Berchtesgaden National Park
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Berchtesgaden National Park
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 View from the Steinerne Meer to the Watzmann |
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| location | Southeast Bavaria , Germany | |
| surface | 208 km² | |
| Identifier | 8342301 | |
| WDPA ID | 668 | |
| Natura 2000 ID | DE8342301 | |
| Bird sanctuary | 208 km² | |
| Geographical location | 47 ° 33 ' N , 12 ° 59' E | |
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| Sea level | from 603 m to 2713 m ( ø 1593 m) | |
| Setup date | August 1, 1978 | |
| Framework plan | National park plan | |
| administration | National Park Administration, Doktorberg 6, D – 83471 Berchtesgaden | |
| particularities | The only German Alpine National Park. Core and maintenance zone of the Berchtesgadener Land biosphere region . | |
The Berchtesgaden National Park in the Bavarian district of Berchtesgadener Land is the only German national park in the Alps .
The area covers an area of 208 km² and is part of the Berchtesgaden Biosphere Reserve , designated by UNESCO in 1990 , which was expanded to become the Berchtesgadener Land Biosphere Reserve since June 2010 . The National Park Ordinance came into force on July 18, 1978. In addition, the national park is designated as a protected area within the meaning of the Birds Directive ( Natura 2000 -Nr. DE-8342-301).
geography
The Berchtesgaden National Park extends over a large part of the municipal areas of Ramsau near Berchtesgaden and Schönau am Königssee as well as over a small part of the southeastern municipality of Berchtesgaden . It is bordered in the east, south and south-west by the Austrian state of Salzburg . According to the structure of the main natural spatial units in Germany , the area of the national park belongs to the Berchtesgaden Alps in the Northern Limestone Alps .
To the park, which is located at an altitude of 603.3 ( Königssee ) to 2713 m above sea level. NHN ( Watzmann ) is located in the north of the approximately 259 km² national park area (Alpenpark Berchtesgaden), which includes the municipalities of Ramsau and Schönau, Berchtesgaden , Bischofswiesen and Marktschellenberg . The biosphere reserve or the “ Berchtesgadener Land biosphere region” forms an even larger area .
The border of the national park runs from Jenner a good 1 km eastwards and then turns around the ski area northwards to Mannlgrat and over this to Hohen Göll . From here it consistently follows the German-Austrian border to the Neue Traunsteiner Hut on the Reiter Alm . From here it encloses the entire east of the high plateau, and then drops just north of the Schottmalhorn to the Hintersee . In Ramsau , the border runs just south of Hintersee and Ramsauer Ache, eastward along the northern slopes of Hochkalter and Watzmann, back to Jenner , leaving out the northernmost end of the Königsee .
The highest elevation within the national park is the Watzmann , the central mountain range of the Berchtesgaden Alps. Particularly noteworthy is the Wimbachgries , a valley that, according to a geological theory, was created by the collapse of a vault over Watzmann and Hochkalter . It is filled with a rubble deposit up to 300 meters thick that extends over a length of ten kilometers. The Funtensee , a mountain lake where the lowest temperatures in Germany are regularly measured in winter, is also located in the Berchtesgaden National Park.
history
prehistory
The efforts of the "Association for the Protection and Care of Alpine Plants " to designate a protected area led in 1910 to the "Plant Protection District of Berchtesgaden Alps". It was around 83 km² in size and included the southern part of the Königssees, the Obersee and the surrounding mountain ranges. During the First World War , plans emerged to carve a Bavarian lion into the Falkensteiner Wall on Königssee as a "war memorial". This led to violent protests by the Bund Naturschutz , among others , which managed to establish the "Königssee Nature Reserve" in 1921. It included the Königssee, the Hohen Göll , the Bavarian part of the Hagengebirge , the Bavarian part of the Steinernes Meer , the Watzmann , the Hochkalter and the southern part of the Bavarian part of the Reiteralm and covered an area of approx. 200 km².
