Wolves in Germany

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Areas with evidence of wolves in Germany in 2017/18 (based on a 10 km grid cell division not shown on the map)
  • Areas with evidence of wolfs
  • proven wolf reproductions
  • Germany lies in the middle of the original range of Eurasian wolves . In the 18th century the wolf was wiped out in most regions of what is now Germany. At the latest, the wolves found in Germany from the second half of the 19th century to the end of the 20th century were very likely immigrants. In the year 2000 the wolf reproduced successfully (rearing puppies) in Germany for the first time in the Saxon part of Lausitzproven. Since then, the number of wolves has increased continuously; the area of ​​distribution has constantly increased and extended to large parts of the Federal Republic. In the recording period (monitoring year) 2018/19 there were a total of 105 herds, 25 pairs and 13 territorial individual animals in eleven federal states; 393 puppies were born. In 2019, according to the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, at least 275 to 301 adult wolves were recorded in Germany according to the monitoring data of the DBBW. According to projections by the German Hunting Association (DJV) , a total of around 1,300 wolves, adults and young animals, have been living in Germany since early summer 2019.

    Individual animals migrating through were observed in all federal states with the exception of the three city-states and the Saarland .

    extermination

    In the late Middle Ages , with the increase in livestock farming, the wolf was persecuted intensively; The forest pasture in particular resulted in significant livestock losses by the wolf. In the 15th and 16th centuries, attempts were made to eradicate the wolf through systematic control with the help of rag hunts , traps, pitfalls and poison baits. In the 17th century, during the Thirty Years' War , but also as a result of plague epidemics , especially in the German eastern provinces, the population of the wolf, which had already been largely exterminated, partially recovered . Under Johann Georg II of Saxony, 2,195 wolves were hunted between 1656 and 1680 and 4,300 wolves in Prussia alone in 1700. In what is now the Federal Republic of Germany, wolves were largely exterminated by 1750. The wolves hunted in Western Pomerania since 1740 were rated as "scattered specimens" that "can no longer be regarded as native animals"; a last Prussian proof of puppies in 1834 concerns the western part of Pomerania and thus today's Poland .

    In Westphalia the autochthonous wolves (born in the area) were probably exterminated before 1770; wolves that appear there afterwards are considered immigrants. In the north-western Eifel , the wolf is said to have been "standing game" until 1872, but the population there was repeatedly supplemented from the Ardennes . Wolves had also reached the eastern bank of the Rhine via the frozen Rhine and some of them migrated to Wittgensteiner Land in south-eastern Westphalia. Wolves killed in Westphalia and Lower Saxony in the 19th century were, as far as their sex is known, without exception males who apparently carried out long-distance migrations.

    It is not known when the last wolves originally living in the area of ​​what is now Germany were killed; a birth of puppies is not documented for the 19th century. However, until some regions of Germany were repopulated around the turn of the millennium , individual wolves were repeatedly shot or killed in other ways, for example in Lower Saxony in 1872 a wolf in Becklinger Holz . The public was particularly interested in some of these wolves, such as the " Tiger von Sabrodt " shot in Lusatia in 1904 , which was initially thought to be an escaped circus animal. The Lichtenmoor strangler is a fictitious predator that was said to have torn numerous domestic and wild animals around the Lichtenmoor northeast of Nienburg / Weser in Lower Saxony in 1948 and that was later assigned a wolf identity. In fact, the alleged victims of the "strangler" attack were mostly animals that had been poached or illegally slaughtered.

    Wolfsstein in Becklinger Holz, Bergen military training area . Here the hunter of King George V of Hanover shot the last wolf in Lower Saxony in 1872

    Wolf stones

    Since the 17th century, wolf stones have been set up in Germany in memory of special events with wolves such as hunts or kills. More recently, stones have also been set to commemorate the return of wolves.

    Repopulation

    In Germany, the wolf predominantly inhabits open and loosely forested habitats that are rich in cover.

