Berchtesgadener Land

This article deals with the Berchtesgadener Land region within the Berchtesgadener Land district . For more meanings see Berchtesgadener Land (disambiguation) .

Basic data Berchtesgadener Land
State :	Bavaria
Administrative districts :	Upper Bavaria
Area :	467 km²
Residents :	24,420 (Dec. 31, 2015)
Population density :	99.4 inhabitants per km²
The highest point:	2713  m above sea level NHN ( Watzmann- Mittelspitze)
Lowest point:	471  m above sea level NHN Berchtesgadener Ache at the border crossing (D) Marktschellenberg - (A) St. Leonhard ( Salzburg )
License plate :	BGL, old number: BGD, custom number (since 2016): BGD, LF, REI
Structure:	five municipalities , two municipality-free areas
map
The Berchtesgadener Land (red) within the Berchtesgadener Land district

The Berchtesgadener Land is a region in the extreme south-east of Bavaria , which is framed by the Berchtesgaden Alps and bordered like a peninsula by the Austrian state of Salzburg . Its territorial space already corresponded from 1155 to the "closed forest district" and the heartland of the monastery pen Berchtesgaden , the 1380 to Reichsprälatur and 1559 to direct imperial Berchtesgaden Provostry was charged. Even after the secularization of 1803 and the associated dissolution of the prince provost , the Berchtesgadener Land has retained its cultural-historical and socio-cultural independence to this day . These include a. Customs such as the Christmas shooting , the Buttnmandllauf or the Berchtesgaden traditional costume as well as the unique selling point of still referring to the smaller districts as Gnotschaften .

Today, the Berchtesgadener Land forms with the five communities Berchtesgaden , Bischofswiesen , Marktschellenberg , Ramsau and Schönau am Königssee as well as the community-free areas Eck and Schellenberger Forst, the southern part of the district named after it Berchtesgadener Land .

Its much-visited sights such as the Kehlsteinhaus , Königssee , salt mine and Ramsau Church are among the most important holiday destinations in Bavaria. The Berchtesgaden Biosphere Reserve ( also: “Alpenpark Berchtesgaden”), which was awarded the title “ UNESCO Biosphere Reserve ” in 1990 and is made up of the Berchtesgaden National Park and the National Park foreland, extends over the area of ​​the Berchtesgadener Land and in 2010, now including the entire district, was extended to the Berchtesgadener Land biosphere reserve .

The highest point in the Berchtesgadener Land is 2713  m above sea level. NHN high Watzmann , whose striking silhouette over the Berchtesgaden basin has become the region's landmark .

geography

Location and limits

The Berchtesgadener Land, embedded in the Northern Eastern Alps , forms the southern half of the Berchtesgadener Land district in the extreme southeast of Bavaria and is bordered by the German-Austrian border like a peninsula. (→ see also section: Neighboring regions )

Its delimitation can be based on natural (→  see: Natural structure of the Berchtesgaden Alps (934.3) in Berchtesgaden Alps ) and geological aspects (→  see section: Geological development ) as well as in the sense of expanding the meaning of the term "Berchtesgadener Land" (→  see section: (Planned ) Expansion of the meaning of the term ) go beyond the historical and socio-cultural core region of the former state of Berchtesgaden .

Cultural landscape (unit) "Berchtesgadener Land"

Deviating from the historical and cultural-historical delimitations and including a larger area, the Berchtesgaden basin forms a landscape unit together with the subunit of the Reichenhall basin adjoining it to the north as well as the eastern foothills of the Chiemgau Alps and the southwestern parts of the glacial Salzach hill country Bavarian State Office for the Environment 2011 only in a draft, since 2013 explicitly referred to or summarized as the cultural landscape unit "Berchtesgadener Land" (No. 61). Within this newly defined cultural landscape unit, the state office in the populated area highlights two culturally and historically “significant cultural landscapes”, which are identified under 61-A as “Berchtesgadener Land” and under 61-B as “Königssee with St. Bartholomä”. The "Berchtesgadener Land" or the sub-area 61-A therefore has "a unique character in the Bavarian Alps, especially due to its character as a permanently populated mountain farming area" and here only includes the populated areas of the five municipalities listed in the section on municipal political structure , of which in turn a part of the community Schönau am Königssee under 61-B finds special emphasis as a significant cultural landscape “Königssee with St. Bartholomä”.

Landforms

mountains

Watzmann

→ Main article : Berchtesgaden Alps

The historic Berchtesgadener Land landscape is almost completely enclosed by the Berchtesgaden Alps . The lowest entrance within the German territory is the Hallthurm pass , which is 693  m above sea level. NHN separates the Bergstocks from Lattengebirge and Untersberg . The access via Austrian territory is even lower, passing the Hangendenstein pass and the former Schellenberger Turm pass tower at 471  m above sea level. NHN runs parallel to the Berchtesgadener Ache to Marktschellenberg .

Large parts of the mountain ranges of the Berchtesgaden Alps belong to the Austrian state of Salzburg . Only the mountain ranges of Watzmann (2713 m), Hochkalter (2607 m) and Lattengebirge (1738 m) as well as the Gotzenberge (2171 m) as part of the Hagengebirge are located entirely in the area of ​​the Berchtesgadener Land. This makes the Watzmann the highest mountain whose walls, flanks and peaks are completely on German soil. Its central point is also the highest point in the Berchtesgadener Land.

Flowing waters

Berchtesgadener Ache

The largest rivers in the Berchtesgadener Land are the Achen . Fed by lakes and numerous source streams, the Königsseer Ache, Ramsauer Ache and Bischofswieser Ache unite to form the Berchtesgadener Ache , which crosses the German-Austrian border from the southwest via Marktschellenberg and then from Grödig as the Königsseeache in Salzach , Inn , Danube and to end up flowing into the Black Sea .

In the northwest of the Berchtesgadener Land, the source of the Schwarzbach rises not far from the Schwarzbachwacht pass in Ramsau, which then flows into the Saalach outside the region in the Unterjettenberg district of the municipality of Schneizlreuth .

The Achen of the Berchtesgadener Land and their most important tributaries are (classified according to river system and inflow height):

• Berchtesgadener Ache becomes the Königsseeache behind the German-Austrian border

• Weissbach
• Rothmannbach
• Tiefenbach
• Almbach with Almbachklamm
• Kainbach
• Larosbach
• Mountain stream
• Gernerbach
• Weiherbach
• Anzenbach

• Berchtesgadener Ache

Königsseer Ache Runoff on the north bank of the Königsee

Ramsauer Ache Bischofswieser Ache Weissbach Frechenbach Hängendsteingraben, Schwarzengraben and Bichlgraben and other tributaries Wimbach with Wimbachklamm Sillersbach (outflow of the Hintersee ) Klausbach

Lakes

St. Bartholomä on the shore of the Königsee in front of the Watzmann east face

The largest lakes in Berchtesgadener Land are the Königssee (area: 5.22 km², maximum depth: 190 m), the directly adjoining Obersee (57 ha, 51 m) and the Hintersee (16.4 ha, 18 m) in Ramsau. Other smaller still waters are the Böcklweiher and the Steinbergsee in Bischofswiesen and in the mountains near Schönau u. a. the Labsee (or Laubseelein), the Seeleinsee and the karst lakes Funtensee , Grünsee and Schwarzensee .

In terms of water quality, the Königssee is one of the cleanest lakes in Germany and, together with the pilgrimage church of St. Bartholomä, including the hunting lodge and inn on its banks, it is one of the tourist highlights in the Berchtesgadener Land.

Local political structure

Communities

The Berchtesgadener Land (red) within the Berchtesgadener Land district

Within the district of Berchtesgadener Land , which belongs to the planning region of Southeast Upper Bavaria , the Berchtesgadener Land forms "in the narrower sense" with the municipalities of Berchtesgaden (7888 inhabitants), Bischofswiesen (7500 inhabitants), Marktschellenberg (1741 inhabitants), Ramsau (1747 inhabitants) and Schönau am Königssee (5544 inhabitants) and the community-free areas of Eck (12.60 km²) and Schellenberger Forest (17.01 km²) make up the southern part of the district, which is why it is also known as the southern district or the inner district .