Establishment of the national park
From 1973 Georg Meister , who is considered to be the "founding father of the Berchtesgaden National Park", started planning the national park on behalf of the Bavarian Minister of Agriculture, Hans Eisenmann . a. its regional setting. However, the investigation of the state of the forest there, suggested by Meister, as well as the introduction of professional wildlife management and the reduction of the game population , which he believed was urgently needed, met with bitter resistance from hunting associations, local forest masters and the ministerial bureaucracy, which ultimately prevented his previously planned appointment as head of the national park.
In order to finally put a stop to efforts by the municipality of Ramsau, the Berchtesgadener Land tourist association and the market town of Berchtesgaden to build a cable car to the Watzmann, the “Berchtesgaden National Park” was finally decreed on August 1, 1978 by the Free State of Bavaria. It covers the area of the former Koenigssee nature reserve plus an extension area of almost 10 km², resulting in a total area of around 210 km². Hubert Zierl became the first director of the national park. At that time, the measure was heavily criticized, especially by the surrounding communities. The local communities made the management of the national park by the district administrator of the Berchtesgadener Land district the most important prerequisite for approval. Over time, however, the national park succeeded in gaining greater acceptance among the local population.
The national park forms the core (139 km²) and maintenance zone (69 km²) of the 467 km² large biosphere reserve Berchtesgaden .
Recent controversies
Tensions arose again in recent years when responsibility for the national park was withdrawn on the initiative of the SPD , against the decision of the district council, district administrator and district office. The municipal national park advisory board intended as a replacement is criticized by the district administrator and the municipalities in the national park area as having insufficient capacity to act due to its purely advisory work. The expansion of the core zone of the national park into the area of centuries-old cultural landscapes with alpine farming and old mountain inns such as the historic Wimbachschloss is also under discussion . The significantly poorer financial resources compared to the Bavarian Forest National Park are also receiving increasing criticism . On the occasion of the 25th anniversary of the national park, the Bavarian state government promised to build a house of mountains . While the mayors of the five national park and national park apron communities suggested a renovation of the deficit spa house, the local Junge Union , among others, preferred a house in the mountains directly at a national park entrance such as the Hintersee. The state government finally decided in favor of the Berchtesgadener Hof in Berchtesgaden, which had been vacant since the Americans left .
In 2006 another conflict arose over the national park, the so-called centimeter dispute, over the expansion of an agricultural path. To separate forest and pasture, an open pasture was created for an alpine farmer at the initiative of the national park . The expansion of an agricultural path leading to this new open pasture led to controversy about nature conservation and agricultural needs. The farmer, supported by local nature conservation associations such as the DAV Berchtesgaden and the regional heads of politics, took the position that he absolutely needed a path widening to 2.50 m to 3 m for his agricultural vehicles, while some other nature conservation associations argued that a New or substantial expansion of a road in the national park area is not permitted or is justifiable up to a maximum path width of 2 m. The dispute about the relatively short road, which is currently also in the petitions committee of the Bavarian state parliament , is so vehement because the nature conservation associations fear that this could become a precedent for softening nature conservation concerns in favor of economic concerns. However, the Bavarian State Chancellery countered this with the assurance that each such case would also be dealt with separately in the future. The local population and politics, on the other hand, bothers the great influence from outside.
Objectives of the Berchtesgaden National Park
Based on the guidelines of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources and Section 24 of the BNatSchG , the Berchtesgaden National Park has defined the following goals: protection of all of nature, scientific observation and research into natural and semi-natural communities, education and recreation of its visitors.
The most important goal is the protection of the whole of nature, to which the other goals have to subordinate themselves. This is no longer just about protecting individual plants and animals in the sense of classic species protection. Rather, all plants and animal species are strictly protected. Since nature is largely left to its own devices, processes such as erosion are also protected and can take place undisturbed. In order to be able to integrate cultural landscapes, the national park is divided into a completely protected core zone and a maintenance zone, which may take up a maximum of 25% of the area. By setting up the maintenance zone, “cultural biotopes” or individual species can now be protected.