    After the Second World War , wolves repeatedly immigrated to Germany. By 1990 at least 21 wolves had been shot or trapped in Germany. Since the 1990s, Germany has been colonized by wolves from neighboring countries to the east and south. In the Saxon and Brandenburg part of the Lausitz, wolves inhabit an enclosed area of ​​3200 square kilometers (in 2012), which continues in Poland. The rearing of puppies in the Saxon part of Lausitz in 2000 was the beginning of a new population dynamic that was accompanied by further rearing and expansion of youngsters. In Saxony, for example, the wolf population increased to a total of 27 wolf territories by 2019 in which 22 packs, 4 pairs and a single territorial animal live. Reproduction has been demonstrated in twenty of the territories. In four of them, two females with teats and two litters were confirmed. Double reproductions have already occurred several times in Saxony. Based on the genetic profiles in the early colonization phase, a large part of the wolves living in Germany today can be traced back to two female individuals, the daughters of the first pack in the Muskauer Heide FT1 "Sunny" and FT3 "Einauge".

    In Lower Saxony the number of wolf packs has grown from 1 to 23 within 8 years.
    Comparison of the population densities of the wolf population in Germany and other countries.

    In some federal states the number of wolf packs is increasing rapidly, so that certain areas can be designated as wolf areas in which herd protection measures are subsidized by the state. The federal documentation and advice center on the subject of wolves recorded 107 wolf territories in Germany for the 2017/18 monitoring year (72 in the previous monitoring year), of which 73 were occupied by packs, 31 by pairs and three by individual territorial animals (see table; one monitoring year , also called the wolf year, begins on May 1st with the approximate date of birth of the puppies and ends on April 30th of the following year). The federal states of Baden-Württemberg, Hesse, North Rhine-Westphalia, Rhineland-Palatinate, Saarland and Schleswig-Holstein only recorded evidence of single animals migrating in the monitoring year 2017/18 and, like the city-states of Berlin, Bremen and Hamburg, which remained completely without evidence of wolfs, had none from a population-biological point of view local wolf populations. The annual increase in the number of wolf territories is 32% on a national average. An average annual increase of 60% was demonstrated in Lower Saxony.

    State (as of 2019) Territories pack Couples Individual territorial animals Puppies
    Baden-Württemberg 1 0 0 1 0
    Bavaria 4th 1 1 2 5
    Brandenburg 49 41 8th 0 154
    Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania 10 5 4th 1 15th
    Lower Saxony 30th 21st 6th 3 85
    North Rhine-Westphalia 1 0 0 1 0
    Saxony 27 22nd 4th 1 85
    Saxony-Anhalt 17th 15th 2 0 49
    Thuringia 1 0 0 1 0
    Schleswig-Holstein 2 0 0 2 0
    Rhineland-Palatinate 1 1 0 0 4th
    Germany as a whole 143 106 25th 13 397

    (see also wolf monitoring: conservation status of the population )

    Food composition of wolves living in Lausitz . The percentages refer to biomass proportions calculated on the basis of faecal analyzes , 95 percent of which consisted of the remains of wild ungulates .

    Most of the wolves living territorially in Germany and western Poland today are assigned to the Central European flatland population . Some of the wolves that immigrated to Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg in the 21st century (and in one case moved on to Hesse and Rhineland-Palatinate ) came from the Alpine population. Individual wolves from the Dinarides- Balkan population have also migrated to the German Alpine region. In Germany, wolves seem to prefer “ habitat structures with a heather-like character” as well as habitats “that contain loosened forest stands and thus sufficient cover options”. Wolf habitats in Germany are also characterized by sparse human habitation and low traffic density (few roads), as well as high population densities of wild ungulates such as roe deer , red deer and wild boar . Wolves that have immigrated from Poland to East Germany are particularly present at military training areas and recultivation areas of former opencast mines .

    At least single animals migrating through were observed in almost all federal states. For example, after the first wolf sightings were recorded in Schleswig-Holstein in 2007, there were already 22 records by 2012. By November 2018 this number rose to 136 records. The rapid spread of the wolf is encouraged by its enormous potential for long-distance migrations. For example, a young male who was equipped with a transmitter in the Saxon Lausitz in April 2009 had covered a straight line distance of 800 kilometers to Belarus by autumn of the same year . Fähen can also cover long distances: In 2011, a young wolf hiked a good 300 kilometers as the crow flies from Saxony-Anhalt to Hamburg within a month . In Rhineland-Palatinate , there will be photo proof of wolf pups near Neuwied for the first time in 2020 , which suggests a territorial pair and the beginning of a pack formation, as well as photo proof of a wolf near Bad Dürkheim . In Baden-Württemberg , three male wolves with individualization have been identified, two of which come from Lower Saxony (GW852m, GW1129m) and one from the Alpine population (GW883m); there is also a number of records without individualization. In North Rhine-Westphalia , the she-wolf GW 954 f, which comes from the Schneverdingen pack, has been recorded since 2018, as well as other female and male specimens that have been classified as migrating individual animals.