Berchtesgaden is a market and, with its 7781 inhabitants, is not only the most populous municipality in the region, but also functions as the central center of the southern part of the district. Historically, Berchtesgaden was the founding place and later the main town including the residence (today: Royal Castle Berchtesgaden ) of the "State of Berchtesgaden", which as an imperial prelature or scepter fief was already imperial from 1380 and as the prince-provost of Berchtesgaden (1559-1803) and thus an independent principality u. a. had a virile vote in the Imperial Council of Prince . Berchtesgaden u. a. also for its Obersalzberg district , which has been incorporated since 1972 , in which the Kehlsteinhaus and the Führer's restricted area for NSDAP greats including Adolf Hitler were built.

Bischofswiesen became part of the Berchtesgadener Land on May 8, 1155 through an exchange of goods between Archbishop Eberhard I of Salzburg and Berchtesgaden provost Heinrich I , and the archbishop received a court in Landersdorf for the "pratum Bisvolfeswisen" . From 1937 to 1945 the Reich Chancellery Dienststelle Berchtesgaden (also known as the Small Reich Chancellery ) was located in the district of Stanggaß . Also from 1937, today's Jägerkaserne was built in the district of Strub as well as a BDM -Reichssportschule set up by the NSDAP in the mid-1930s , which has been used as an old people's home (" Lebenswelt Insula ") since 1951 . After the Second World War , the Bischofswiesen community took in numerous refugees from the eastern areas of the former German Empire .

Marktschellenberg , mentioned for the first time in 1191, the place "schellenberch" is attested in writing for the first time in 1211. In addition to Berchtesgaden, Schellenberg was the location of a saltworks that was in operation until 1805. After a salt office was set up in 1286 by laypeople or a “ Hallinger ” ( salinarius ), Schellenberg received market rights , albeit probably only to a very limited extent. A first princely named market judge for " lower jurisdiction " can be traced back to 1334, with which the place developed into the second capital of the "Land Berchtesgaden".

Ramsau bei Berchtesgaden is known not least because of its many times painted and photographed St. Sebastian Church (1512), and also for the fact that over half of the municipality is part of the Berchtesgaden National Park . Sufficiently settled relatively late and still today the municipality with the lowest population density , Ramsau only became a branch of the Berchtesgaden parish at the beginning of the 13th century, but is still one of the eight " original notions " of the Berchtesgadener Land. In contrast to most of the other Gnotships in the Berchtesgadener Land, the Reformation found very few supporters in Ramsau from the beginning - all the more so did the Counter Reformation . Even today, the proportion of Protestant Christians in Ramsau is below 6 percent.

Schönau am Königssee is known not least for its fjord-like, up to 190 m deep Königssee and the St. Bartholomä pilgrimage chapel on its shore with its neighboring former hunting lodge, where the Berchtesgaden prince provosts stopped by until 1803. As in Ramsau, a large part of the community area is within the Berchtesgaden National Park. The WSV Königssee counts as the RC Berchtesgaden 's most successful luge clubs in the world and, after several appearances at Olympic Games , World Championships and European Championships on an impressive medal point and many prominent athletes become.

Gnotes

→ Main article : Gnotschaft

Most of the municipalities and districts of the Berchtesgadener Land have the unique selling point that they emerged from Gnotships that arose from 1377 shortly before the Berchtesgadener Land was elevated to the status of the Reich Prelature Berchtesgaden . In the “Land of Berchtesgaden” eight “original messages” were grouped around the main towns of the Berchtesgaden heartland - the central market Berchtesgaden with its regional court and the market Schellenberg with salt office and market judge ( lower jurisdiction ) - and existed until secularization in 1803. After the regional reform in Bavaria from 1971 to 1980 , they were converted into eight “communities” from 1817 onwards, together with their “Gnotschafterbezirken” in the current five communities. The names of the former "Gnotschafterbezirke" now serve as district names of the five municipalities, but are still referred to by locals as "Gnotschaften".

Unregulated areas

Municipality-free areas in Berchtesgadener Land are Eck (12.60 km²) and the Schellenberger Forest , which is the larger of the two remaining municipality-free areas with an area of ​​17.01 km².

Within the state forest Eck is a 100- hectare large enclave of market Berchtesgaden with part of Gnotschaft residues ( district Au ) and the settlement Buchenhöhe (district Salzberg ). There are also five Berchtesgaden enclaves which, together with the parcel around the Kehlsteinhaus, form the Eck district within the Berchtesgaden market.

In the area of ​​the Schellenberger Forest you will find the Toni-Lenz-Hütte and the Schellenberger Ice Cave (north) as well as the Almbachklamm (south).

Neighboring regions

The Berchtesgadener Land borders clockwise in the northwest and in the north on the communities Schneizlreuth and Bayerisch Gmain , which also belong to the district of Berchtesgadener Land , further north Bad Reichenhall and the communities in the southern Rupertiwinkel , and is in the northeast, east, south and southwest of the outlying communities the regions of Flachgau , Tennengau , Pongau and Pinzgau of the Austrian state of Salzburg .

climate

The five municipalities of the Berchtesgadener Land have the “rating of a climatic health resort and together with the Berchtesgaden National Park the only coherent climatic health resort in Germany” because of its stimulating climate .

Population development and population density

Population in Berchtesgadener Land ¹⁾

Communities	Residents	per km²
Berchtesgaden	7888	221
Bischofswiesen	7500	121
Marktschellenberg	1741	99
Ramsau near Berchtesgaden	1747	14th
Schoenau upon Kings sea	5544	42
To hum:	24420	Ø 99.4
1)  According to updated 2011 census as of December 31, 2015

According to Koch-Sternfeld , in the “closed district of Berchtesgaden”, i.e. the heartland of the prince-provost of Berchtesgaden , which is congruent with the Berchtesgadener Land , 3500 at the end of the 13th century, around 7500 at the end of the 16th century and shortly after the end of its independence in the year 1803 about 10,000 "souls" lived. In the meantime, however, the Berchtesgaden country experienced a slump of its population development, as from that time, about 9,000 residents in the wake of the April 1733 more than 1100 counter-reformation forced saw to leave virtually no belongings, the prince provost. ( See also the section: Religion )

See the table opposite, the number of inhabitants in the Berchtesgadener Land increased by almost 2.5 times between 1803 and 2015 with intermittent slumps. After the Second World War , the communities of Berchtesgaden and Bischofswiesen, in particular, experienced sustainable growth from German-Bohemian and Silesian refugees (“ displaced persons ”).

Using the example of the population development of Berchtesgaden , it can be seen that the population development of the Gnotschaft or municipalities can diverge greatly due to the incorporation. The average of the population density calculated with Ø 99.4 for the Berchtesgadener Land is (see table) in view of a spread of 221 inhabitants per km² in Berchtesgaden and 14 inhabitants per km² in Ramsau bei Berchtesgaden in itself not very meaningful.

Geological evolution

View from Jenner towards Untersberg with the central Berchtesgaden valley basin

Salt clays in the Berchtesgaden salt mine

Cow step clams (megalodont) in the Dachstein limestone of the Steinernes Meer

Funtensee - Uvala

Debris from the Wimbachgries

In terms of geological expansion, the area of ​​the Berchtesgadener Land is almost identical to the "basin landscape" of the Berchtesgaden basin or the geomorphological unit of the Berchtesgaden basin , which is framed by the high mountain massifs of the Berchtesgaden Alps and was morphologically morphed during the quaternary inland freezing by the Salzach foreland glacier is.

The subsurface of the Berchtesgadener Land is geologically formed by the Berchtesgaden Alps , a unit of the Northern Limestone Alps . Structurally, this unit is complex and numerous thrusts in. The sediments that make up the Berchtesgaden Alps were deposited on a shelf area of ​​the Hallstatt-Meliata Ocean and later on the northern edge of the Adriatic Plate from the Triassic to the Younger Jura . During the unfolding of the Alps - especially in the Old Tertiary - the African and the European continental plate collided . The rock units of the Northern Limestone Alps together with their Paleozoic bedrock were sheared from the subsurface and pushed over to the north in several piles of blankets, deformed and sheared . In the Oligocene and Miocene , the rocks were subjected to fracture tectonic stresses with a lateral offset.