Research focuses in the Berchtesgaden National Park are on the one hand basic research and on the other hand application-related research. You want to understand existing environmental problems in order to be able to solve or avoid them. Usually this means ecosystem analysis. Another important part of the research is long-term environmental monitoring. In Central Europe, for example, natural processes that are barely influenced by humans can only be observed in national parks.
Through environmental education , the park would like to convey the national park concept, i.e. the importance of protecting untouched nature. It is of particular importance that the park is also accepted by the local population. Furthermore, the environmental education is intended to encourage visitors to use natural resources in a sustainable manner. Furthermore, one of the goals of the national park is the relaxation of its visitors.
Since these goals sometimes contradict each other (for example by building paths for visitors in the core zone) and since nature in Central Europe is no longer pristine (the missing large carnivores are replaced by human hunters), a national park plan was drawn up. This serves as a guideline for the measures to be taken.
fauna
The larger mammals are represented in the national park by roe deer , red deer , chamois and alpine ibex , the latter not being reintroduced until the 1930s. The smaller species include alpine marmots , mountain hare and snow vole . Among the 100 species of birds that breed in the park, the golden eagle , the rough owl , the pygmy owl , the hazel grouse , the black grouse , the capercaillie , the ptarmigan , the common raven , the jackdaw , the common jay and the wallcreeper are characteristic. Griffon vultures and bearded vultures are also spotted occasionally . 16 species of amphibians and reptiles and 15 species of fish live in the area. These include some endangered species such as viper , smooth snake , grass snake , Alpine salamander , spotted salamander , alpine newt , yellow-bellied , Koenigssee char and lake trout . Typical insect species are the Alpine buck and the Apollo butterfly . Originally, bison , lynx , brown bears , wolves and otters were also part of the fauna of the area. For some of these species, immigration from neighboring areas seems possible in the foreseeable future, but targeted reintroductions are not planned.
Facilities
The largest facility in the national park is the National Park Center " House of Mountains " , including the central information and visitor center. Other smaller, decentralized national park information points are located at the most important entrances and in the national park: in the municipality of Ramsau at the Wimbachbrücke, in the Klausbachhaus not far from the Hintersee at the entrance to the Klausbachtal (former Laroslehen ) and in the Engert-Holzstube towards the Hirschbichl-Pass ; in Schönau am Königssee , on the Kührointalm and in St. Bartholomä .
The Wimbachschloss in the Wimbachtal in Ramsau is leased as a mining facility.
The national park administration is located in Berchtesgaden on Doktorberg. In Ramsau, a former forestry office also serves as a research station and to accommodate researchers and interns.
The specialist information center collects and evaluates data on the geography and the environment of the national park. Database and geographic information systems are used for this. The data is used for research, management, environmental education and public relations.
The National Park Service employees, called rangers , are responsible for visitor information, guided tours, support for research work and area control.
partnership
A partnership with Yosemite National Park in California has existed since 2014 . The administrations exchange scientists and employees and jointly develop best practices in species protection and tourism management.
Tourist use
The paths and climbs (together approx. 260 km) are mainly maintained by the national park administration. They enable a variety of different mountain tours. The national park administration offers hikes for adults and special hikes for children. Selected trails are open to cyclists. Environmentally friendly passenger boats with electric propulsion operate on the Königssee. A bathing ban in the waters of the national park has been lifted since 1987.
Numerous old hunting and alpine paths are deliberately no longer maintained or even dismantled by the national park administration, as the intention is to channel the flow of visitors. In this case, nature conservation comes into conflict with the preservation of ancient human cultural assets, such as the Almsteig.
Ramsau National Park Festival
After the national park had already held open-air performances in the Ramsau district of Hintersee at the Klausbachhaus national park information point in the summer of 2010, open-air performances by Ludwig Ganghofer's Martinsklause took place here under the title National Park Festival . The performance of this piece from the history of the Berchtesgadener Land was the contribution of the municipality of Ramsau to the celebrations on the occasion of the 200th anniversary of the Berchtesgadener Land in Bavaria.