    Of 233 wolves found dead in Germany between 1990 and January 2018, around 70 percent were road victims ; The second most common cause of death was illegal homicide at 14 percent (see graph). Both with regard to the number of illegal killings and the number of road traffic victims, the number of unreported cases can be assumed. Nevertheless, the annual growth rate of the wolf population in Germany is given as 30 to 35%, depending on the source. The study "Habitat Modeling and Estimation of the Potential Number of Wolf Territories in Germany", which was commissioned by the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation and published in May 2020, estimates that there is a potential for 700 to 1400 wolf territories in Germany, including possible territories of individual animals and pairs gives.

    Protection status

    Wolves found dead in Germany from 1990 to January 2018

    According to Section 7, Paragraph 2, No. 14, letter a) of the Federal Nature Conservation Act, the wolf is a strictly protected species in Germany; he is also protected by the German Animal Welfare Act. It is forbidden, among other things, to catch it, to kill it and to destroy its breeding grounds or resting places. Exceptions to these bans can be permitted in justified cases. The revocation of the protection status was made easier by the passage of a corresponding law in December 2019 to end the increased attacks on farm animals by wolves by shooting them down. Luring and feeding the species was also prohibited by law in Germany.

    Deliberately killing a wolf can still be punished as a criminal offense with up to five years' imprisonment or a fine; a fine or imprisonment of up to six months is provided for the “accidental” shooting of a wolf. The unauthorized shooting of wolves in nature reserves or national parks can be punished as a serious environmental crime with a prison sentence of up to ten years. Also hunting legal consequences such as withdrawal of the hunting license possible.

    At the time of the Iron Curtain , wolves were not protected in the GDR . Wolves that immigrated from Poland were hunted there regularly. Since the reunification of Germany in 1990, the same protection status has applied in the new federal states as in the old Federal Republic of Germany , which led to the establishment of wolf populations first in Saxony and Brandenburg and finally in some old federal states as well.

    Outside of Saxony, the wolf is not subject to hunting law. In Saxony it is subject to hunting law, but enjoys year-round protection due to its protected status . The inclusion of the wolf in the Saxon hunting law in 2012 is irrelevant for the nature conservation status of the wolf, as this status is based on the Fauna-Flora-Habitat Directive (FFH Directive) applicable to all member states of the European Union . Hunting interventions for numerical or spatial control of a wolf population or preventive stock controls are ruled out due to the legal situation in Germany. Are also protected Wolfs hybrid (hybrids from Wolf and domestic dog) of the first four generations, which is here the actual protection objective is to eliminate the hunting of wolves as putative hybrids. For reasons of species protection, wolf hybrids that are unequivocally recognized should be removed from nature in accordance with Recommendation No. 173 of the Bern Convention (2014). Removal from nature requires a special permit under nature conservation law. The Washington Convention on the Protection of Species , which is also in force in Germany, prohibits international trade in wolves or body parts of wolves (such as fur).

    Although the number of locally loyal wolves in North Rhine-Westphalia is still very low, three wolf areas have already been designated, including 505 km² in the Eifel

    Conflicts

    In addition to electric fences, livestock guardians have proven their worth for the protection of grazing animals

    Wolves prefer prey that can easily overwhelm them. In areas with grazing livestock, there are therefore occasional attacks on livestock. Between 2002 and 2016, a total of 3,455 farm animals were injured or killed by wolves in Germany. Sheep and goats were affected to 86.8 percent, wild animals to 9.7 percent, cattle (mostly calves ) to 3.3 percent (others: 0.2 percent). The number of attacks on livestock increased over the years in line with the increasing number of wolves. In 2017, an increase of 66 percent compared to the previous year was observed: In 472 attacks by wolves on farm animals in 2017, 1,667 farm animals were injured, killed or missing, according to the damage statistics from the Federal Documentation Office in Germany. In 2018, the DBBW listed 639 attacks in which 2,067 farm animals were killed or injured