The tectonic structure of the Berchtesgadener Land is dominated by two tectonic units: the underlying Tirolean forms the large limestone massifs, such as B. the stone sea and the Hagen massif . This tectonic unit is overlaid by the Berchtesgaden mass ( Hochjuvavikum ). The position and tectonic position of these units has been extremely controversial in the literature in the past. While a subdivision in Tirolikum, Hallstätter ceiling (Tiefjuvavikum) with overlying Berchtesgaden ceiling (Hochjuvaikum) was previously assumed, today the Berchtesgaden mass is seen as a locally overturned structural unit within the Tirolikum. Today, the Tiefjuvavikum is interpreted as a Hallstatt Melange , which consists of kilometer-sized rock complexes that were deposited in the sediments of the Tirolikum during the Jura.

The oldest rocks in the Berchtesgadener Land are the Permo - Scythian salt formations, which were the subject of centuries of salt mining in the Hasel Mountains near Berchtesgaden . The salts of the 4.5 km long, 1.5 km wide and approx. 600 m thick Berchtesgaden salt dome consist of alternating layers of salt clays , gypsum and anhydrite . The Triassic sequence of strata in the Tirolean begins with the 300 to 500 m thick Werfen strata, which begin at the base with the shallow marine sandstones of the Lower Werfen strata, which gradually merge with the limestone of the Upper Werfen strata towards the hanging wall, into the layers of sandstone and sandstone Lime and marl layers are turned on. This sequence of layers is often found in sub-slopes in Ramsau . The subsequent 200 m thick Gutenstein strata are characterized by banked dolomite stones , in which bituminous limestone banks are still embedded in the lower parts. The sequence of layers leads in the hanging wall into the 500 to 700 m thick Ramsaudolomit , which has its type locality in the Wimbachtal . The Ramsaudolomit is represented locally in the Tirolikum by the Wetterstein limestone. The steep slopes of the limestone massifs of the Berchtesgaden Alps are formed by the Carnic-Norian dolomite and the approx. 1000 m thick Dachstein limestone ( Norium ), which are separated from the older Ramsaudolomites by a narrow, striking sandstone development - the Raibl layers ( Carnium ). A characteristic feature of the massive or banked Dachstein limestone is the appearance of large mussels, the megalodonts and the deep karstification , which has led to the formation of caves and developed cart fields . In the edge of the Berchtesgaden massif, numerous rock formations are exposed that were thrust over during the Jurassic period. Besides the salts of the hazel Mountains include the Upper Triassic , colorful Hallstatt limestones , the Lower Jurassic Hierlatz- and Adnet limestones , the Middle Jurassic spot marl and radiolarites , Upper Jurassic Trauglbodenschichten to the rocks, in the border of the Berchtesgaden mass open-minded are.

Cretaceous deposits are common in the Berchtesgadener Land on Obersalzberg - Roßfeld , east of Marktschellenberg, on Gosaukamm , in the Lattengebirge and on Untersberg . While sub-Cretaceous sandstones carrying scree are predominantly widespread on Roßfeld, reef limestone from the Upper Cretaceous period can be found in Gosau and Untersberg, which were also quarried as Untersberg marble . Locally - including on the western slope of the Untersberg and on the Eisenrichterstein - the sedimentation continues as reefs into the Eocene . Also in the Tertiary period , so-called eye stones were deposited on the high plateaus of the high Alps , which are interpreted as gravel that was transported north by rivers from the central Alpine region. This formerly 50 to 100 m thick gravel cover has now been eroded apart from a few relics in morphologically protected areas .

In the Quaternary period , thick loose rock formations were mainly deposited in the Berchtesgadener Land. The oldest Quaternary rocks are rift- time far-moraine deposits that can be found in Ramsau, on the Schwarzeck and in the Lattenbachtal. The Ramsau millstone (a solidified conglomerate ), the interglacial Nagelfluh (often widespread in Ramsau) and the Dachstein breccia in the area around Sommerau and the Wimbach are regarded as interglacial formations . Since the extensive glaciation could no longer overcome the Hirschbichl Pass in the Würm glacial period, local moraines and moraine walls were deposited in the Berchtesgadener Land during this glacial period, which today cover the flatter areas and the moderately steep valley slopes up to 1450 m. Sea clays, in which periglacial areas were formed, seal off some lake floors in the high alpine area and thus led to the formation of the Funtensee - Uvala, among other things . Rock formations, which are related to the laminar erosion and karst formation of the Alps in context: Erratic blocks (especially in the Valley of Königsseer Ache), talus and alluvial fans and landslides in which large amounts of rock material abruptly are plunged into the valley. The biggest landslide - known today as the magic forest - led to the damming of the Hintersee . The most recent deposits in the Berchtesgadener Land represent, in addition to the anthropogenic deposits, the valley gravel of the rivers and streams.

Many of the geological features are now designated as geotopes and developed geotouristically .

nature and environment

fauna

Alpine marmot

In Berchtesgaden National Park as a branch of Berchtesgaden are loud monitoring currently 700 species detected on 60 sources, including:

• larger mammals : roe deer , red deer , chamois and alpine ibex (reintroduced since the 1930s)
• smaller mammals: alpine marmot , mountain hare , snow mouse .
• 100 species of birds including: golden eagle , boreal owl , pygmy owl , hazel grouse , black grouse , capercaillie , ptarmigan , Raven , Alpendohle , nutcracker , Wallcreeper . There are also occasional sightings of griffon and bearded vultures .
• 16 amphibian and reptile species , including endangered species such as: adder , smooth snake , grass snake , alpine salamander , fire salamander , alpine crested newt , yellow-bellied toad
• 15 species of fish, including: Königssee char and lake trout .
• Typical insect species for the region are: Alpine buck and Apollo butterfly .
• 116 spider species (as of 2001), 34 of which are on the Red Lists of Germany and / or Bavaria and 3 species that have not yet been identified in Germany.

In the past, there were also bison , lynx , brown bears , wolves and otters in the region . In the foreseeable future, immigration from neighboring areas seems possible for some of these species, but no targeted reintroductions are planned.

In addition, the 19th century was probably as early as mid to the pastures of Berchtesgaden an the Berchtesgaden cat suitable especially for the high-altitude conditions of the region breed of cattle bred, but which is now extinct or merged in the 1950s in other breeds at the latest.

flora

The flora of the Berchtesgadener Land is characterized by deciduous and mixed forests , alpine pastures , high heaths , moors and alluvial forests as well as a rural cultural landscape . The variety of plants on the alpine pastures is particularly great. a. Arnica , silver thistle , lashed alpine rose ("Almrausch") and Clusius gentian .

The occurrence of the moss species Arnellia fennica , which grows on lime-rich subsoil, is limited in Germany to the landscape of the Berchtesgadener Land.

• 

  Silver thistle

• 

  Lashed alpine rose (alpine rose)

• 

  Clusius gentian

Protected areas

House of the Mountains , information and education center of the Berchtesgaden National Park

Berchtesgaden National Park

→ Main article : Berchtesgaden National Park

The Berchtesgaden National Park, with an area of ​​208 km², is the only German national park in the Alps with a height difference of 603.3 ( Königssee ) to 2713  m above sea level. NN ( Watzmann ) are enough. It extends over a large part of the municipal areas of Ramsau near Berchtesgaden and Schönau am Königssee and a small part of the southeastern municipality of Berchtesgaden .

After the National Park House was closed (1988–2013) in the Berchtesgaden Franciscan Monastery , a new environmental education and information center for the Berchtesgaden National Park was opened on May 24, 2013 as the House of Mountains .

Berchtesgaden Alpine Park

→ Main article : Berchtesgadener Land Biosphere Reserve

Since 1978 the national park apron has been attached to the national park in the north, with a size of around 259 km². This national park apron includes the remaining municipal areas of Ramsau, Schönau and Berchtesgaden now also the municipalities of Bischofswiesen and Marktschellenberg . Both together, the national park Berchtesgaden and the national park apron were summarized conceptually as “Alpenpark Berchtesgaden”, which covers approximately the area of ​​the Berchtesgadener Land with an area of ​​467 km². (Other sources include since 1978 and already parts of the town of Bad Reichenhall and the communities Bayerisch Gmain and Schneizlreuth to the alpine Berchtesgaden, also known as Berchtesgaden Biosphere Reserve was designated.) The Alpine Park Berchtesgaden was on 20 November 1990 by the UNESCO the title "UNESCO Biosphere Reserve "awarded.

