Bavarian Forest National Park

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Bavarian Forest National Park
Typical landscape for the Bavarian Forest National Park: rocky granite subsoil and mixed forest consisting mainly of spruce and beech
Typical landscape for the Bavarian Forest National Park: rocky granite subsoil and mixed forest consisting mainly of spruce and beech
Bavarian Forest National Park (Germany)
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Coordinates: 48 ° 58 ′ 0 ″  N , 13 ° 23 ′ 0 ″  E
Location: Bavaria , Germany
Surface: 24,217 ha
Founding: October 7, 1970
Address: Bavarian Forest National Park Administration Freyunger
Strasse 2
94481 Grafenau
Logo Nationalpark Bayerischer Wald.svg
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The Bavarian Forest National Park is a national park in the rear Bavarian Forest right on the border with the Czech Republic . It was founded on October 7, 1970 as Germany's first national park . Since the expansion on August 1, 1997, it has a size of 24,250 hectares (242.5 km²). Together with the neighboring Bohemian Forest (→ Šumava National Park , 68,064 hectares), it is considered to be the largest contiguous forest area in Central Europe .

Above all, high-altitude forests rich in spruce, mountain mixed forests of fir, beech and spruce, upright forests in the valleys and some remains of primeval forest are protected. The national park area is still characterized by the former forestry. When the bark beetle attacked large areas of forest in the 1990s , it was decided not to intervene; part of the high-altitude forests died. Residents of the national park discussed the decision controversially. Later, as a compromise, it was decided to control the bark beetle in the extension area.

The highest peaks in the national park are the Große Rachel (1453 m), the Lusen (1373 m) and the Große Falkenstein ( 1315  m above sea level ). In addition to the high forests, there are also ecologically valuable high moors with moor lakes such as the Latschensee and former high pastures (" shafts ").

With over 700,000 visitors per year, the national park is an important economic factor in the structurally weak region of the Bavarian Forest.

geography

The national park stretches along the main ridge of the Bavarian Forest from the Großer Falkenstein (1305 m) in the northwest over the Großer Rachel (1453 m) to the Lusen (1373 m) in the southeast.

According to the structure of the main natural spatial units of Germany , it belongs to the rear Bavarian Forest in the Upper Palatinate-Bavarian Forest group .

The national park is located in eastern Bavaria in the districts of Regen and Freyung-Grafenau along the border with the Czech Republic and today covers an area of ​​24,250 hectares (primeval) forest landscape in the low mountain range of the Bavarian Forest . It borders on the communities (from north to south): Bayerisch Eisenstein , Zwiesel , Lindberg , Frauenau , Spiegelau , Sankt Oswald-Riedlhütte , Neuschönau , Hohenau and Mauth . Part of the national park is located on the territory of the respective municipalities, and sometimes it is community-free areas .

In the national park area, especially on the edges, there are many enclaves :

  • Zwieslerwaldhaus at the foot of the Großer Falkenstein , belongs to the municipality of Lindberg.
  • Schleicher and Kreuzstraßl belong to Lindberg.
  • Neuhütte and Jägerfleck near Spiegelau
  • Guglöd , belongs to Sankt Oswald-Riedlhütte
  • Waldhäuser am Lusen , belongs to Neuschönau, the largest enclave of the national park
  • Altschönau , belongs to Neuschönau.
  • Sagwasser-Säge and Weidhütte , a cohesive functional enclave that is connected to the rest of the country, but can only be reached via a road in the national park, belongs to Hohenau.
  • Glashütte, belongs to Hohenau.

There are also a few other enclaves, but they only include one or more small properties. These numerous enclaves, especially in the old area, mean that the border there is very long and the edge zone, in which bark beetle control is allowed, protrudes far into the interior of the park (see below for more details).

Geology and soils

Main article: Bavarian Forest - Geology

The Bavarian Forest forms the southwestern edge of the very old basement area of ​​the Bohemian Massif . Together with the Black Forest and the Vosges, it forms the central area of ​​the Central European Variscan Mountains . Their unfolding began in the Devonian geological age 416 million years ago, but was eroded into a low mountain range in the following ages. It was raised again as part of the Alpidic orogeny 100 million years ago (Earth Age Chalk ).

The parent rocks are therefore paragneiss and crystal granites, which are mostly deeply weathered. The areas between Bayerisch Eisenstein and the Rachelsee consist of gneiss . Some granite deposits are interspersed throughout the area .

In the ice ages (3 million to 13,000 years before today) the high elevations of the mountains were glaciated .

In line with this initial situation, strongly acidic brown soils , podsoles and podsol brown soils dominate the national park area . Small areas of brown earth are associated with raw soils and tendrils in the steep elevations .

climate

Main article: Bavarian Forest - Climate

The Bavarian Forest lies on the border between the maritime climate of Western Europe and the continental climate of Eastern Europe. Partly it is still under the influence of Atlantic westerly winds, partly continental south-east currents already dominate here. In summer the area is often on the eastern flank of western high pressure areas . On the mountain ridge that extends from northwest to southeast, bad weather fronts approaching from the west and moist air from the Mediterranean area accumulate. This leads to maximum precipitation in July and December / January. In winter, the area is often under the influence of continental high pressure areas. The climate of the inner Bavarian Forest is characterized by cold, snowy winters and short, relatively warm summers. At high altitudes, snow depths of over one meter regularly occur in winter, and in extreme cases they can reach three to four meters.

Habitat types

Zonal vegetation

In the national park, a typical zoning of the forests can be observed depending on the altitude:

High altitudes

Mountain spruce forest with Norway spruce ( Picea abies )

The high altitudes or summit regions , which depending on the location between 1050 and 1250  m above sea level. NHN are the coldest with annual mean temperatures of two to five degrees Celsius. Precipitation ranges from 830 to 2280 mm per year and snow cover can last seven to eight months. The typical forest community of the high areas is the mountain spruce forest ( Calamagrosti villosae-Picetum barbilophozitosum ). The Norway spruce ( Picea abies ) occurs almost exclusively here . The rowanberry ( Sorbus aucuparia ) and the sycamore maple ( Acer pseudoplatanus ) are scattered to a small extent . The lower limit of the high-altitude forests is defined by the distribution limit of the common beech ( Fagus sylvatica ).

  • Types of herb and shrub layer (selection)
Bilberry ( Vaccinium myrtillus ), seven star ( Trientalis europaea ), lady fern ( Athyrium filix-femina ), Pannonian gentian ( Gentiana pannonica ), forest saddle grass ( Calamagrostis arundinacea ), blue monkshood ( Aconitum napellus ), lichen .

Slopes

Mixed mountain forest with beech and spruce

The slopes between 700 and 1150 m above sea level are the climatically most favorable regions of the national park with annual mean temperatures of 4.4 to 7.2 degrees Celsius. The annual precipitation is between 830 and 1820 mm, the snow cover only lasts four to five months. Due to the favorable climatic conditions, mixed mountain forest grows there, one third of which would consist of red beech ( Fagus sylvatica ), silver fir ( Abies alba ) and Norway spruce ( Picea abies ) without human influence . In the list of natural forest communities, the mixed mountain forest is divided into thorn-fir-beech forest ( Luzulo luzoloides-Fagetum ) on the poorer and woodruff beech forest ( Galio odorati-Fagetum ) on the richer locations.