    As part of wolf management , almost all federal states provide for compensation payments for grazing animals and the promotion of preventive measures. Compensation payments to livestock farmers require an assessment of the injured or killed animals, for example by a crack expert. The Federal Documentation and Advice Center on Wolf recommends a 120-centimeter-high electric wire fence made of five strands as a protective measure for safe grazing animals ; as wolves try to slip under a fence rather than jump over, the bottom strand should be no more than 20 centimeters above the ground. In 2016, the federal states spent around 1.2 million euros on herd protection measures and around 135,000 euros on compensation payments. On the part of agriculture, there are demands such as “100 percent assumption of the costs for wolf-proof fences to protect grazing animals; the establishment of wolf-free zones; the "removal" of all wolves who help themselves with the grazing animals; the inclusion of the wolf in the hunting law as well as the 100 percent replacement of all grazing animals killed, injured or damaged by early abortion by Isegrim. "

    As inhabitants of Central European cultural landscapes , wolves, like other wild animals, can also go for food in the area of ​​localities, especially at night; this corresponds to the normal behavior of animals that are used to man-made structures. People in vehicles and riders are often not recognized as humans by wolves and other wild animals, so that the animals only seem not to be shy under these circumstances. Conflicts between humans and wolves can arise, however, when wolves actually lack the fear of humans, for example because they have been fed or because they approach domestic dogs and ignore the handler. There is often concern among the general public that wolves could be dangerous in such cases. In Germany so far (as of 2018) there has been no documented case in which a wild wolf behaved aggressively towards a person. One tries, especially habituated (to man accustomed) Wolves by deterrence to drive sustainable: They are used acoustic, optical, olfactory (odor) or painful stimuli from, for example, by bombarding with rubber bullets. If these measures are unsuccessful, a special permit can be issued to “remove” the wolf from the herd or to kill it. On April 27, 2016, a wolf was shot in Lower Saxony that had failed to scare off; this was the first legally shot wolf after the animals returned to Germany. The then Lower Saxony Environment Minister Stefan Wenzel (Greens) and the Nature Conservation Union Germany (NABU) regretted the decision and justified it with the fact that the wolf ( MT6 ) had repeatedly approached people.

    On June 8, 2020, a car collided with a young wolf on the B 6 between the Bordenau and Frielingen junctions. The small car came off the road and hit a tree. The driver and Wolf died at the scene of the accident.

    Political Consequences

    The return of the wolves has led to lively arguments between supporters and opponents of this development. Many state governments set up what is known as a wolf management system, which is intended to enable humans and wolves to coexist with little conflict. One of the related measures was z. For example, the establishment of the LUPUS - Institute for Wolf Monitoring and Research in Germany , the federal documentation and advice center on the subject of wolves, and other initiatives that had previously aimed to educate the population through intensive public relations work. So far, however, these efforts have hardly helped to balance the opposing positions and the debate often resembles a “war of faith” about the right approach, which is accompanied by mutual accusations. Close contact between humans and wild wolves is judged by one side to be harmless and by the other as potentially threatening.

    The question of to what extent a further increase in the wolf population is desirable is politically charged and is often used to accuse those responsible for inadequate or wrong action. In November 2016, the environmental policy spokesman for the CDU and CSU parliamentary groups in the federal and state governments drafted the “Dresden Resolution”. In this paper, the return of the wolf "as a result of nature conservation" is presented at least in parts as not unproblematic and the inclusion of the wolf in the hunting law of the federal states is proposed for examination. The wildlife biologist and wolf consultant Ulrich Wotschikowsky , who had already criticized the wolf policy of NABU and other associations in the past , criticized the Union politicians in an open letter. Dealing with wolves was a controversial topic in Lower Saxony and a campaign issue before the state elections on October 15, 2017 . Lower Saxony's Environment Minister Olaf Lies ( Weil II cabinet ) said in February 2018 that the wolf was increasingly losing its fear of people. The idea that the wolf lives in Germany and only feeds on wild animals obviously does not work.

    Federal Environment Minister Svenja Schulze (SPD) declared in March 2018 that she wanted to create a "Lex Wolf" that should clearly regulate the shooting of wolves in Germany. To do this, she wants to change the Federal Nature Conservation Act. According to Schulze's idea, a wolf should in future be allowed to be shot if it causes “serious agricultural damage”. The wording that has been in effect so far names “considerable damage” and the threat to livelihoods as a prerequisite (see wolf management ).