Since 2010, the Berchtesgaden Alpine Park has been part of the “ Berchtesgadener Land Biosphere Region ”, whose area with a total of 840 km² now includes the entire Berchtesgadener Land district .

For the protected areas and their extensions, some violent protests by the local population had to be dealt with beforehand, fearful of economic losses and restrictions.

history

Prehistory and early history

→ Main article : "Early history, naming and first mention" in the article Fürstpropstei Berchtesgaden

For the early or prehistory of the region around Berchtesgaden, there are only scattered finds (predominantly hole axes ) from the Neolithic Age , which document the stay of fishermen and hunters 4000 years ago. A coin find from the Latène period (5th to 1st century BC) could also be explained by deportation, as no remains of settlements from this time have been found so far.

middle Ages

Naming and first mention

In the early Middle Ages the area of ​​Berchtesgadener Land belonged to the Baier tribal duchy . The former Salzburggau was divided into several counties, one of which was Grafengaden . The Berchtesgaden forest area belonged to it, in which the noble-free family of the Aribones lived in the 10th and 11th centuries .

The first part of the name “Berchtesgaden” could be derived either from the Perchta or a settler named Perther , the second part from Gaden , a fenced-in residence. According to Helm and Feulner , this Perther could also have been an Aribone who had a one-story house or a hunting lodge there, near which there were also some huts for servants.

Berchtesgaden was first mentioned in a document in 1102. Its founding was probably in the spring of 1101, but possibly also far earlier, preceded by a vow made by Countess Irmgard von Sulzbach , who made her co-founder of the Augustinian Canons of Berchtesgaden. According to the legend, she wanted to donate a monastery as a thank you for saving her husband, Count Gebhard II von Sulzbach after a hunting accident near the rock on which the Berchtesgaden collegiate church now stands.

Founding of the Berchtesgaden monastery

See also : "Regalia and the first economic upswing"  and "The first" Salzirrungen "" in the article Fürstpropstei Berchtesgaden

Berengar I von Sulzbach († 1125) with hunting falcon and coat of arms in the Kastl monastery

Berengar I von Sulzbach , a close confidante of Emperor Heinrich V and supporter of a church reform group (→  see also: Hirsauer Reform ), began to put her vows into practice soon after the death of his mother Irmgard on June 14, 1101. He founded the Berchtesgaden monastery and appointed canon Eberwin to the post of provost . Under his leadership he sent three Augustinian canons and four lay brothers from the Rottenbuch monastery to Berchtesgaden. Together with his half-brother Kuno von Horburg- Lechsgemünd , Berengar I then campaigned for the papal confirmation of the founding of the monastery. Probably in 1102 (1105 at the latest) Kuno von Horburg traveled to Rome with Eberwin on behalf of Berengar II. Pope Paschal II "very likely" placed the count's own monastery berthercatmen under his protection on April 7, 1102 and confirmed this " privilege " to Berengar I and Kuno von Horburg in writing.

In 1107/09 Eberwin and his monks were withdrawn for the Baumburg monastery, also founded by Berengar, in the north of today's Traunstein district , but they returned around 1116 (according to Helm between 1106 and 1112, according to Feulner probably around 1116, according to Albrecht and Weinfurter between 1116 and mid-1119) returned to Berchtesgaden, which was now better equipped and possibly already had access to the first salt springs . The Stiftspropst initiated the first major clearings and the construction of the collegiate church , and the Augustinian Canons finally settled there. At the same time , an Augustinian nunnery was established in the Nonntal below the Lockstein , as was customary according to the Augustinians in the early 12th century , and only dissolved again in 1564 by Prince Provost Wolfgang II Griesstätter zu Haslach , because it had become meaningless and almost orphaned .

Between 1125 and 1136 the first founding report of the Berchtesgaden monastery was recorded in the Fundatio monasterii Berchtesgadensis , which historians use as the primary source for the period covered in this article section.

Witnessed and initiated by Count Gebhard III. von Sulzbach , the son and successor of Berengar I , and negotiated by Provost Heinrich I (1151–1174), Emperor Friedrich Barbarossa confirmed in his freedom letter of 1156 the monastery monastery the right to elect and, if necessary, to deselect his governors and grandfather for the size of the area of ​​the monastery , which in the meantime was incorporated into the Baier tribal duchy as a small spiritual territory . He also granted the Klosterstiftskirche with this Golden Bull , the forestry authority . The guarantees contained in the imperial privilege, which were further expanded in 1180 with a subsequent falsification ( defamation ) of the deed to include the freedom to mine salt and metal (salt shelf), ensured an initial economic boom - and immediately after the emperor's death in 1190 for the first raids on the Berchtesgadener Land. The "Salzirrungen" should drag on for centuries, because the Salzburg archbishops, starting with Adalbert III. , saw in the salt mining of Berchtesgaden a competition for the salt mine in Dürrnberg and the then still Salzburg saltworks in Reichenhall . The provosts sought u. a. secure with fortifications , of which the Hallthurm (1194) on the pass to Reichenhall , and on the Hangendensteinpass on the border with Salzburg the Schellenberg Tower, first mentioned in 1252 as a further defensive or pass tower to protect the salt deliveries.

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  Privilege from Pope Paschal II for Berchtesgaden

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  Founding report of the Berchtesgaden Abbey

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  The Golden Bull of Friedrich Barbarossa

High jurisdiction and "sovereignty"

→ Main article : “High jurisdiction and“ sovereignty ”” in the article Fürstpropstei Berchtesgaden

In 1194, the provost's office achieved an “enormous increase in power” thanks to a document called the “Magna Charta of the Berchtesgaden Regional Authority”. In it, Emperor Heinrich VI decreed that Provost Wernher I and his successors, as sovereigns and court lords , could not only have the lower but also the high jurisdiction exercised by a bailiff of their choice. All cleared areas and their farmers were now freed from any power of land judges and counts and were subject to the monastery only.

In 1209 the right of free jurisdiction over all lay people within his area of immunity was also granted by Pope Innocent III. approved. Pope Alexander IV also confirmed these privileges, but went one step further in 1255 - he infuled Provost Heinrich III. and at the same time granted the following provosts "for all time" to wear the insignia miter , ring and sandals, which almost put them on a par with the bishops. However, in the pastoral field ( spirituality ) they remained subordinate to the Archbishop of Salzburg as a full professor . It was not until 1455 that the monastery managed to free itself from the metropolitan power of Salzburg; afterwards they were subordinate to the Pope alone in spiritual matters.

View of Berchtesgaden with the Abbey and St. Andreas Church , behind the Watzmann massif

Berchtesgaden as the central capital of the provost's office was raised to a parish as early as 1201 , which was soon expanded with branches in Ramsau , Grafengaden and Schellenberg . After a saltworks had also been set up in Schellenberg and, in 1286, a salt office led by a "Hallinger" (salinarius) , Schellenberg developed into the second main town and probably soon also received market rights; a first princely appointed market judge can only be proven for 1334. The first “Hallingers” were still lay people, but by the end of the Middle Ages this salt office had developed into the most important administrative post of the provost and was filled from the ranks of the canons.

In 1294, under provost Johann Sax von Saxenau , later Bishop von Brixen , the secular independence of the Stiftspropstei manifested itself through the acquisition of blood jurisdiction for serious offenses. With this "formation of sovereignty" a little later in 1306 the area of ​​the Stiftspropstei Berchtesgaden was also called "lant ze berthersgadem".

After recent miscarriages between the monastery and the archbishopric of Salzburg, last in 1332, said Salzburg Archbishop Friedrich III. the provost Konrad Tanner that the production and export of the Schellenberger salt through the area of ​​the archbishopric may go on unhindered.

Early modern age

Elevation to the Reich Prelature

→ Main article : “Reich Prelature”  and “Schism and Incorporation” in the article Fürstpropstei Berchtesgaden

When the monastery monastery rose to scepter fief and thus to the imperial prelature in 1380 , the Berchtesgaden monastery prelates were represented with a seat and vote in the Reichstag and were on an equal footing with the imperial prelates.