By forestry which was white fir from 1850 in the mountain mixed forests because of their slow growth rate in favor of beech and especially Norway spruce pushed back. Furthermore, it was severely impaired by game browsing . Between 1960 and 1990, new types of forest damage (" forest dieback ") also led to a massive loss of fir trees. This tree species is currently involved in forest development with less than five percent. However, their share in the rejuvenation is already nine percent, so that it will play a greater role in the future.

However, the fir does not taper well in open spaces such as the bark beetle areas. Here it is exposed to the risk of radiation frost and is particularly dependent on the spruce, but also the beech in growth. It depends on the balanced climate inside the forest. There it can hold out for several centuries in the under and intermediate conditions, in order to then be able to quickly grow into the upper class when light is supplied, for example by the death of an old tree. The prerequisite for this would be undisturbed forest development and larger stands that are in the decay stage.

Firs can live up to 600 years and thus live twice as long as beech and spruce. However, they grow much more slowly, but can reach heights of over 60 m. A high number of firs is therefore the prerequisite for the multi-level structure in the mixed mountain forest, which is desired for ecological reasons.

Since most of the old stands were destroyed due to the intensive forestry from 1850 to 1970, it will take several tree generations and therefore centuries of undisturbed forest development until the level of 1850 is reached again.

  • Types of herb and shrub layer (selection)
Raspberry ( Rubus idaeus ), Senecio ovatus ( Senecio ovatus ), Dryopteris dilatata ( Dryopteris dilatata ), Real male fern ( Dryopteris filix-mas ), fern ( Blechnum spicant ) Fireweed ( Epilobium angustifolium ), Cicerbita Alpina ( Cicerbita alpina ), Turks' Union ( Lilium martagon) , Mondviole ( Lunaria ), Spiked Christopher's herb ( Actaea spicata L. ), Hare lettuce ( Prenanthes purpurea ), Red elder ( Sambucus racemosa ).

Valley locations

Aufichtenwald at the Zwieslerwaldhaus

The valley locations are between 600 and 800 m above sea level. The air flowing off from the higher altitudes accumulates in them, so that lakes of cold air often form there. The annual rainfall is 1030 to 1630 mm, the average annual temperatures are 3.7 to 6.5 degrees Celsius and the snow cover lasts between 5 and 6 months. In particular, the frequent occurrence of early and late frosts and extensive wet soils mean that the beech and other warmth-loving deciduous trees cannot survive there. The dominant forest community is the spruce forest (Calamagrosti villosae-Picetum bazzanietosum), in which the spruce is the predominant tree species. Hainsimsen-spruce-fir forest occurs on somewhat drier locations , where under natural conditions 50% spruce and white fir would grow. Adjacent tree species in the valleys are sand birch ( Betula pendula ), downy birch ( Betula pubescens ), mountain ash ( Sorbus aucuparia ), black alder ( Alnus glutinosa ), gray or white alder ( Alnus incana ), various types of willow ( Salix ), Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris) ) and mountain pine ( Pinus mugo )

  • Types of herb and shrub layer (selection)
Blueberry ( Vaccinium myrtillus ), forest riding grass ( Calamagrostis arundinacea ), ferns , mosses

Azonal vegetation

In addition to the forests, which are graded according to altitude, there are also other vegetation communities at special locations:

Canyon forests

Höllbachgspreng

In deep canyons like the Höllbachgspreng are ravine forests , where in addition to spruce, beech and fir numerous deciduous trees occur, including sycamore ( Acer pseudoplatanus ), Norway maple ( Acer plantanoides ), elm ( Ulmus glabra ), common ash ( Fraxinus excelsior ), Sommerlinde ( Tilia platyphyllos ), winter linden ( Tilia cordata ), bird cherry ( Prunus avium ) and the yew ( Taxus baccata ).

Raised bogs

Great felt
Great felt

Under cold and damp conditions, large amounts of rotten plant material have accumulated in the valley basins affected by cold air as well as in some plateau and saddle areas, which could not be completely broken down due to the short vegetation times. Over the centuries, meter-high layers of peat formed , which became more and more isolated from the ground and surface water. The water supply in these raised bogs can only come from the very nutrient-poor rainwater. Under these conditions only very few plants that are well adapted to these conditions can survive, especially peat moss ( Sphagnum ).

Plant species in a typical raised bog of the Bavarian Forest:

Many moors have been drained and peat has been extracted over the centuries. After placing it under protection, the national park administration is trying to renaturate and rewet these valuable habitats, but with varying degrees of success.

See also: Regenmoor

Tree species composition

In the forest inventory 2002/03 the following tree species composition was found in the upper class. It becomes clear that the spruce is represented far more frequently than the potential natural vegetation, while the fir is almost completely absent.

Current tree species composition (rounded)
Altitude level / tree species fir beech Spruce Other deciduous trees
High altitudes 0% 0% 90% 10%
Slopes 3% 34% 58% 5%
Valley locations 5% 6% 83% 6%

fauna and Flora

Mammals

lynx

Many rare animal species have been preserved in the national park or have been resettled there. These include rare species such as the lynx ( Lynx lynx ), European wildcat ( Felis silvestris ), beaver ( Castor fiber ), otter ( Lutra lutra ), pug bat ( Barbastella barbastellus ), Bechstein's bat ( Myotis bechsteini ), and great mouse-eared mouse ( Myotis myotis ) , just like other typical inhabitants of the Bavarian Forest. These include the red deer , of which around two thirds spend the winter in a gate because they want to avoid excessive browsing damage in the mountain forest. You can even find moose coming over from the Lipno reservoir in the Czech Republic .

The last wild lynxes were exterminated in the Bavarian Forest around 1850. In the 1970s, five to ten lynxes were released in the area of ​​the national park, and in the 1980s, 17 animals in the then ČSSR in the Bohemian Forest (Šumava). Initially, the lynx population increased sharply (an estimated 70 to 100 animals). In the period from 1995 to 2008 the lynx population decreased significantly. There were illegal killings on the Czech side and also on the Bavarian side.

Brown bears ( Ursus arctos ) no longer live in the wild in the national park.

In 2016, a wild wolf couple ( Canis lupus ) immigrated to the Bavarian Forest and had young in 2017.

The deer in the national park

The lack of large predators makes it necessary to regulate the population of red deer ( Cervus elaphus ) and wild boar ( Sus scrofa ) through hunting in order to keep the browsing of forest trees, especially the silver fir, under control. Around two thirds of the red deer are kept in four winter fences, which are surrounded by inaccessible game reserves. Individual specimens are hunted there, but also in other places, to avoid increased damage to the surrounding private forests. The red deer are still shy and nocturnal, probably because of the hunting pressure. Nature conservation associations and the national park management have (as of 2004) looked for alternatives. According to the national park administration, the red deer should stay in the lower-lying commercial forests in winter. Winter gates would then be dispensable. The proposal failed, however, due to resistance from the hunting officials and the landowners.

Birds

Many rare species of birds live in the national park: capercaillie ( Tetrao urogallus ), hazel grouse ( Bonasa bonasia ), peregrine falcon ( Falco peregrinus ), the honey buzzard ( Pernis apivorus ), Black Stork ( Ciconia nigra ) and pygmy owl ( Glaucidium passerinum ).

