus was first detected in Poland in a dead wild boar found directly on the border with Belarus and near the border with Lithuania.

In autumn 2019, Poland reported on ASP certificates in western Poland ( Wschowa district and Nowosol district ) at a distance of 80 kilometers from the German border. On December 6, 2019, the Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture (BMEL) informed about proven infections in western Poland, about 40 km beyond the border with Germany.

In March 2020, a population in Niedoradz in the Lubusz Voivodeship had to be culled 65 kilometers from the German border .

Romania

At the end of August 2018, the Romanian Office for Veterinary Medicine and Food Safety (ANSVSA) reported that more than 123,000 culls had to be carried out by the end of August in 2018 due to the greatest spread since the Second World War.

Belgium

In mid-September 2018, the disease was detected for the first time in Western Europe in Belgium. Since September 2018, swine fever has also been found in Belgium on the border with France and Luxembourg.

Germany

Warning sign at a motorway parking lot in Baden-Wuerttemberg because of swine fever not to throw waste in unlocked rubbish bins

On September 10, 2020, the outbreak of the ASF in Brandenburg was confirmed for the first time a few kilometers from the German-Polish border in the Spree-Neisse district by the Friedrich Loeffler Institute . On October 31, the Friedrich Loeffler Institute also confirmed the infection of a wild boar in Saxony . Subsequent epidemiological investigations by the institute, however, have already shown the first half of July as the period for the outbreak to begin.

Legal bases and official measures

In Germany, African swine fever is a notifiable animal disease. This means that in addition to the disease of an animal with ASF, a suspected disease must also be reported to the responsible veterinary office. This initiates appropriate investigations and measures to prevent the disease from spreading. The procedure is regulated by the ordinance on protection against swine fever and African swine fever (swine fever ordinance). According to this, the veterinary office can officially order the killing ( culling ) of all pigs on the farm in question if there is justified suspicion of an outbreak of disease in a herd . A current spread of epidemics from Eastern Europe is to be interrupted by increased preventive hunting of wild boar . To this end, various measures are being considered in the federal government and in the hunting laws of the federal states, including a shooting bonus and the abolition of the closed season . In addition, avoiding the consumption of pork products from abroad and avoiding epidemic areas are recommended as preventive measures.

After the discovery of wild boars that had died of ASF in Belgium, the German Bundestag decided on further measures in the event of an epidemic.

In 2020, after several infected dead wild boars were found in Poland, in one case a 120-kilometer protective fence was erected in Brandenburg just 12 km from the German border.

Wildlife Risks

Taking a blood sample for an ASP test from a wild boar killed near Kaiserslautern

According to the National Reference Laboratory for African Swine Fever at the Friedrich Loeffler Institute (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health - FLI), there was a risk that the virus could enter German wild boar populations via Poland. This is what happened in September 2020.

It was feared that the disease would be spread to Germany by hunting tourists returning home from the Baltic States or by spectators bringing meat to the Olympic Games in Sochi , Russia. The latter did not occur.

Risks for the German agricultural economy

Spreading in Germany would have a significant economic impact on animal agriculture. Immediately after the outbreak in September, South Korea and China banned the import of German pork.

If the disease broke out on a pig holding, the entire herd would be killed. The establishment of control zones and observation and restricted areas would hinder the usual transport of piglets from piglet production farms to fattening farms in pig fattening.

The slaughter of fattened animals would be controlled by the authorities in slaughterhouses in such a way that the risks associated with transport were kept as low as possible. The sale of pork would be hampered by expected bans that non-EU countries usually impose in the event of animal diseases. The EU Commission could restrict sales within the EU area. The impairments described above have occurred in the swine fever disease trains in Germany in the past. They hit Lower Saxony in particular, where half of the pigs in Germany are fattened. The prolonged epidemic of swine fever in the 1990s resulted in damage of over one billion euros in Lower Saxony alone. Over two million pigs were killed.

In addition to the official restrictions, there would be a decline in pork sales and a decline in sales revenues due to the renewed consumer reluctance to be expected. The payments from the animal disease funds would not cover the losses of the animal farms affected. "An outbreak of the ASP would have considerable economic effects," said the Lower Saxony Ministry of Agriculture . The online edition of the newspaper Die Welt on January 30, 2014 even believed that the pork trade in Germany could come to a standstill as a result of African swine fever.