However, the canons lived in great luxury, so that even the rich income of the monastery monastery was not enough for their expenses. The debt burden reached a “fantastic level” and the country was becoming increasingly impoverished. Provost Ulrich I. Wulp tried to counter this when he took office in 1377 with a land letter by offering his serf subjects the estates and fiefs of the monastery for sale. Although it was used extensively, the finances could not be reorganized. When Wulp also wanted to reduce the expenses of the monastery and restore the rules of the order to more validity, these reform efforts met with fierce resistance from some of the Augustinian canons . In 1382 there was a schism and Archbishop Pilgrim II of Puchheim had the convent elect his confidante Sieghard Waller as the new provost. But this was not recognized by Wulp; the "little" schism in Berchtesgaden lasted two years and led to a fight between Bavarian Duke Friedrich and the Salzburg archbishop, who first occupied the pass tower in front of Schellenberg and finally Berchtesgaden. After mediation by the Bishop of Freising , Berthold von Wehingen , these battles and the schism in 1384 ended in a compromise, according to which Ulrich I. Wulp and Sieghard Waller were confirmed as provosts and then deposed at the same time.

Already since the appointment of the first provost Eberwin because of mutual territorial claims in conflict, the nearby Archdiocese of Salzburg was able to incorporate the Schellenberg saltworks as a pledge as a creditor of the abbey and finally, from 1393 to 1404, the lucrative lands of the abbey propstei .

Reduce debt and restore independence

Provost Peter II. Pinzenauer ( epitaph )

Provost Gregor Rainer (funerary monument)

→ Main article : "Restoring independence"  and "Second economic upswing" in the article Fürstpropstei Berchtesgaden

When Peter II. Pinzenauer took up his post as the independent provost of the monastery monastery again in 1404, the main concern for him and his successors was to pay off the debts - not least to Salzburg - and to "bring his monastery back up."

Under the 1446 to 1473 acting provost Bernhard II. Leoprechtinger the debt were already nearly repaid in half and 1449 which although still pre bonded to Salzburg was Schellenberg with its Saline transferred back to the administration of the monastery pen. He also succeeded in liberating the provost from 1455 from the “metropolitan authority” of the Prince Archbishopric of Salzburg and thus subordinating it directly to the Pope in matters of spirituality .

Since the pledges were not sufficient, Erasmus Pretschlaiffer sold foreign monastery property during his tenure from 1473 to 1486 and began to raise high taxes from the Berchtesgaden farmers. In it he also became a model for the provost Ulrich II. Pernauer and Balthasar Hirschauer . The farmers lodged a complaint with the imperial court in Innsbruck against Hirschauer's tax levies . Although their demands were rejected by the commissioned Captain von Kufstein , Degen Fuchs von Fuchsberg , in a letter from 1506, the unified appearance of the "subjects" in this legal dispute gave the " Fuchsbrief " the character of a legally binding contract in writing between the rulers and " Landscape".

During the reigns of Balthasar Hirschauer and Gregor Rainer , the climax of an economic boom in the Berchtesgadener Land fell . The sales figures for the Berchtesgadener War had reached their highest level; There were Berchtesgaden wood goods publishers in Antwerp , Cádiz , Genoa , Venice and Nuremberg . In addition to building contracts for the parish church of St. Andreas , the collegiate church and the Franciscan church , Gregor Rainer had the church of St. Sebastian built for the Ramsau religious districts in 1512 and had pastoral care from Berchtesgaden. Most economically, however, Rainer's explorations of a salt mining option in the immediate vicinity of his seat of government were. They came to a successful conclusion in 1517 with the construction of the Petersberg tunnel and the founding of the Berchtesgaden salt mine, which is still profitable today .

With the beginning of his reign he was also the first provost of Berchtesgaden to receive the "tenders" for district and Reichstag. On the other hand, there were also costly obligations because of his rank as Reich prelate. After Reichsmatrikel the Diet of Worms in 1521 he had to provide the first Berchtesgaden Regent two men on horseback and 34 men on foot. (For comparison: the Bavarian and Salzburg contingents each comprised 60 knights and 272 foot soldiers.) Ten years later, twice as many mercenaries were to be held. Nevertheless, Rainer had managed to pay off many of the monastery monastery's debts.

Peasants' war and first craft regulations with the force of law

Provost Wolfgang Lenberger (funerary monument)

→ Main article : “Peasants' War and first craft regulations with legal force” in the article Fürstpropstei Berchtesgaden

The term of office of Wolfgang I. Lenberger (1523 to 1541) was determined by the Great Salzburg and German Peasants' War . In the course of this peasant uprising, the monastery was also plundered. Documents and writings were shredded and the treasures hidden in barrels in the Graf-Wicka pond on Lenberger's instructions became the welcome prey of the rebels.

After the Peasants 'War, Lenberger devoted himself to the internal administration of the Stiftspropstei and in 1529 issued a written forest code and a code of law for the woodworkers' guild ( Sebastiani brotherhood ). Anyone wishing to join this guild required the approval of the provost and the guild master. The publishers or buyers of the Berchtesgadener War were forbidden to pay for finished goods with raw materials or natural products.

Elevation to the prince provosty

Fürstpropstei Berchtesgaden and the surrounding area (north-east), composed of two map excerpts or woodcuts by Philipp Apian from 1568

→ Main article : “Elevation to the prince provost” in the article prince provost Berchtesgaden

In 1559, under the reign of Emperor Ferdinand I, Wolfgang Griesstätter zu Haslach was raised to prince provost and the monastery to prince provosty. Griesstätter and his successors now sat as prince representatives of the smallest principality and the only prince-provosty of the Bavarian Reichskreis in the Reichstag and took part in the Salzburg Landtag until the 17th century.

After a salt spring was discovered in Bischofswiesen an der Tann and rock salt was discovered at the Gmünd Bridge , Griesstätter signed a contract with Duke Albrecht of Bavaria in 1555 that was advantageous for the Berchtesgadener Land. After that, all the salt mined in the Berchtesgadener Land should go exclusively to Bavaria at a fixed price. This secured the sale of the salt for a long time - also against the efforts of the Prince Archbishopric of Salzburg .

1556 was also the year in which Griesstätter was able to pay off the remainder of the debt to Salzburg that had existed for 167 years and thus was able to free Schellenberg from the Salzburg pledge. The contract with the participation of the Bishop of Eichstätt is known as the Eichstätter Compromise and was also to be understood as a peace treaty with Salzburg. Nevertheless, Griesstätter had financial worries, as as imperial prince he was still obliged to make a significant contribution to armaments and the Turkish tax .

reformation

→ Main article : “Reformation” in the article Fürstpropstei Berchtesgaden

In the 16th century, Martin Luther's teaching found a growing following in the Berchtesgadener Land, whose fate was very closely linked to events in the prince-archbishopric of Salzburg . Around 1521 Jacob Strauss appeared as a Protestant preacher in Berchtesgaden, accompanied by Christoph Söll, a "companion priest" and later Strasbourg preacher who had belonged to the Berchtesgaden Abbey. In addition, local salt and wood merchants spread Reformation ideas and writings with which they had come into contact on their travels to the Protestant cities of Augsburg, Nuremberg and Regensburg.

While the persecution of the Protestants had already started in the diocese of Salzburg at the beginning of the Reformation under Archbishop Matthäus Lang , the prince provost did little or nothing to counter these developments on their territory. The possession of Lutheran writings, which were often fined after “visitations”, and the first expulsion of Protestants on the Dürrnberg, initiated by Prince Provost Jakob Pütrich in 1572, did not prevent the spread of the new teaching. It found supporters first in the gnotships Au , Scheffau , Schellenberg and Gern , a little later in Bischofswiesen and occasionally "even" in Schönau and Ramsau .

Under the administration of the Electorate of Cologne

Ferdinand of Bavaria as Archbishop of Cologne

→ Main article : "Under the Cologne administration"  and "Salzburg's renewed attempt at incorporation"

→ Main articles : “Ox War and Thirty Years War”  and “Occupation during the War of the Spanish Succession” in the article Fürstpropstei Berchtesgaden

In 1587 the newly elected Archbishop Wolf Dietrich von Raitenau made a new attempt to incorporate the Berchtesgadener Land and its benefices into his diocese of Salzburg. Therefore, Prince Provost Jakob Pütrich (1567–1594) sought support from the still young Prince Ferdinand of Bavaria , and in 1591 put Ferdinand , who was only twelve years old, through as coadjutor , whereupon his father, Duke Wilhelm V, drove the Archbishop's troops out of his son's future property. As a result, after Pütrich's death, the prince-provost of Berchtesgaden came under his electoral Cologne administration as agreed .