The population of the now very rare capercaillie has steadily declined since 1945 despite all protective measures. At that time 250 birds were counted, in 1984 only 16. Between 1982 and 2000 534 capercaillies were released. Nevertheless, the population has hardly increased. In 2005, the population in the entire national park was estimated at 23 to 30 chickens. There may be more capercaillies in the Šumava National Park. The cause of the decline is not entirely clear; Actually, the varied landscape with a high proportion of border lines should appeal to the birds. They may be very disturbed by the tourists' dogs running freely.

insects

In the National Park are far more than 1,800 beetles - species detected, including 14 "jungle relict species" very rare insects such as the Zottenbock ( Tragosoma depsarium ), the only natural and full of deadwood happen forests.

plants

Rare and endangered plant species that occur in the national park are: Pannonian gentian ( Gentiana pannonica ), blue tarant ( Swertia perennis ), green goblin moss ( Buxbaumia viridis ) and green broom moss ( Dicranum viride ).

Forest and nature conservation history

Older forest history

In the period of the older Dryas (11,490-11,400 BC) the mountains of the Bavarian Forest were covered by tundra vegetation , if not glaciated . Only towards the end of this period do pollen analyzes show the emergence of shrub vegetation made up of juniper ( Juniperus ) and low willow species ( Salix ).

In the Alleröd Interstadial (11,400-10,730 BC) , birch ( Betula ) and pine forests ( Pinus ) dominated, which became thicker over time. Herb vegetation declined.

In the Younger Dryas (10.730–9700 BC) late glacial herbaceous meadows developed again under a sparse pine forest with interspersed birches and junipers.

In the Preboreal (9700-8690 BC) pollen analyzes show a closed pine forest with birch and poplar trees ( Populus ). There was a mass spread of the hazelnut ( Corylus avellana ). The herbaceous vegetation that needed light and the junipers declined. During this period there was a slow immigration of Norway spruce ( Picea abies ), elm ( Ulmus ), oak ( Quercus ) and alder ( Alnus ). Initially, these only had a small share in the forest structure.

In the Boreal (8690–7270 BC) the pine and birch forests were pushed back in lower elevations by mixed oak forests of oak, elm, linden ( Tillia ), hazelnut and in the higher areas by spruce forests. In the middle of the boreal, the hazelnut expansion reached its peak, after which this shrub continued to decline. In the floodplains of the valley areas, the alders spread over a large area.

Atlantic

The humid and warm Atlantic (7270–3710 BC) forms the Holocene climatic optimum.

In the now tightly closed forests of the valley and hillside areas, mixed oak forests of oak, linden, elm and ash ( Fraxinus ) predominated . Pine and birch fell. The hazelnut still played a significant role in the development of the forest, but it also steadily declined in the course of the Atlantic. Above 900 meters, the mixed oak forest was pushed back by the spruce.

In the second half of the Atlantic, the common beech ( Fagus sylvatica ) immigrated and displaced the mixed oak forest , especially linden and elm. The canopy was now so tightly closed that the herbaceous vegetation receded again. In the Bavarian Forest beech and spruce forests dominated, above 1050 meters almost pure spruce forests. During this period the silver fir ( Abies alba ) first appeared sporadically . Now warmth-loving shrubs and trees such as elder ( Sambucus ), ivy ( Hedera helix ), mistletoe ( Viscum ) and the European yew ( Taxus baccata ) appeared.

Pollen analyzes show that in the warm and humid period of the late Atlantic, the fir in the Bavarian Forest expanded at the expense of the spruce, while the proportion of the beech did not change. In contrast to the current period, there were dense spruce-fir-beech forests in the higher elevations, with the red beech noticeably and the fir only slightly receding compared to the conditions in the lower elevations.

In the slopes and valleys there were beech-fir forests without spruce. The latter tree species was pushed back on extremely wet and poor soils in the valleys. Elm, linden, ash, hazelnut and maple only grew on special locations such as ravines. Oak trees were only found below 500 meters. Relatively high proportions of pine pollen show that back then, as an Ice Age relic, there were probably much larger pine bushes ( Pinus mugo ) in the highest elevations than today. The hornbeam ( Carpinus betulus ) also appeared in the Bavarian Forest for the first time. However, it always had only a very small share in the development of the forest.

Post-heating time

In the post- warming period , the subboreal (3750-450 BC) , the climate deteriorated, it became colder and drier (more continental). The Norway spruce ( Picea abies ) now spread more at the expense of the beech and fir.

At the beginning of the subatlantic (450 BC to the present day) the fir had a larger share at all altitudes than in 1850, the beginning of modern forestry. This is shown in the following table:

Tree species composition at the beginning of the sub-Atlantic (rounded)
Altitude / tree species fir beech Spruce
High altitudes 30% 30% 40%
Slopes 40% 40% 20%
Valley locations 40% 50% 10%

In the following centuries the proportion of fir and beech trees slowly declined in favor of spruce. Especially since the Little Ice Age around 1300, the recent tree species distribution described in the Ecology chapter has emerged.

The causes of the tree species sequence described were, on the one hand, climate changes. The successive immigration of different tree species also played an important role. Climatic conditions allowed a larger number of tree species to grow. Among these, the most competitive prevailed. In the Bavarian Forest these were the fir, beech and spruce, while other species such as oak, which could also grow in this area, were displaced.

Herynian Forest

At the turn of the ages Celtic population groups lived in Lower Bavaria on the Danube , but the Bavarian Forest, referred to by the Romans as the Herkynischer Wald , was a completely deserted forest wilderness.

This is also shown by pollen analyzes. Since the subboreal pollen of the settlement pointer plantain plantain ( Plantago lanceolata ) has been found in the moors , but no grain pollen. The former were blown over 50 km from the long-settled Danube plain . Grain pollen, on the other hand, does not fly that far. They could only be detected in medieval horizons.

North forest

In the Middle Ages - advancing eastwards from the Danube - the clearing and reclamation of the outer and inner Bavarian Forest, now known as the northern forest, began by Christian monks . The Niederaltaich monasteries were established in 741, Rinchnach in 1011, Gotteszell in 1286 and St. Oswald in 1396. Further clearings were made on the trade routes to Bohemia . Some villages were founded with the necessary infrastructure for the traders, such as taverns , saddleries and farriers . “This first settlement activity created clearing islands in the sea of ​​forests, but it did not change the substance of the forest.” Due to the need for firewood and construction wood, the huge wood stocks were far from being fully used, even in the vicinity of the few human settlements.

Glashüttenwald

In the 13th century the Bavarian dukes and later electors settled glassmakers . This took place first in the outer and in the 15th century also in the inner Bavarian Forest. The raw materials in the form of wood and quartz needed for glass production were in abundance. Most of the places in today's national park region owe their existence to the glassworks , including Riedlhütte , Neuschönau and Weidhütte . The glassworks forest in the vicinity of the glassworks was used intensively. However, only the logs that were well suited for processing and transport were removed, so that there were no complete clear cuts. If the usable forest in the vicinity of a glassworks was used up, it was simply relocated to another location. It was not possible to transport wood over long distances. Potash to lower the melting temperature of the glass was obtained by Köhler in forests further away, as it could be easily transported. Around 1850, the beginning of modern forestry, only border forests were left in a somewhat natural state. These later formed the national park.

Modern forest management (1850–1969)

From 1850 the rights of the glassworks owners were replaced and the forests of the Bavarian Forest were managed for forestry purposes. The forests in the valleys were completely felled, the soil drained and converted into spruce plantations. On the slopes, the method of plenter and femel blow was initially practiced, where some trees were left standing as overholding . At this point in time, however, most of the young, regrowing fir trees were removed as part of the so-called "pre-growth pattern", so that their proportion decreased considerably. The actual mountain locations were still used relatively little. To remove the wood, the mountain streams were straightened and so-called Klausen , i.e. reservoirs, were created. At the time of the spring flood they were drained so that the water level was sufficient to float large logs into the valley ( Trift ). Most of these clauses are still preserved. They form an insurmountable barrier for migratory fish .