    In May a draft law, the so-called Lex Lupus , was approved in the federal cabinet, according to which the previous strict rules in the Federal Nature Conservation Act for a wolf kill will be relaxed. Not only specific wolves that have been found to have cracks (if there are wolf-proof fences) may then be killed, but also wolves in the pack in future, even if the wolves that were specifically shot down were not the cause. The shooting, if necessary the whole pack, then goes on until the attacks stop. An official permit is still required. In future, proof of “serious” instead of “considerable” and thus existence-threatening damage should be sufficient. The NABU criticized the planned changes. According to the Federation for the Environment and Nature Conservation Germany , the new regulations could even worsen the problem, as if the pack structures were destroyed, alien wolves would have to migrate or hunt young wolves without their parents, which could lead to an increase in livestock cracks.

    After the Federal Minister of Agriculture Julia Klöckner announced after an initial compromise that she wanted to enforce further simplifications for the shooting of wolves, Schulze said that the biggest problem for the shepherds was not the wolf, but "the current agricultural subsidy", and demanded a grazing animal premium from Klöckner, as there would be in almost all of Europe. (see also herd protection ).

    In December 2019, the Bundestag passed a law that allows wolves to be shot to protect grazing animals. The measures are intended to avert economic damage to farmers and shepherds. A killing should also be possible if it is unclear which wolf attacked a herd. According to the plans submitted by Svenja Schulze (SPD), wolves should be able to be shot in an area until there are no more attacks, even if a whole pack is killed. The state authorities have to approve each shot individually. The shooting should be allowed in "serious economic damage".

    literature

    • Theodor Schmidt: De r Wolf . In: Baltic Studies . Volume 24, Stettin 1872, pp. 65-154.
    • Dmitrij Ivanovich Bibikow: The wolf. Canis lupus ( The New Brehm Library. Vol. 587). 3rd edition, unchanged reprint of the 2nd edition 1990. Westarp Wissenschaften, Hohenwarsleben 2003, ISBN 3-89432-380-9 .
    • Patrick Masius, Jana Sprenger: The story of the bad wolf - persecution, extermination and return. In: Nature and Landscape . Vol. 87, No. 1, 2012, pp. 11-16, abstract .
    • L. David Mech , Luigi Boitani (Eds.): Wolves. Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago IL et al. 2003, ISBN 0-226-51696-2 .
    • Henryk Okarma: The wolf. Ecology, behavior, protection. Parey, Berlin 1997, ISBN 3-8263-8431-8 .
    • Ilka Reinhardt , Gesa Kluth : Living with wolves. Guidelines for dealing with a conflict-prone species in Germany ( BfN- Skripten . 201, ZDB -ID 1476341-2 ). Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (BfN), Bonn 2007, digital version (PDF; 3.3 MB ).
    • Erik Zimen : The wolf. Behavior, Ecology and Myth. The legacy of the famous wolf researcher. New edition. Kosmos, Stuttgart 2003, ISBN 3-440-09742-0 .
    • Shaun Ellis, Monty Sloan (Photos): The Wolf - Wild and Fascinating. Parragon Books Ltd, 2012, ISBN 978-1-4454-8426-6 .
    • Committee for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety: Report by the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety on the way of life, status and management of the wolf (Canis lupus) in Germany . for the technical discussion on November 4, 2015. Ed .: German Bundestag. Reject printed matter 18 (16) 313. Berlin October 28, 2015 ( digitized version (PDF) ).
    • Contact office Wolfsregion Lausitz, Internationaler Tierschutz-Fonds (Ed.): Wolves on our doorstep. In the border area between Germany and Poland. 2014, (PDF; 1.3 MB).
    • Contact office Wolfsregion Lausitz, Internationaler Tierschutz-Fonds (Ed.): When you meet a wolf. 2014, (PDF; 1 MB).
    • Stefan Willeke: The wolves are coming , in: Die Zeit , April 1, 2015, pp. 11-13.
    • Eckhard Fuhr: Return of the Wolves. How a homecomer changes our lives . Riemann Verlag, Munich 2014, ISBN 978-3-570-50171-9 .
    • Birgit Mennerich-Bunge: Does the wolf have to learn to respect? Experience from Lower Saxony. In: Official veterinary service and food control. Vol. 25, No. 2, 2018, pp. 1–7, PDF .