From 1594 to 1723, the prince's provosty was under the care of the Bavarian House of Wittelsbach , which was the first of three regents to represent Ferdinand of Bavaria for more than 50 years. As elector and archbishop of Cologne , however, Ferdinand could not take care of the affairs of the prince's provosty.

During Ferdinand's reign, the Archdiocese of Salzburg made another attempt to incorporate the prince-provost of Berchtesgaden , which escalated in the ox war in 1611 , and the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648), in which Berchtesgaden was spared from destruction. But it had to repeatedly make larger payments in order to repair the war-related damage in Cologne. In the War of the Spanish Succession , however, Austrian troops occupied the prince provosty ruled by Joseph Clemens of Bavaria in 1704 .

Restoration of independence

→ Main article : "Restoring independence" in the article Fürstpropstei Berchtesgaden

Due to the rare presence of the administrators from the Electorate of Cologne , especially recently under Joseph Clemens von Bayern, the monastery “got on a sloping path”. His successor had to take over a debt of 120,000 guilders . As before, these debts were based on the luxurious and "unworthy" lifestyle of the Augustinian canons . The break only came when Joseph Clemens von Bayern excluded the canon dean Julius Heinrich von Rehlingen-Radau from the Berchtesgaden government because of his and his fellow capitulars ' loose lifestyle. When he also insisted on more spiritual discipline (disciplinam religiosam) of the entire monastery, the chapter decided not to elect a foreigner and, above all, a Wittelsbach prince as its regent, because of its chartered right to free choice . Von Rehlingen was only elected as coadjutor and after the death of Joseph Clemens in 1723 as prince provost, according to the principle: "following the holy spirit, no longer following the spirit of the Bavarian court". Thereupon the offended Bavaria stopped the grain export to Berchtesgaden and reduced the salt price. When von Rehlingen declared in return that he would rather close the Berchtesgaden salt mine than continue to be depressed in price, Bavaria gave in again.

Counter-Reformation, expulsions and emigration

Reception of the Salzburg Protestants, who were expelled one year from the Berchtesgaden family, in Berlin on April 30, 1732

→ Main article : “Counter-Reformation, expulsions and emigration” in the article Fürstpropstei Berchtesgaden

After the brutal expulsion of around 21,000 Protestants from Salzburg and Dürrnberg in 1731/32, which was arranged at very short notice, the Berchtesgaden Protestants tried to get accepted into a Protestant-ruled country. Supported by the Corpus Evangelicorum recognized within the Regensburg Reichstag , 2000 residents of the Berchtesgadener Land had the courage to publicly profess the Protestant denomination and to ask to leave the country in September 1732.

Cajetan Anton Notthracht as a collegiate capital

The recently elected prince provost Cajetan Anton Notthracht von Weißenstein saw himself threatened by an uprising before his inauguration and therefore - like Salzburg's Archbishop Leopold Anton von Firmian - issued an emigration patent on October 26, 1732 . After that, all Protestants had to leave Berchtesgaden within three months - a deadline which, however, was extended to April due to the approaching winter. This decree was linked to the payment of five guilders for ransom from serfdom and to the demand to move to Hungary. The latter should prevent the woodworkers from competing in their new home. However, after violent protests by those wishing to leave the country, this demand was changed to a settlement ban in Nuremberg. Kurhannover and Prussia were the only ones who willingly paid the fee of five guilders for the poor among the Protestants and thus formed the focus for their resettlement. In April 1733 the people of Berchtesgaden made their way to East Prussia and Kurhannover from the various Gnotships. In total, more than 1,100 out of around 9,000 residents left the prince's provosty at that time. Their property was confiscated and sold by the monastery, the proceeds flowing into a so-called emigrant fund . Quite a few of the emigrants, also called exiles , came to prosperity and wealth abroad. Thanks to the skills of the former carvers and turners of the Berchtesgadener War , who later mostly moved there despite the oath they had taken, the Nuremberg toy industry enjoyed a great boom.

In the following years, the Berchtesgaden Franciscan Reformates in particular distinguished themselves as re-missionaries. In 1788 it was said that “every shadow of suspicious belief” had disappeared from the principality. But economic power was also severely weakened, and income, especially in the woodworking sector, fell. Ludwig Ganghofer dealt with this topic in his novel The Great Hunt .

End of the prince's provosty

→ Main article : "Accrued debts and the end of the prince provost" in the article prince provost Berchtesgaden

Joseph Konrad von Schroffenberg-Mös, the last prince provost, had been left with a high debt burden from his predecessors and tried to increase the economic power of the prince provost. In particular, his thrift at his own court was highly valued by the inhabitants of the Berchtesgadener Land. However, his efforts were almost wiped out again in 1786 and 1787 by the flooding of the Schellenberg and Frauenreut salt pans and the partly completely destroyed trift systems and water caves. Nevertheless, he successfully took on the education system with his winter and corner schools and had a first secondary school or normal school set up in 1792 and a cotton spinning school in 1793. Relations with Bavaria also improved under him. In order to put the country on an economically secure footing, he signed a contract with Bavaria on April 28, 1795, according to which Bavaria was given all of the Berchtesgaden saltworks against payment of 50,000 guilders and 200 guilders for each capitular . Ahead was instrumental in this contract Joseph Utzschneider , who then operated for the first administrator of the castle Adelsheim main salt Berchtesgaden Office was appointed newly established Electoral.

As a result of the political upheavals caused by secularization , Schroffenberg lost his domain as prince provost and prince-bishop of Freising and Regensburg . The prince-provost of Berchtesgaden came to the Duchy of Salzburg in 1803 , so that he was the last prince-provost of the then independent Lentell Berchtesgaden .

Modern times

Secularization, connection to Bavaria

→ Main article : “Berchtesgaden District Court”  and “Berchtesgaden District Office” in the Berchtesgaden District article

Between 1850 u. Seal used in 1918

With the secularization and the associated end of the provincial rule in 1803, the newly founded Electorate of Salzburg was ruler of the Berchtesgadener Land, after the Peace of Pressburg in 1805 the Empire of Austria and in 1809 France for a short time under Napoleon. With the reorganization of Europe in 1810, the Kingdom of Bavaria came together with Salzburg and remained there, unlike Salzburg, which returned to Austria in 1816.

After its incorporation into the Kingdom of Bavaria, the Berchtesgadener Land was administered by a regional court , but only by a second class Bavarian regional court . It had its seat in the former prince's residence (today: " Royal Castle Berchtesgaden "), which was only moved to another building in 1828.

Until 1817 the district court of Berchtesgaden was affiliated to the Salzach district , then to the Isar district and from 1837 to the administrative district of Upper Bavaria, which still exists today . In 1862 the judiciary and administration were separated, and the tasks of the regional courts were divided into the district court and the district office .

The district office of Berchtesgaden was re-established in 1862 through the merger of the regional courts of the older order Bad Reichenhall and Berchtesgaden. Until 1905 it comprised a total of 24 communities. Until its transition to the district of Berchtesgaden from 1939, their number was reduced to 19 municipalities through mergers and incorporations. With the merger of the regional courts, the Berchtesgadener Land no longer stood on its own, but became part of an expanded political administrative unit, from which the city of Bad Reichenhall was excluded from 1929 to 1940 and from 1948 to 1972 as an independent city .

Rail connection and first tourism

→ Main article : “Royal residence and first tourism” in the Berchtesgaden article

The Bavarian kings have used Berchtesgaden as a summer residence since it belonged to Bavaria and expanded the canon monastery into a royal palace. In particular, Prince Regent Luitpold of Bavaria (1821–1912), who came to hunt every autumn, was very popular with the locals as a patron and benefactor.