Around 1900, the so-called pure soil yield theory prevailed in Bavarian forestry . After that, the remaining jungle-like stocks were excess stocks, which had long been "unproductive" due to their growth behavior. According to this teaching, the goal had to be to cut down such stands as quickly as possible and replace them with rapidly growing spruce stands. That was also decided in 1910. Between 1910 and 1950, almost all of the remaining primeval forest remnants of the mountain and hillside locations were de facto destroyed using the deforestation method. Only from 1950 did they return to the Saumfemelschlag . At that time, forests over 100 years only took up 21.6% of the area of ​​the later national park.

The last brown bear in the Bavarian Forest was shot in 1833, the last wolf in 1846 and the last lynx in 1850. Originally hardly any deer and roe deer lived in the later national park area. These were only promoted for hunting purposes from 1850 through winter feeding and the extermination of the great predators . As a result, the browsing load of forest trees, especially the silver fir, increased and significantly hindered their regeneration.

First nature reserves

Towards the end of the 19th century it became apparent that the majestic, wild high forests of the Bavarian Forest with their huge tree specimens, which Adalbert Stifter described in his novels, would be a thing of the past in the foreseeable future. For the first time it was demanded that at least some particularly striking remains of the primeval forest should be preserved. The Höllbachgspreng was therefore placed under protection as early as 1914, the Mittelsteighütte primeval forest area in 1939 and the Hans-Watzlik-Hain with its huge silver fir trees in 1950 .

National park

The first demands for the establishment of a large nature reserve in the Bavarian Forest appeared as early as 1911 in the Lower Bavarian monthly magazines. At the end of the 1930s / beginning of the 1940s, the plans to create a national park, of which Lutz Heck was one of the proponents , were well advanced, but had to be postponed due to the war. It was not until 1966 that these plans were renewed on the initiative of Bernhard Grzimek and the Bund Naturschutz in Bayern under Hubert Weinzierl . The Bavarian Ministry of Agriculture and the State Forestry Administration initially had concerns. In the press as well as on radio and television, sometimes heated discussions began about the meaning and character of the project.

On September 6, 1967, the official founding meeting of the association for the promotion of the Bavarian Forest National Park project took place in Grafenau . On June 11, 1969, the Bavarian State Parliament unanimously decided to establish the Bavarian Forest National Park in the Rachel-Lusen area. The old national park had a size of 13,229 hectares. On November 2, 1969, the Bavarian Forest National Park Office began its work in Spiegelau . It was ceremoniously opened in Neuschönau on October 7, 1970 by Minister of State Hans Eisenmann .

Even after the establishment of the national park, forestry was initially permitted in a reduced form for years . The aim was to create and maintain a forest suitable for the location with a stable, stepped structure, the conversion of all non-location-appropriate forest parts and the removal of foreign tree species such as the Douglas fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii ). Existing remains of the jungle should be preserved. The harvest age was no longer based on the maximum income, but on the maximum physical age and the health of the trees. Endangered and rare tree species such as the silver fir were to be promoted. However, the new types of forest damage (" forest dieback ") led to an incremental depression and a further decline in this tree species, which is very sensitive to sulfur dioxide . The large combustion plant ordinance made it possible to significantly reduce sulfur dioxide emissions in the late 1980s. Therefore, during this time the growth performance and vitality of the silver fir began to increase again and is currently at the level before the forest dieback .

In 1983 the timber industry was stopped in a reserve area in the interior of the national park with an area of ​​6,500 ha. In 1992, according to the new National Park Ordinance, regular forestry was completely ended. Trees infested by bark beetles may only be felled in a 500 m wide border strip to protect the adjacent commercial forests.

The bark beetle in the national park

Spruce forest preloaded by wind breaks after bark beetle infestation
Young spruce at Rachel

When a thunderstorm on August 1, 1983 and another storm in November of the same year felled around 70,000 cubic meters of wood, Minister Hans Eisenmann decided not to intervene in the natural forest development in the new reserve areas. A "primeval forest for our children and grandchildren" should be created. Even in extreme events such as storm throws and bark beetle infestation, the natural development continues.

In the mid-1980s and early 1990s, violent storms led to numerous other wind breaks, which suddenly created favorable living conditions for the printer ( Ips typographus ) belonging to the bark beetle subfamily . This is a feared forest pest that had already attacked large areas in the Bavarian Forest in earlier centuries. In the following years the printer population increased so much that even healthy, standing spruces fell victim to the severe infestation. Individual “bug holes” widened and finally merged into large fronts.

Between 1995 and 2005, between 367 and 827 hectares of spruce forest area were infested with the bark beetle each year. In the meantime, the focus of mass reproduction has been exceeded in the old area. However, the old spruce trees in the high-altitude forest have almost completely died. In the mixed mountain forest areas around the beetle fronts and in the more local "beetle holes" the spruce trees have died selectively, while beech and, more rarely, silver fir are left over and are now using the improved light.

The mass proliferation of the letterpress printer ( Ips typographus ) was also favored by several warm years in the 1990s. Since 1995 there have been days with temperatures above 20 degrees every year in April and May in the high altitudes, so that the printer could swarm out. Only this early swarming time enables several generations of beetles to form in one summer and thus mass reproduction. This development is certainly related to global warming . It is possible that the spruce trees were also weakened by new types of forest damage and thus predisposed to attack.

In parts of the population, the inaction ordered by the national park administration met with incomprehension; the neighboring forest farmers feared for their own, economically used stock. Others, on the other hand, saw the bark beetle as a helper to transform commercial forests with susceptible monocultures into strong mixed forests , the best precaution against future infestation. After the old coniferous forest cultures were largely dead, the number of bark beetles decreased significantly and in many places regrowing mountain ash , spruce and beech trees have formed a young forest. In 2004, these new trees had already reached a height of 70 cm (September 2015: up to 4–5 m in the ridges; in some cases gaps and depending on the occurrence of older seed-forming spruce trees that are still alive; in the lower areas, the young forest is much denser and the beech seems to gain significantly in area compared to the spruce).

There are several associations in the Bavarian Forest in which national park opponents and national park supporters have come together. Since it has become apparent that the dead forest is rejuvenating and tourism has not been affected, the number of critics of the national park administration has declined.

Effects of global warming

Forests of medium and higher latitudes show a particularly high susceptibility to climate change. Accordingly, global warming is already having a significant impact on the Bavarian Forest .

In 2018, the mean monthly temperature in April was already 4 ° C warmer than 45 years ago. As a result of the rise in temperature and lack of precipitation , massive spruce death can be observed. The trees weakened by the drought stress are susceptible to the bark beetles, which multiply rapidly due to the high temperatures, and can no longer withstand storms.

National park extension

Old and extension area of ​​the national park
Clear-cutting at the Rindelloch in the extension part of the Bavarian Forest National Park

On July 10, 1997, the national park was enlarged by 10,950 ha (109.5 km²) by the decision of the Bavarian State Parliament. Essentially, the Falkenstein area of ​​the former Zwiesel Forestry Office was added to the National Park; In addition, some forests near the Frauenau drinking water reservoir that were previously privately owned : 460 hectares could be acquired from the property of Baron von Poschinger and 504 hectares were exchanged for the national park from the property of Baron von Wolffersdorf .