    Web links

    Commons : Wolf ( Canis lupus )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
    Wikiquote: Wolf  Quotes
     Wikinews: Wolf  - on the news

    Individual evidence

    1. a b c story of wolf and man. ( Memento of the original from December 15, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Contact office Wölfe in Saxony. Retrieved January 27, 2018. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.wolf-sachsen.de
    2. ^ The wolf in Lower Saxony. Principles and measures in dealing with the wolf.  ( Page no longer available , search in web archivesInfo: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Lower Saxony Ministry for the Environment and Climate Protection. Retrieved January 25, 2018.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.dbb-wolf.de  
    3. a b Wolf Territories in Germany. Summary by federal state Documentation and advice center of the federal government on the subject of wolf. Retrieved December 12, 2019.
    4. ^ RND: Already 105 packs: More and more wolves in Germany
    5. DBBW: Updates to the Confirmed Territories
    6. DBBW: Wolf Territories in Germany - Summary by Federal States
    7. Circle of Friends of Wild Wolves: Evidence of wolves in Germany, as of November 18, 2018
    8. Circle of Friends of Wild Wolves: Distribution map Germany 2018
    9. Julius von Bohlen-Bohlendorf: News about the occurrence and distribution of the lynx (F. lynx.) And the wolf (C. lupus) in the former Swedish part of Pomerania in the 17th and 18th centuries. In: Communications from the natural science associations of New Western Pomerania and Rügen. Vol. 5/6, 1873/1874, pp. 1-30.
    10. David Blackbourn : The Conquest of Nature. A history of the German landscape. Translated from the English by Udo Rennert. Pantheon, Munich 2008, ISBN 978-3-570-55063-2 , p. 61.
    11. ^ Theodor Schmidt: Cheers for the four hundredth anniversary of the foundation celebration of the University of Greifswald. To the natural history statistics of the mammals that have exterminated in Pomerania. Gentzensohn, Stettin 1856, pp. 27-100 .
    12. Rüdiger Schröpfer, Reiner Feldmann, Henning Vierhaus (eds.): Die Säugetiere Westfalens (= treatises from the Westphalian Museum of Natural History. Vol. 46, H. 4 = Publication of the Working Group for Biological-Ecological State Research. 68). Westfälische Vereinsdruckerei Münster, Münster 1984, ISBN 3-924590-04-4 , pp. 269-271.
    13. Matthias Blazek: The hunt for the wolf. Isegrim's difficult fate in Germany. Contributions to hunting history in the 18th and 19th centuries. Ibidem-Verlag, Stuttgart 2014, ISBN 978-3-8382-0647-9 , pp. 46-54.
    14. Walther Fournier (The wild hunter): At the campfire. Hunting mixed pickles from two worlds. Rudolf Möhring, Schwerin in Mecklenburg 1913.
    15. Hans Stuhlmacher : The strangler from the light moor. Eilte's wolf killer, Hermann Gaatz, tells the story. sn, hurried 1949.
    16. ^ Ilka Reinhardt, Gesa Kluth: Living with wolves. 2007, pp. 156-157.
    17. a b c d Management plan for the wolf in Brandenburg 2013 - 2017. Ministry for Environment, Health and Consumer Protection Brandenburg. 2012. Retrieved January 19, 2018.
    18. ^ Contact office wolves in Saxony: Development of the wolf population
    19. ^ Saxon State Chancellery: Six new wolf territories confirmed in Saxony
    20. Carsten Nowak, Verena Harms: Genetisches Wolfsmonitoring in Deutschland - Findings on the origin, degree of hybridization and spreading behavior of the German wolf population In: Abstracts of the contributions to the conference of the German Hunting Association, Berlin March 21, 2014, PDF page 20
    21. Ilka Reinhardt , Helene Möslinger, Catriona Blum-Rerát, Anne Jarausch: Wölfe in Sachsen Status report for the monitoring year 2015/2016 page 28.
    22. Wildlife Management Lower Saxony: Wolf Monitoring
    23. German Farmers' Association: Wolf density per country
    24. ^ Occurrence (occupied grid cells) of wolves in Germany in the monitoring year 2017/18. Documentation and advice center of the federal government on the subject of wolves, accessed on February 21, 2019 .
    25. Wolf (Canis lupus). Local population & endangerment. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, accessed on February 21, 2019 .
    26. Wildlife Management Lower Saxony: Wolf Monitoring