Pension Moritz around 1900

After the Franco-German War 1870-71 and the connection to the railway network by 1888 opened station Berchtesgaden , the developed tourism with rapidly increasing numbers of guests. Numerous industrialists as well as artists and writers also visited Berchtesgaden and its surroundings. The location, the immediate surroundings and the view of the Watzmann massif were popular motifs with the painters. Carl Rottmann had already created paintings of the Berchtesgaden Alps in the 1820s; see also the inspired Watzmann painting (1824/25) by Caspar David Friedrich . Regulars included Ludwig Ganghofer , who had a number of his novels set in the Berchtesgadener Land, and the Norwegian writers Jonas Lie and Henrik Ibsen .

After the woodworking trade and the distribution of Berchtesgadener War had lost their importance, tourism began to develop into an important source of income alongside salt mining. As the first accommodation for paying guests, Mauritia Mayer opened the Pension Moritz on Obersalzberg in 1877 , where Adolf Hitler stayed several times decades later, even before he came to power .

National Socialism and World War II

Hitler receives Chamberlain at the Berghof , preparing the Munich Agreement

→ Main article : "Era of National Socialism" in the article Berchtesgaden

→ Main article : "Era of National Socialism" in the Obersalzberg article

→ Main article : Führer's restricted area Obersalzberg

After the seizure of power , the regime declared Obersalzberg , now a district of Berchtesgaden, to be a prohibited Führer area with the Berghof in the center, where many state guests were received. The Kehlsteinhaus and the oversized Berchtesgaden train station are further evidence of National Socialist architecture. The extensive construction work in Obersalzberg as well as the Reich Chancellery Dienststelle Berchtesgaden established in 1937 in the neighboring Bischofswiesen district of Stanggass as the second seat of government of the German Reich were mostly associated with the name Berchtesgaden . The agreement of February 12, 1938 between the German Reich and the Federal State of Austria , known as the Berchtesgaden Agreement , came about under pressure and laid down a number of measures to favor the Austrian National Socialists.

Despite the political symbolism of Berchtesgaden, the air raid on April 25, 1945 was limited to Obersalzberg. Apart from that, the infrastructure and buildings of the Berchtesgadener Land suffered almost no war damage. The withdrawal of the Nazi leaders that had remained until then should have been the prerequisite for the handover to the Americans without a fight. Even before the end of the war, the Americans had stipulated that Berchtesgaden would be one of their bases and maintained it until 1996.

After the withdrawal of the Americans and against the initial resistance of various local politicians, the Obersalzberg documentation, which was opened in 1999, became a visible sign of critical reflection on the time of National Socialism in Berchtesgaden .

post war period

Panoramic view from the Kehlsteinhaus on Berchtesgaden

→ Main article : "Post-war period" in the Berchtesgaden article

→ Main article : "History" in the article Winkl (Bischofswiesen)

As a result of the war, the municipalities of Berchtesgadener Land took in refugees from the eastern areas of the former German Empire . This changed the composition of the population significantly. The expellees, especially German Bohemians and Silesians , could initially only be accommodated in former workers' barracks. They lived u. a. partly in refugee camps like the Vockenbichl in der Oberau , which was built for the SS and then occupied by the US Army, or they were assigned to private houses and apartments until the 1960s . In the district of Winkl von Bischofswiesen , a barrack camp initially set up for the Wehrmacht in 1944 was used after 1945 to accommodate German prisoners of war; from 1947 onwards 1,186 refugees lived in these barracks and in 1952 even 1,229 refugees. From 1958, the refugees were then housed in newly built small and family apartments in Winkl itself as well as in 48 new housing units at the Böcklweiher .

The Nazi land was formally owned by the Free State of Bavaria in 1947, but the Americans continued to use a large part of the buildings and the site. From 1953, they set up one of the three Armed Forces Recreation Centers (AFRC) in Bavaria in the undestroyed Berchtesgaden .

After the war, the development of overnight stays in the Berchtesgadener Land showed a rapidly increasing trend. In the five business years from 1948/49 to 1952/53 alone, with an average stay of seven days, they increased almost fourfold to a total of 1,127,272 overnight stays.

Especially at the beginning of the 1950s, the legacies of the Nazi regime on Obersalzberg , which still existed at the time, became a magnet for tourists. When the demolition and disposal of the ruins of former houses, including those of Adolf Hitler , arose, violent protests were heard from the people of Berchtesgaden, who saw it as “an economic problem”, even a “question of the existence” of tourism. So that the removal of the ruins did not become an occasion for “spontaneous neo-fascist commemorative or farewell events”, Bavaria's Interior Minister Wilhelm Hoegner had 30 police officers posted there. In the end, District Administrator Karl Theodor Jacob recorded it as a success that the Kehlsteinhaus was preserved. Berchtesgaden and Obersalzberg were by no means just “places of pilgrimage for the eternal yesterday”, but rather a regular part of the visiting program of American tourists to Salzburg, who were far less “overwhelmed” by the evidence of the past than, for example, by the Kehlsteinhaus panorama.

Administrative and territorial reform, present

During the regional reform in Bavaria on July 1, 1972, the district of Berchtesgaden , the southern part of the district of Laufen and the independent city of Bad Reichenhall were merged to form the new district of Bad Reichenhall . With the ordinance of April 10, 1973 in the Bavarian Law and Ordinance Gazette (GVBl), the district was given its current name on May 1, 1973, "District of Berchtesgadener Land". This renaming "because of the higher level of awareness" was preceded by "heated discussions". The Bavarian State Government justified the renaming as follows: “The landscape name Berchtesgadener Land is linked to the former Stiftsland Berchtesgaden, whose historical significance still has an effect today. (..) The charisma that the name Berchtesgadener Land, which is associated with an extraordinary landscape, justifies naming the new district after this part of the area that characterizes the uniqueness of the entire district. The state government therefore deviates from the principle of naming the district after the place that is the seat of the district administration. ”(→  See also an expansion of the meaning of the term“ Berchtesgadener Land ”, which is only gradually associated with it, in the section: (Planned) expansion of the meaning of the Conceptual )

A citizens' initiative applied for a referendum in 2004/2005 with the aim of merging the five municipalities of the Berchtesgadener Land into one large municipality . Only in Berchtesgaden was the referendum successful with over 60 percent approval. In Schönau am Königssee and Bischofswiesen , however, it failed, so that the initiators decided not to vote in Ramsau and Marktschellenberg .

About the term "Berchtesgadener Land"

General

The term "Berchtesgadener Land" (also: Land Berchtesgaden , Ländchen Berchtesgaden , Landschaft Berchtesgaden , Berchtesgadener Ländchen or just Berchtesgaden ) is loaded several times in its meaning, but so far has always referred to the same area or the same region that is within the Berchtesgaden Alps " is delimited by a grouping of plateau mountains that is closed on almost all sides around a central basin landscape ”.

For the domain

The "Land Berchtesgaden" (also: Ländchen Berchtesgaden , Berchtesgadener Land or, analogous to the founding and capital, only Berchtesgaden ) initially referred to a "closed forest district" as the estate or core area of ​​the Berchtesgaden monastery with more and more jurisdictions , which later became the " State territory "or a small, but imperial direct , ie independent territory (from 1380 scepter fief of the Reich prelature Berchtesgaden , from 1559 principality of the prince-provost of Berchtesgaden ). Here are a few quotes:

In a document from 1306, the territory of the monastery monastery Berchtesgaden is marked for the first time as a country :

"Uz dem lant ze Berhthersgaden ze varn."

In a contemporary report of an attack by the Bavarian Duke Friedrich in 1382, it is presented as "Ländchen":

"... when hertzog fridreich von bayern in daz lenntel berchtesgaden a lot, and deß underwent, and datz hayltum from then fort ..."

Both quotations refer to a closed legal area with its own land law , its own state rule and its own state administration . Due to the change of meaning of the term landscape is from an originally more administrative-organizational designation as a country , Landl , Ländchen or Landtschaft - as in the following quotation as a contrast to the estates of citizenship of the city of Salzburg, but also for the country's rule - gradually an independent landscape designation. A letter during the Peasants' War in 1526 says:

"The town of Saltzburg, including the Perchtesgaden country estate, have also promised the Swabian colorful and willing to put a thousand servants there."

1567 refers to a police and market regulation u. a. on that lands Berchtesgaden .

In 1792 Lorenz Hübner spoke of the so-called hanging stone , a rock near the pass tower of Marktschellenberg , separating Salzburg from the Berchtesgadener Lande .