Fears that the forests of the Großer Falkenstein will also die out led to protests against the enlargement of the national park. In the affected communities ( Bayerisch Eisenstein , Frauenau , Lindberg and Zwiesel ) there were sometimes violent protests with demonstrations against the planned expansion of the national park to the area of ​​the Regen district , for example on the town square in Zwiesel on July 1, 1995 with around 1500 participants . In Frauenau there was a referendum to expand the national park in April 1996 . 73 percent voted against a national park extension.

Due to the lack of responsibility of the municipalities, the expansion by 12,500 hectares was nevertheless carried out. Due to the protests of the opponents of the National Park, however, § 14 "High-altitude forest" of the National Park Ordinance of September 12, 1997 included the provision that the high-altitude forest should be preserved in its substance and function and therefore the expansion of the bark beetle to the forests of the Avoid high elevations between Falkenstein and Rachel. As a result of this regulation, the bark beetle in the expansion area is fought heavily in some cases through clear felling of affected spruce trees . In particular, the use of large machines to transport wood has been criticized by the Federation of Nature Conservation in Bavaria . The clear cuts to control bark beetles resulted in "2,000 hectares of largely treeless, stepped land" in the national park. This corresponds to 8% of the national park area. From a completely different point of view, around 100 supporters of the “Citizens' Movement for the Protection of the Bavarian Forest” illegally planted 500 spruce seedlings on a bare area between Großem Falkenstein and Lakaberg as part of a protest against the national park's bark beetle policy.

Special features in the national park

Rachel

View from Rachelsee to the big Rachel
View from the Falkenstein to the Rachel

At 1,453 m, the Rachel is the highest mountain in the national park and the second highest mountain in the Bavarian Forest as a whole (after the Arber at 1,456 m). Mixed mountain forest extends up to approx. 1150 m and above this limit there is mountain spruce forest, which, however, has almost completely died off due to bark beetle infestation. Unlike in the Lusen area, the rejuvenation is relatively low here. The reason for this is that the high-altitude forests only died after the spruce was fully fattened in 1995, so that larger fern and grass facies have already formed, which hindered the germination of spruce seeds. The larger proportions of altitudes above 1250 m in the Rachel massif and the predominant block humus soil make regeneration even more difficult.

The Rachelsee is located at an altitude of 1071 m. It was formed by a moraine wall after the last ice age. The Rachel Chapel is located on the Rachelseewand at a height of 1212 m . There is an ice age information trail south of Lake Rachel. The original jungle has been preserved on the east bank of the Rachelsee on the Seewand (former NSG).

The Rachel can be reached from the hikers' car parks Gfall and Racheldiensthütte. You are regularly approached by the IGEL buses in the summer months , the roads leading there are closed to car traffic. Another, considerably longer route leads from Frauenau to Rachel.

Lusen

View from the Lusengipfel on the summer path

The 1373 m high Lusen is located in the eastern part of the national park directly on the border with the Czech Republic. Mixed mountain forest there extends up to 1250 m, above which there is mountain spruce forest, which has also died due to bark beetle infestation. In contrast to the Rachel area, significantly larger proportions of young spruce are covered, some of which have reached heights of several meters even in the summit region. The uppermost summit area of ​​the Lusen is occupied by a silicate block rubble . The rocks are overgrown with lichen, especially the map lichen (Rhizocarpon geographicum). Slightly below the summit there is a pine bush (Pinus mugo).

The Lusen can be reached from the Fredebrücke and Lusen hikers' parking lots, which are approached by the IGEL buses. A mountain stream nature trail has been laid out west of the summit on the Kleine Ohe . Nearby is the Teufelsloch, a rock rubble slope and the steep summer path that leads directly to the summit of the Lusen.

Great Falkenstein

View of the Falkenstein from Oberfrauenau

The 1315 m high Falkenstein is the highest mountain in the extension area of ​​the national park. An ascent leads through the Höllbachgspreng , a steep gorge in which the original gorge forest has been preserved. In contrast to the old area, the mountain spruce forests in the Falkenstein massif have not died off except in windthrow areas ( Hurricane Kyrill , 2007).

Primeval forest areas at the Zwieslerwaldhaus

European yew tree in the Mittelsteighütte jungle area
Huge trunks of red beech and spruce in the Mittelsteighütte jungle area

East of the Zwieslerwaldhaus below the Falkenstein is the 38 hectare Mittelsteighütte primeval forest area with huge old spruce, fir and beech trees. To the west of it lies the eleven-hectare Hans-Watzlik-Hain, named after the ethnic writer Hans Watzlik , with the thick fir tree (also known as the Westhütter fir tree), which has a trunk circumference of 6.4 meters and a height of 52 m. This makes it the strongest tree in the Bavarian Forest. Their age is estimated to be 600 years. In the Hans-Watzlik-Hain there are also numerous other large trees of the species spruce, beech and fir.

Shafts and felts near Buchenau

Between the Rachel and the Falkenstein near Buchenau there are several shafts and felts , i.e. former forest pastures with many old, isolated trees and moors. Particularly interesting is the Latschenfilz moor with a mountain pine moor and the Latschensee . Nearby are the Kohlschachten and the Große Schachten.

Rock hiking area

The rocky hiking area near Neuschönau consists of numerous bizarre rock debris around the mountains Kanzel (1002 m) and Kleine Kanzel (1011 m). The surrounding forest is so difficult to walk that it could only be used for forestry with great difficulty. That is why many old trees, especially silver firs, have been preserved. All forest use has been suspended since 1970. In the meantime, the rocky hiking area has regressed a long way towards the jungle, the old spruce trees have partly died off due to bark beetle infestation. The mountain Großalmeyerschloß (1196 m) is a little further north of the rocky hiking area .

Great felt

The Große Filz is located near Sankt Oswald-Riedlhütte at an altitude of approx. 750 m (Diensthüttenstraße car park). A boardwalk leads through the edges of the moor. Here dominated spruce bog forest, further inside mountain pine forest with dwarf shrubs, heather (Calluna vulgaris) and peat moss . The bog width is not directly accessible, but can be observed from a lookout tower .

National park concept and management

Target

The aim of the national park is to “let nature be nature”, as stipulated in Section 24 of the BNatSchG . The main area of ​​the national park is to protect nature and thus also the dynamic processes in the forests . In over 11,000 hectares (43 percent of the area), people no longer intervene in the natural process at all. This proportion is gradually being increased to over 75% and thus corresponds to the international requirements for a national park.

Zoning

Management zones in the national park
Entrance zones in the national park

To ensure that the natural processes in the national park do not have any undesirable effects on neighboring areas, the national park area was divided into zones:

  • The nature zone makes up 71.2% of the area of ​​the old area (AG) and 10.3% of the area of ​​the extension area (EC) (2017: 68% of the total area; source: Activity Report 2017). Here people no longer intervene at all, not even in the event of catastrophic events such as wind breakage and bark beetle infestation. Only the hiking trails are kept open.
  • In the peripheral zone (26.5% AG, 16.0% EG), bark beetle control is taking place permanently to protect the surrounding forests. Otherwise the edge zone is not used for silviculture either.
  • Tourist offers such as national park centers and animal enclosures are concentrated in the recreation zone. It accounts for 2.3% of the AG and 1.0% of the EC.
  • The expansion zones are only on the ground floor and make up 72.6% there. The forests are to be gradually left to natural use by 2017. Existing uses resulting from third party rights ( recesses ) should be replaced as quickly as possible. Bark beetle control will remain permissible until 2027.