    27. Monitoring and research. Nutrition analysis. ( Memento of the original from February 3, 2018 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Contact office Wölfe in Saxony. Retrieved February 2, 2018. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.wolf-sachsen.de
    28. Management Plan Wolves in Bavaria - Stage 1. StMUGV Munich 2007. Accessed on January 20, 2018.
    29. a b c d e Management Plan Wolves in Bavaria - Level 2. Bavarian State Office for the Environment. Hof 2014. Accessed January 20, 2018.
    30. a b c d The return of the wolf to Baden-Württemberg. Action guidelines for the appearance of individual wolves. Ministry for Rural Areas and Consumer Protection Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart 2013. Retrieved January 17, 2018.
    31. a b c d Wolf management for Hesse.  ( Page no longer available , search in web archivesInfo: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Hessian Ministry for the Environment, Climate Protection, Agriculture and Consumer Protection. Wiesbaden 2015. Accessed January 21, 2018.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.dbb-wolf.de  
    32. Management plan for the wolf in Thuringia.  ( Page no longer available , search in web archivesInfo: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Thuringian Ministry of Agriculture, Forests, Environment and Nature Conservation. Erfurt. Retrieved February 1, 2018.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.dbb-wolf.de  
    33. ^ Wolf management in Schleswig-Holstein. State portal Schleswig-Holstein, May 19, 2015. Accessed April 29, 2016.
    34. RP-online: Wolf family sighted in the forest near Neuwied
    35. Baden-Württemberg Ministry for the Environment, Climate and Energy : Clear Evidence (C1) on wolves in Baden-Württemberg
    36. State Office for Nature, Environment and Consumer Protection North Rhine-Westphalia : Wolf evidence in North Rhine-Westphalia
    37. Dead finds of wolves. Summary by federal state.  ( Page no longer available , search in web archivesInfo: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Documentation and advice center of the federal government on the subject of wolves. Accessed January 31, 2018.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.dbb-wolf.de  
    38. Hans-Dieter Pfannenstiel: The wolf (Canis lupus L. 1758) - statement on the handling of this animal species in the cultural landscape of Germany page 26
    39. Stephanie Kramer-Schadt, Moritz Wenzler, Pierre Gras, Felix Knauer: Habitat modeling and estimation of the potential number of wolf territories in Germany , BfN- Skripten 556, Bonn 2020 ( link to the digitized version , map of potential territories p. 23 )
    40. Dead finds of wolves. Summary by federal state.  ( Page no longer available , search in web archivesInfo: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Documentation and advice center of the federal government on the subject of wolves. Accessed January 31, 2018.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.dbb-wolf.de  
    41. Law passed: Bundestag decides to make it easier to shoot wolves . In: Spiegel Online . December 19, 2019 ( spiegel.de [accessed December 19, 2019]).
    42. Berliner Morgenpost- Berlin: Wolf shooting: The Bundestag decides on Thursday. December 19, 2019, accessed on December 19, 2019 (German).
    43. Protection status.  ( Page no longer available , search in web archivesInfo: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Documentation and advice center of the federal government on the subject of wolves. Accessed January 31, 2018.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.dbb-wolf.de  
    44. Celler Kurier: The public is supplied with false data by the Wolfs lobby
    45. § 3 Saxon Hunting Ordinance of August 27, 2012 (SächsGVBl. P. 518)
    46. Natura 2000 list of the species occurring in Germany in Annex IV and V of the Fauna Flora Habitat Directive
    47. DBBW: dealing with hybrids
    48. Almost 500 attacks nationwide: the number of wolf attacks has risen significantly.Report on the website of the news television channel n-tv on February 16, 2019, accessed on February 16, 2019
    49. Wolf management.  ( Page no longer available , search in web archivesInfo: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Documentation and advice center of the federal government on the subject of wolves. Accessed January 31, 2018.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.dbb-wolf.de  
    50. Farmers call for support from Lausitzer Nachrichten on March 11, 2018
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