Filmography
- In the Berchtesgaden National Park . Documentary, 45 min., Germany, 1998, by Ina Knobloch and Manfred Praxl, production: Complete-Media-GmbH, Grünwald ( ISBN 3-89672-490-8 ), short description ( memento of December 11, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) of the MDR
literature
- Michael Vogel: 25 years of Berchtesgaden National Park. Summary & outlook. In: Berg 2003. Alpenvereinsjahrbuch Volume 127, Munich / Innsbruck / Bozen 2003, pp. 28–39.
- Hubert Zierl: Berchtesgaden National Park - From the Plant Protection District to the National Park. In: Association for the protection of the mountain world (ed.): Yearbook of the association for the protection of the mountain world. Volume 67. Munich 2002, pp. 69–86 ( archive.org ( Memento from January 4, 2019 in the Internet Archive ) [PDF; accessed January 4, 2019]).
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Federal Statistical Office: Statistical Yearbook 2013, Geography and Climate , page 18, accessed on February 13, 2014.
- ↑ See NATURA 2000 - online area research. (url) Berchtesgaden National Park. Bavarian State Office for the Environment , accessed on April 29, 2012 .
- ↑ Federal Agency for Nature Conservation: Landscape profile Berchtesgaden Alps
- ↑ The Alpine Park and National Park Berchtesgaden ( Memento from July 5, 2016 in the Internet Archive ), publisher: Deutsches Jugendherbergswerk , Landesverband Bayern eV, PDF file online at jugendherberge.de ; "The Alpine Park roughly covers the area that was described by the earlier geographical term" Berchtesgadener Land ". (..) The communities of Markt Berchtesgaden, Schönau am Königssee, Ramsau, Bischofswiesen and Marktschellenberg are located in these valley areas."
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↑ § 15a Municipal National Park Committee :
(1) "To support the national park administration and to secure municipal concerns, a committee is formed consisting of the district administrator of the Berchtesgadener Land district, the first mayors of the Berchtesgaden and Marktschellenberg markets, the communities of Bischofswiesen, Ramsau b. Berchtesgaden and Schönau a. Königssee exists. "
(2)" The head of the national park administration and the head of the administration office of the Berchtesgaden biosphere reserve or their deputies take part in the meetings. "
(3)" The committee is involved in the first drafting and preparation of the landscape master plan (§ 2 ) and the National Park Plan (§ 13 Paragraph 1) as well as in determining the annual measures for the development of the National Park (§ 13 Paragraph 2), insofar as these have an impact on the apron " - ↑ Hellmut Schöner (ed.): Berchtesgaden through the ages - supplementary volume IS 27 f.
- ↑ a b Forstwirt: Meister, Georg | alpha forum | ARD-alpha | Television | BR.de. In: Bayerischer Rundfunk. October 22, 2015, archived from the original on December 12, 2018 ; accessed on December 12, 2018 .
- ↑ a b c d Germany's most beautiful national park turns 40 . In: National Park Administration Berchtesgaden (Ed.): Vertical Wilderness - The magazine of the Berchtesgaden National Park . No. January 32 , 2018.
- ↑ The protective forest in view. In: Passauer Neue Presse. November 24, 2018, archived from the original on December 12, 2018 ; accessed on December 12, 2018 .
- ↑ Wilfried Heller : Land use competitions. Shown using the example of the dispute over the Alpine and Berchtesgaden National Park. In: Geographische Rundschau , Volume 31, 1979, no. 11, pp. 449-452, 461-464.
- ↑ a b nationalpark-berchtesgaden.de , information points on the Berchtesgaden National Park
- ↑ House of the Mountains: Location & History
- ↑ rfo.de on the restoration of the Wimbach Castle with National Park Director Vogel as the client
- ↑ nationalpark-berchtesgaden.bayern.de , on the Ramsau research station
- ↑ Integrative specialist information center of the Berchtesgaden National Park Administration
- ↑ National Park Service ( Memento from September 15, 2015 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ National Park Service: Yosemite National Park and Berchtesgaden National Park Sign Formal Sister Park Arrangement , November 19, 2014
- ↑ National Park Plan, Item 8.3, Water and Water Usage (PDF), accessed on November 3, 2016
- ↑ official festival homepage ( Memento from June 15, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
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