The division of the national park into core and peripheral zones is independent of this. In the core zones , which mainly include the high elevations, but also the Mittelsteighütte primeval forest area, the Großer Filz near Riedlhütte and the rocky hiking area, there are strict trails. In the edge zone , the forest can also be entered outside the paths.

Certificates

In 1972 the national park received international recognition from the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN). In 1986 the European diploma of category A was awarded by the Council of Europe (last extended in 2006 to 2011).

In Germany only one national park, the Bavarian Forest National Park, was awarded a Transboundary Park certificate for exemplary cross-border cooperation with the Czech National Park Šumava in 2009.

administration

The national park administration has about 200 employees, the headquarters are in Grafenau .

Head of the National Park Administration:

Behavior in the national park

According to the National Park Ordinance, some special rules of conduct apply to visitors in the National Park:

  • The marked paths must not be left in the core areas. Exception: Between July 15 and November 15, unmarked paths and paths in the core zone may also be used. Outside the core zone, the forest is freely accessible all year round.
  • It is forbidden to let dogs run free.
  • Tents and open fires are only allowed in places specifically marked for this.
  • Cycling is also only permitted on approved trails.
  • Riding is prohibited in the national park.
  • Most roads in the national park are closed to motor traffic in summer.
  • It is forbidden to leave rubbish in the national park.
  • Noise and loud music playing is prohibited.
  • Plants and animals may not be removed from the national park. Berries and mushrooms can be harvested for personal use, provided that the road rules are observed.

National Park Guard

The main task of the approx. 30 rangers of the National Park Guard is to enforce the provisions of the National Park Ordinance, in particular the traffic restrictions in the core zones, and to ensure that visitors' dogs do not roam ( repressive function ). In 2009, the rangers issued 1,851 instructions and filed 118 criminal charges.

They also offer guided tours and answer questions from tourists. Another task of the rangers is to check the accessibility of the paths and the safety of the visitor facilities. They provide first aid in emergencies.

Educational institutions in the national park

National Park Centers

Lusen National Park Center

brown bear

On July 5, 1982, Minister of State Eisenmann handed over the information center near Neuschönau, today the Hans-Eisenmann-Haus, to its destination. There is an exhibition on the history of the national park. The treetop path in the Bavarian Forest National Park as well as an open -air area for animals, plants and stones are located near the Hans-Eisenmann-Haus .

In animal enclosures former residents animals such as are currently in spacious enclosures and otter , owl , wild cat , lynx , owls , bison , elk , red deer , wild boar , brown bear and wolf housed in outdoor enclosures.

Falkenstein National Park Center

The information center “Haus zur Wildnis” of the Bavarian Forest National Park, built in 2005, and a 65-hectare animal enclosure are located near Ludwigsthal . Since 2006, animal species that have become extinct in Central Europe such as wild horses and primitive cattle (back-breeding) can be observed here, as well as wolves and lynxes.

Entry to the national park information centers and the animal open areas is free. However, visitors are not guaranteed to see all the animals in the extensive enclosures. Fees are charged for the parking spaces. The national park centers can also be reached with the IGEL buses.

On the night of Friday, October 6, 2017, six wolves were released from the enclosure of the Falkenstein National Park Center near Ludwigsthal. A wolf was killed that night by a train on the nearby forest railway line. The exact background was initially unclear. In the meantime there has been increasing evidence that the gate was manipulated by third parties. Unfortunately, two of the animals had to be killed because anesthesia rifles could not be used. A she-wolf padded into one of the live traps and is back in the enclosure. Because they are less shy, they are more dangerous to humans than wild wolves, but on the other hand they are mostly too shy to be able to get close enough with the anesthetic rifle. The exemption under species protection law to catch the two wolves that were still on the run expired on February 1, 2018. The search for them has been stopped.

Youth forest home

The youth forest home near Neuschönau, which opened in 1974, currently offers 55 places for school classes and youth groups. In addition to its conservation function, the national park also has the task of informing its visitors and especially young people about natural relationships. The youth forest home offers a standard program for children of primary and middle school age. For older children in grades five to eight, an attractive program with hikes (rock hiking area, Lusen , animal open-air area), visits to the Hans Eisenmann House and the treetop path and a national park experience day has been worked out. In the latter, the children should experience with all their senses what wild nature means. You will e.g. For example, you are encouraged to hug a tree blindfolded, to listen to and identify sounds of nature or to paint the different shades of green of the plants. In addition to the standard program, classes and groups can also implement their own projects that they have developed themselves if they have something to do with the national park.

Wilderness camp

The wilderness camp at Falkenstein near Zwieslerwaldhaus is operated according to a slightly different concept than the youth forest home. Overnight stays are in small groups in themed or country huts. The concept for children and adolescents consists in the fact that the small groups independently develop projects during the stay that are thematically related to the respective overnight hut. The focus here is on experiencing nature and imparting knowledge about the national park . A stay is also possible for groups of adults or families.

Teaching and adventure trails

Little Ohe

The following educational and adventure trails exist in the national park:

  • Aufichtenwaldsteig near Spiegelau
  • Treetop path in the Bavarian Forest National Park
  • Ice Age nature trail at Rachelsee
  • Schachten und Filze adventure trail: circular hiking trail around the Hochschachten, the Latschenfilz with the Latschensee and the Kohlschachten
  • Seelensteig on the Großer Rachel near the Gfung car park: In a typical mixed forest of fir, beech and spruce, a forest that has not been used for 50 years is made accessible in a natural way. Thoughts of important writers on the forest are communicated in text panels.
  • Jungle adventure trail in the Hans-Watzlik-Hain near Zwieslerwaldhaus
  • Forest history nature trail near Finsterau
  • Wildbach nature trail on the Kleine Ohe near Lusen

Forest playground

According to the motto “ Understanding nature by playing” , the forest playground near Spiegelau offers numerous playgrounds, a nature adventure trail and a forest meadow with barbecue facilities in a 50-hectare park-like forest area.

Man and forest

Two diametrically different points of view can be identified in people's attitudes towards the Bavarian Forest National Park.

Traditional view

According to the traditional view, which is still shared by many of the region's older inhabitants, primeval forests are considered a dangerous and threatening wilderness . It stands in absolute contrast to the values ​​of civilization and must therefore be kept in check.

For centuries, the inhabitants of the Bavarian Forest, called Waidler, lived from the forest (firewood and construction wood, glass, potash , hunting , collecting berries and mushrooms, etc.), laboriously pushed back the jungle through clearing and the " prey ", i.e. wolves , Bears, lynxes etc., which in their imaginations represented the untamed wilderness, exterminated. Therefore, the establishment of the national park and even more the cessation of forestry amounted to a cultural revolution. For many elderly residents of the region, the wild, completely unordered forest is like a "heap of pigs". Will also play Christian ideas as the commandment " power subdue the earth " in the very devout region an important role.

Modern perspective

“Waldwoge behind Waldwoge”, view from Rachel towards Arber

In the 19th century - inspired by Romanticism - perspectives appeared for the first time that emphasized the beauty of the old high forest with its huge ancient tree shapes. The work of the writer Adalbert Stifter (1805–1868) should be mentioned here in particular . The following quote comes from a description of the Bavarian Forest:

Waldwoge stands behind Waldwoge until one is the last and cuts the sky. It is great when mountains of clouds lie in the sky and interrupt this sea of ​​forest with patches of blue shadow. If you can call a magnificent view of the Alps a lively, lyrical poem, the simplicity of this forest is a measured epic one. "

Since the wild high forest was reduced more and more by modern forestry, it now appeared as something valuable and worth protecting. At the beginning of the 20th century, demands were first discussed to put these old forests under protection. First of all, only relatively small protected areas could be designated. When the national park was established in 1969, most of the primeval forests had already been destroyed.