Preparing for the outbreak in Germany

In addition to calls for increased hunting of wild boars, for example in Baden-Württemberg, and the abolition of the closed seasons for wild boars by ordinance of the federal government, the outbreak of African swine fever was the subject of the animal disease exercise in Lower Saxony in 2018. The meat industry association published a sample crisis manual in 2018.

outbreak

On September 10, 2020, African swine fever was officially diagnosed in a wild boar carcass that was found near the German-Polish border in the municipality of Schenkendöbern in the Brandenburg district of Spree-Neisse . Since the carcass was already badly decomposed, it can be assumed that the entry had already taken place several weeks earlier. The site is located in the immediate vicinity of pig populations in the neighboring Oder-Spree district . In a first step, graded restriction zones (exclusion zones) are set up that touch areas in the German districts of Spree-Neiße, Oder-Spree, Dahme-Spreewald and in Poland: the core zone within a radius of about 3 kilometers from the site is secured with an electric fence as well as being banned from entering and harvesting; they are surrounded by the so-called endangered area with a radius of 15 kilometers and a buffer zone in a radius of 30 kilometers. In the endangered area there are 17 registered pig holdings of various sizes with a total of 4,000 animals, one of which is in the core zone. A few days later, more infected wild boars were discovered near Neuzelle in the Oder-Spree district. A second outbreak is located 60 km north of it in the Märkisch-Oderland district . In order to curb the spread through mechanical transmission , it is forbidden to let dogs run free in the restricted areas . So far there are no measures against free-roaming wolves in Brandenburg with 47 registered wolf packs.

As of November 13, 2020, there were already 150 confirmed cases of wild boars infected with the virus.

Since many importing countries require certificates that Germany is free from swine fever, exports to countries outside Europe have in fact largely come to a standstill. South Korea, the People's Republic of China and Japan have officially stopped imports (as of mid-September 2020). The Federal Ministry of Agriculture is trying to limit the blanket stop to exports from the affected region through agreements, as is done within the EU.

ASF has been detected in a total of 1466 wild boars in eastern Germany - as of July 1, 2021. Even before ASF was detected in domestic pigs for the first time in Germany (which happened in mid-July 2021), a number of agricultural companies had to cease operations because of the consequences of ASF.

Austria

According to the Austrian Animal Disease Act , African swine fever is a notifiable animal disease. The official control measures are determined by the ordinance for the control of African swine fever in domestic pigs and wild pigs .

Switzerland

In Switzerland, African swine fever is classified by the Animal Disease Ordinance (TSV) as a highly contagious animal disease within the meaning of the Swiss Animal Disease Act (TSG) and is therefore one of the animal diseases whose control is classified as of the highest importance. Control is regulated by the Ordinance on the Prevention of the Introduction of African Swine Fever. The main focus is on preventing the introduction of animals, which is why the importation of live pigs, pig sperm, ova and embryos as well as fresh pork and pork products from certain regions in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland as well as from Sardinia into Switzerland is prohibited.

Russia and Belarus

In contrast to the EU, neither Russia nor Belarus test dead pigs for ASF - it does not officially exist there, although the pathogen has been detected in wild boars in the Lithuanian-Belarusian border area.

After the outbreak in the EU, Russia closed the border on pork from the EU. A quarter of EU pork exports normally go to Russia. The import ban led to a decline in the revenues for slaughter pigs in the EU. The interest group of pig farmers in Germany (ISN) estimates that since mid-February 2014 pig farmers in Germany have lost 20 euros per animal for slaughter.

Denmark

The Danish Nature Management Office (Naturstyrelse) of the Ministry of Environment and Food started erecting a wild boar fence near Padborg on January 28, 2019 along the 67-kilometer Danish-German border . The wild boar fence is part of the agreement between the minority government of Prime Minister Lars Løkke Rasmussen and Dansk Folkeparti from March 2018 to step up action against African swine fever (ASF). The fence was completed within ten months.

Other states

In most countries of the European Union , African swine fever is classified as a notifiable disease.

As of 2018, there were widespread cases in Hungary and the Czech Republic, not only in wild boars, but also in domestic pigs.

literature

  • Alarm plan of the state government MV for the ASP of July 2, 2001
  • Information sheet from the Swiss Federal Veterinary Office from February 2004
  • Felix Höltmann: Equipped for all cases , Landwirtschaftliches Wochenblatt Westfalen-Lippe 24/2020, p. 36f.
  • Heinrich Liebermann: Textbook of the veterinary virology . G. Fischer, Jena, Stuttgart 1992, ISBN 978-3-334-60360-4 .
  • Hans Plonait, Klaus Bickhardt: Textbook of Pig Diseases, 4th Edition, Parey, Stuttgart 2004, ISBN 978-3-8304-4104-5 .
  • Erwin Sieverding: Handbook of Healthy Pigs , Osnabrück 2000, ISBN 978-3-9806688-1-1 .

Web links

Commons : African Swine Fever  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

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