The modern view was initially only represented by a few intellectuals, biologists and ecologists. It only became a mass phenomenon in the 1980s in the context of the ecological movement and the discussions about forest dieback. Since the year 2000, wilderness and national parks have been valued by more and more people as a counterbalance to an over-engineered world. However, in the national park region itself, many residents still cling to traditional ideas of wilderness.

Current developments

This background perhaps explains the violent reactions in the local population to the inaction of the national park administration during the massive bark beetle infestation in the 1990s.

An ordinance was issued on September 17, 2007, which provides, among other things, that 75 percent of the national park area is to be developed into a nature zone by 2027. In contrast, rose in June 2008, a citizens' movement, a popular action before the Bavarian Constitutional Court . In its judgment of March 4, 2009, the latter declared the extension of the nature zone to be compatible with the Bavarian Constitution and the residual risk of pest infestation among the residents as reasonable.

tourism

According to a study by Hubert Job, 760,000 people visited the national park in 2007. Of these, 511,000 visitors, i.e. 67%, were overnight guests, and 249,000, i.e. 33%, day visitors. This makes the national park the most frequently visited attraction in the Bavarian Forest as a whole. With the exception of Bodenmais , the municipalities in the Regen and Freyung-Grafenau districts that are directly adjacent to the national park have significantly higher numbers of overnight stays than those further away.

96.1% of the visitors come from Germany , 3.9% from abroad. 28% of the recorded visitors, especially day visitors, come from the immediate vicinity of the national park.

For 45.8% of visitors, the existence of the national park plays a large or very large role in their decision to visit the area. For 54.2% it does not matter. The proportion of actual national park tourists, for whom the existence of the park plays an important role, is slightly higher among overnight guests than among day guests (72% national park tourists to 63% non-national park tourists among overnight guests, 28% national park tourists to 37% non-national park tourists among day visitors ).

In 2007, visitors to the national park generated a net turnover of 24 million euros, from which the accommodation industry in particular benefits.

66.3% of the tourists surveyed said they did not, “The bark beetle development is damaging to tourism.” This means that they are more open to current forest developments than local entrepreneurs, who agreed with the above statement to 46.0%. The more the tourists know about the tasks of a national park and the role of the bark beetle in the forest ecosystem, the more likely they are to not fight the bark beetle.

Association of national park communities

For a long time, local politicians in the national park communities and also accommodation providers were rather negative about the national park. In the meantime, however, the municipalities of Bayerisch Eisenstein , Lindberg , Zwiesel , Frauenau , Spiegelau , Sankt Oswald-Riedlhütte , Neuschönau , Hohenau , Mauth and Grafenau have merged to form the National Park Municipalities Association. These cooperate in the field of tourism and also promote the national park.

Together with the municipalities of the Czech National Park Šumava , they appear as a national park region under the brand name “Wild animal”.

Bavarian Forest National Park traffic concept

Igelbus with bicycle trailer near Finsterau

The Bavarian Forest national park traffic concept is intended to enable car-free tourism in the national park. In the summer months, all hikers' parking spaces in the national park are approached by the so-called hedgehog buses every hour or half-hour , while many streets in the park are closed to car traffic. The connection between the larger communities is mainly made possible by the forest railway lines Zwiesel-Grafenau , Zwiesel-Bayerisch Eisenstein and Passau-Freyung . In the Zwiesel train station , a cycle node was set up as part of an integrated cycle timetable for all forest railway lines. A bottleneck is currently the Zwiesel-Grafenau line, which can only be used every two hours due to the lack of signal systems and crossroads.

In addition to the travel offer, the Bayerwald Ticket was introduced in the 1990s . The Guest Service Environment Ticket (GUTi) was introduced in May 2010 . This enables overnight guests to use buses and trains free of charge in the area of ​​validity of the Bayerwald ticket. All national park communities and other communities take part in the GUTi. It is part of the national park traffic concept Bavarian Forest .

Since the introduction of the GUTi, the number of passengers has increased significantly. On the Zwiesel – Grafenau railway line , capacity utilization rose to 80 to 100% after the introduction of the GUTis. The range of transport has been expanded and stops have been renovated.

literature

"Bavarian Forest National Park" stamp, first issue date: 7 April 2005
  • Hans Bibelriether: Let nature be nature. The creation of Germany's first national park: the Bavarian Forest National Park . Lichtland, Freyung 2017, ISBN 978-3-942509-61-9 .
  • Hans Bibelriether , Hartmut Strunz: Out and about in the Bavarian Forest National Park. A guide for hikers and nature lovers . Experience the forest, understand nature. Morsak, Grafenau 1990, ISBN 3-87553-353-4 .
  • Hans Bibelriether, Hannes Burger : Bavarian Forest National Park . Süddeutscher Verlag / Morsak-Verlag, Munich / Grafenau 1983, ISBN 3-7991-6193-7 and ISBN 3-87553-202-3 .
  • Marco Heurich, Hans Jehl: Forest development in the mountain forest after wind throw and bark beetle infestation . Grafenau 2001, ISBN 3-930977-26-5 .
  • Marco Heurich, Markus Neufanger: The forests of the Bavarian Forest National Park. Results of the forest inventory 2002/2003 in a historical and forest-ecological context . (= Scientific series. Issue 16). Bavarian Forest National Park Administration , Grafenau 2005, ISBN 3-930977-28-1 .
  • Marius Mayer: Costs and Benefits of the Bavarian Forest National Park. An economic evaluation taking into account tourism and forestry . oekom Verlag, Munich 2013, ISBN 978-3-86581-451-7 .
  • Stefan Nüßlein: On the development of the forest in the Bavarian Forest National Park in 1999. Mass increase in book printers and areas of dead wood in the Rachel Lusen area . (= Reports from the Bavarian State Institute for Forests and Forestry, No. 25). Bavarian State Institute for Forests and Forestry (LWF), Freising 2000.
  • Herbert Pöhnl: The semi-wild forest. Bavarian Forest National Park: history and stories . oekom Verlag, Munich 2012, ISBN 978-3-86581-300-8 .
  • Wolfgang Scherzinger : Capercaillie species protection project in the Bavarian Forest National Park from 1985–2000 . (Scientific series. Issue 15). Bavarian Forest National Park Administration , Grafenau 2003, ISBN 3-930977-27-3 .
  • Wolfgang Scherzinger, Michael Held: Wild forest nature: the Bavarian Forest National Park on the way to forest wilderness . Bavarian Forest National Park Administration, Passau 2000. Available online ( Memento from October 31, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 3.2 MB)
  • Karl Friedrich Sinner , Günter Moser: Forest wilderness without borders. Bavarian Forest National Park . Buch- und Kunstverlag Oberpfalz, Amberg 2006, ISBN 3-935719-37-X .
  • Hubert Weinzierl, Hans Bibelriether, Georg Sperber: Bavarian Forest National Park . Morsak Verlag, Grafenau, 1972, ISBN 3-87553-010-1 .

Filmography

See also

Web links

Commons : Bavarian Forest National Park  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Footnotes

  1. volume of wood felled 2007 to 2016 cf. Annual report 2016, p. 30 ( Memento of October 10, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) (pdf)
  2. ^ BfN: Landscape profile ( Memento from March 26, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
  3. ^ Roland Walter et al.: Geology of Central Europe. 5th edition. Schweizerbarth'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart 1992, ISBN 3-510-65149-9 .
  4. See for this section: Marco Heurich, Markus Neufanger: The forests of the Bavarian Forest National Park. Grafenau 2005, p. 11.
  5. See for this section: Marco Heurich, Markus Neufanger: The forests of the Bavarian Forest National Park. Grafenau 2005, p. 10.
  6. See for this section: Marco Heurich, Markus Neufanger: The forests of the Bavarian Forest National Park. Grafenau 2005, p. 12 f. and ecosystems in the Bavarian Forest National Park Bavarian Forest National Park - a forest national park in the low mountain range ( Memento from January 26, 2008 in the Internet Archive )
  7. Here almost exclusively the mountain ash on the bark beetle areas.
  8. See Natura 2000 Management in the Bavarian Forest National Park. (= Scientific series. Volume 17). Grafenau 2008, ISBN 3-930977-30-3 , p. 132 ff. And Bavarian Forest National Park (Ed.): Annual Report 2009. p. 15 ff.
  9. Farsin Behnam, Bayerischer Rundfunk: Predator under suspicion: Does a wolf tear sheep in the Odenwald? | BR.de . November 23, 2017 ( archive.org [accessed July 31, 2018]).
  10. www.nationalpark-bayerischer-wald.de ( Memento from November 10, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) (2011)
  11. Acceptance analysis of the goals and measures of deer management in the Bavarian Forest - final report June 2004 ( Memento of January 13, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) (pdf, 3 MB)
  12. Lower Bavaria: Deer shooting in Wintergattern and the Bavarian Forest National Park: Annual report 2009 , p. 49.
  13. See Natura 2000 Management in the Bavarian Forest National Park. (= Scientific series. Volume 17). Grafenau 2008, ISBN 3-930977-30-3 , p. 176 ff.
  14. Information board "Good things need Weil" "at the" Haus zur Wildnis "in the" National Park Center Falkenstein "in Lindberg , June 27, 2017
  15. See Natura 2000 Management in the Bavarian Forest National Park. (= Scientific series. Volume 17). Grafenau 2008, ISBN 3-930977-30-3
  16. a b Hartmut Stalling: Investigations on the postglacial vegetation history in the Bavarian Forest. Goettingen 1987.
  17. Hartmut Stalling: Investigations on the postglacial vegetation history in the Bavarian Forest. Göttingen 1987, p. 112.
  18. Formally, the process was always declared as saumfemel felling , but due to the rapid progress of the felling, it no longer differed from clear felling, cf. Heurich, Neufanger 2005, p. 74.
  19. Kathrin Biebelriether: Bavarian Forest National Park - Out and about in the animal free area. Grafenau 2007, pp. 15 and 29
  20. See for this section: Marco Heurich (Hrsg.): Forest development in mountain forests after wind throw and bark beetle infestation. (= Scientific series. Volume 14). Grafenau 2001, p. 9 ff.
  21. zeit.d January 8, 2017: The disaster, a stroke of luck
  22. See National Park Bavarian Forest (Ed.): Annual Report 2008. P. 15 ff.
  23. a b Visible consequences of climate change in the Bavarian Forest National Park. In: giz-Wettzell. Förderverein Geodätisches Informationszentrum Wettzell eV, accessed on November 8, 2019 (German).
  24. Andreas Glas, Christian Sebald: Forest: In Bavaria, trees die on a huge scale. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung. Süddeutsche Zeitung, accessed on November 8, 2019 .
  25. Link list
  26. The citizens' movement against the enlargement of the national park ( Memento from October 31, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
  27. www.bayerwald-schutzverein.de ( Memento from October 10, 2017 in the Internet Archive )
  28. See for this section: Marco Heurich, Markus Neufanger: The forests of the Bavarian Forest National Park. Grafenau 2005, p. 67 ff., Verbatim quotation on p. 67.
  29. Combating bark beetles is a topic in the evening show  ( page can no longer be accessed , search in web archivesInfo: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.nationalpark-bayerischer-wald.de  
  30. Trick, camouflage, deceive. ( Memento from November 29, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) In: Süddeutsche Zeitung. July 16, 2014.
  31. Citizens' movement plants 500 spruce trees.  ( Page no longer available , search in web archivesInfo: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.nationalpark-bayerischer-wald.de  
  32. Marco Heurich, Bavarian State Ministry for Agriculture and Forests: Forest Development in Mountain Forests after Wind Throw and Bark Beetle Infestation , pages 106 and 169, Passavia Druckservice GmbH, 2001, ISBN 3-930977-26-5 .
  33. ↑ Text board of the national park near the fir tree
  34. See Adalbert Pongratz: Bavarian Forest National Park. A companion for national park visitors. Grafenau 1998.
  35. Cf. Marco Heurich, Markus Neufanger: The forests of the Bavarian Forest National Park. Grafenau 2005, p. 15 ff., Verbatim quotation on p. 67.
  36. Schnappauf: European diploma extended by 5 years. Press release from the Bavarian State Ministry for Environment and Health
  37. Press release of the Bavarian Forest National Park from September 15, 2009  ( page no longer available , search in web archivesInfo: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. .@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.nationalpark-bayerischer-wald.bayern.de  
  38. Annual report 2016, p. 27 ( Memento of October 10, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) (pdf)
  39. There is no explicit leash requirement, but dog owners must ensure that the animals are in their immediate vicinity and that they do not roam around.
  40. See Ordinance on the Bavarian Forest National Park 2007 ( memo of December 28, 2013 in the Internet Archive ), Frequently asked questions about the National Park, on the Internet: https://www.nationalpark-bayerischer-wald.bayern.de/service/fragen/index. htm
  41. Bavarian Forest National Park, Annual Report 2009, Grafenau 2010.
  42. Information about the wolf outbreak - Internet offer. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017 ; accessed on November 24, 2017 .
  43. Press releases Bavarian Forest National Park - Internet site. Archived from the original on February 11, 2018 ; accessed on February 11, 2018 .
  44. WaldWildnis literature ( Memento from October 31, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
  45. Baedeker Allianz travel guide Bavarian Forest. Ostfildern 2010, p. 202 ff .; Hannes Burger in the program "Planet Wissen - The Bavarian Forest - Of primeval foresters, glassblowers and environmental pioneers" on April 22, 2009, WDR
  46. ^ Adalbert Stifter: From the Bairischen Walde first published in 1868.
  47. ^ Matthias Stremlow, Christian Sidler: Writings through the wilderness. Wilderness notions in literature and print media in Switzerland. Bristol Foundation, Zurich. Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf. Haupt Verlag, Bern / Stuttgart / Vienna 2002.
  48. ^ Decision of the Bavarian Constitutional Court of March 4, 2009 on the popular action of the citizens' movement for the protection of the Bavarian Forest e. V. in F. ( Memento from January 13, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
  49. Hubert Job among others: The Bavarian Forest National Park as a regional economic factor. (= Reports from the national park. Issue 4). 2008.
  50. The railway reactivation is getting closer and closer. In: Passauer Neue Presse. Issue F July 21, 2010.
  51. ^ GUTi: The last date to join is January 1, 2011. In: Bayerwald Bote. July 29, 2010.
  52. Bavarian Forest National Park series "German National and Nature Parks" ( Memento from January 13, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) (February 28, 2010)