In 1796 in the description of the Archbishopric and Imperial Duchy of Salzburg and in 1797 in the Geographical, Statistical-Topographical Lexicon of Baiern, there is talk of the little country Berchtesgaden .

For the landscape

The term "Berchtesgadener Land" (also: Berchtesgadner Ländchen , Berchtesgadnerlandl , Landschaft Berchtesgaden , Land Berchtesgaden ) is used in the relevant literature from the 19th century after the abolition of the prince provost of Berchtesgaden (1803) and the incorporation of the sovereign territory into the Kingdom of Bavaria (1810) now to characterize a self-contained landscape or a region whose former political independence still has an effect - here are a few quotations and (their) sources:

The Bayerische Landesbibliothek Online holds u. a. two historical maps showing the Salzach district from 1809 and the “Baierische Monarchy” from 1816. The explanatory comments refer to the “Berchtesgadener Land” as belonging or not yet belonging to Bavaria, and the maps clearly delimit its area analogous to the boundaries of the dissolved prince-provost.

In 1822, in the General Encyclopedia of Sciences and Arts by Joseph Ernst von Koch-Sternfeld, the designation "Berchtesgaden Landscape" is found.

The newspaper for the elegant world of November 14, 1837 opened with a text about the Berchtesgadner Ländchen . In his description of the Salzburg Alps from 1844, Friedrich Wilhelm Walther added "formerly political: Berchtesgadner Ländchen" in brackets to the term Königsseer Gebirge. In this sense, The large conversation lexicon for the educated estates from 1845 also describes the "Berchtesgadner Ländchen" as "the old area of ​​the princes of Berchtesgaden "

In his poem Die Urzeit der Erde , published in 1856, Franz Kobell speaks of the “vegetable-rich Berchtesgadner-Land”.

Alfred von Böhm and Gustav von Bezold use the terms “Berchtesgadner Land” and “Berchtesgadner Ländchen” in their descriptions of the Berchtesgadner Alps in 1868 and 1869, respectively, in the sense of a landscape designation.

In his book Berchtesgaden and his surroundings from 1870, Adolf Bühler writes in detail about the "Land Berchtesgaden" or "Berchtesgadnerlandl" as it is called "in the language of the people", while H. Wille wrote his volume from 1898 in the library of entertainment and des Wissens immediately titled Im Berchtesgadner Landl and its area size is determined to be 7¼ square miles.

For the district sub-region

Until the territorial reform of 1972, when the Berchtesgaden district , which already comprised a larger area, was merged into the even larger Berchtesgadener Land district, it was completely undisputed that z. B. the then independent city Bad Reichenhall did not belong to the "Berchtesgadener Land" or to "Berchtesgaden". And that when the new district of Berchtesgadener Land was formed, regional competitions were maintained for a long time, as the fact that the district was first named “ Bad Reichenhall District” until April 1973 is proof . The Bavarian State Government then justified the renaming as follows (→ see also the section: Administrative and territorial reform, present ):

“The landscape name Berchtesgadener Land is linked to the former Stiftsland Berchtesgaden , whose historical significance still has an effect today. (..) The charisma that the name Berchtesgadener Land, which is associated with an extraordinary landscape, justifies naming the new district after this part of the area that characterizes the uniqueness of the entire district. The state government therefore deviates from the principle of naming the district after the place where the district administration is located. "

Even after the territorial reform, the concept of the landscape “Berchtesgadener Land” remained clearly defined as “that alpine high mountain landscape that encompasses the [identical] area of ​​today's Alpine and National Park Berchtesgaden”.

For example, in 1985, on the occasion of the Berchtesgaden celebration , the former Prime Minister Franz Josef Strauss wrote 175 years Bavarian of the "Berchtesgadener Land" as an area which "harmoniously supplemented and rounded off the previous Bavarian national territory in 1810."

And Günter Kampfhammer stated succinctly in 1992:

“The Berchtesgadener Land (let's not be unsettled by the irritating district name in the course of the regional reform!) Is the name of the territory of the former Berchtesgaden monastery. The extent of the territory must therefore be determined exactly. "

(Planned) expansion of the meaning of the term

Within the population

It has not yet been investigated whether an expansion or shift in the meaning of “Berchtesgadener Land”, including the name for the entire district with its three regions, Berchtesgadener Land , Herzoglich Bavarian Reichenhall and the surrounding area as well as Southern Rupertiwinkel has become established within the population of the district . And in the event that such an expansion or shift in meaning has already occurred within the population, there are also no results as to whether this applies to all residents of all three regions to the same or different extent and what for this process of meaning expansion or shift. - shift within which period was then decisive. A colloquial abbreviation would be conceivable if there is no need to differentiate between the region and the district of the same name, and / or what is presented in the two following sections. It would also be conceivable, however, that no significant expansion or shift in the meaning of “Berchtesgadener Land” has (yet) been established and that most of the residents of the district still only associate the name with the region dealt with here.

Marketing offensive for the district

See section administrative and territorial reform, present , the Bavarian state government, when renaming the district of Bad Reichenhall , newly formed on the occasion of the territorial reform in Bavaria in July 1972 to the district of Berchtesgadener Land, relied on the greater "charisma" that the one with an extraordinary The name Berchtesgadener Land has associated with it “. Nonetheless, more than 30 years passed before the marketing company Berchtesgadener Land Tourismus , founded in 2005 on behalf of the district and its communities, set itself the goal for the first time to inspire new guests for the region of the entire district and to use "our Berchtesgadener Land" with the district. In other words, the term “Berchtesgadener Land” has been given a wider meaning, since it has been actively promoting the entire district at home and abroad as a tourist brand .

Not least in terms of tourism some less-favored regions within the county with the former already in the Duke of Bavaria, lying influence communities Bad Reichenhall , Bayerisch Gmain and Schneizlreuth and the municipalities of the once the Archbishopric of Salzburg belonging Rupertiwinkels intended by the naming and administrative synergies benefit. The website of the marketing company Berchtesgadener Land Tourismus and Berchtesgadener Land Tourismus GmbH underpinned their concerns until 2017 in a differentiated way, according to which the district of Berchtesgadener Land forms "both historically and culturally as well as economically a unit", because for "all three parts - that actual 'Berchtesgadener Land' (in the narrower sense of the former rulership of the prince-provost of Berchtesgaden), the city of Bad Reichenhall and the region around Laufen ”, it is economically speaking,“ today still tourism, which is of extraordinary importance for the whole district as a unit , whereby the diversity of the landscape forms can be described as particularly attractive. ”Since 2018 at the latest, the website with the history of the Berchtesgadener Land district - the southeastern Upper Bavarian district at berchtesgadener-land.com is no longer available and instead the Berchtesgadener Land region discussed here is available there nu r still under the brand name "Bergerlebnis Berchtesgaden", which strangely enough now also includes "Berchtesgaden-Rupertiwinkel".

However , a vote by the district council on July 22, 2016 shows how thin the varnish of this unit still is: after the federal legislature has been allowing old and new license plates since 2012, only a narrow majority in the district council opposed this option in 2013 pronounced, only to vote in favor of this option three years later, even if it may “re-manifest” the tripartite division of the district. After collecting several hundred signatures and the unambiguous vote of the district council with 32 to 20 votes, since September 15, 2016 at the vehicle registration office in Bad Reichenhall, in addition to the standard BGL license plate, the "old license plate" BGD (formerly Berchtesgaden district ) REI (formerly the independent city of Bad Reichenhall) and LF (formerly the district of Laufen ) issued as desired license plates.

Cultural landscape unit Berchtesgadener Land

After the first drafts of a restructuring of Bavarian cultural landscapes by the Bavarian State Office for the Environment in 2011, the Reichenhall Basin , which stands out from the "more closed, central Berchtesgaden Basin ", has been explicitly included as a sub-unit in the cultural landscape unit Berchtesgadener Land since 2013 due to its specific geological characteristics . Accordingly, in addition to the communities of Bayerisch Gmain and Schneizlreuth , the city of Bad Reichenhall and its surrounding area also belong to this cultural landscape unit. According to this definition, not included in the Berchtesgadener Land cultural landscape unit , however, remains the southern part of the Rupertiwinkel located in the north of the Berchtesgadener Land district , which will also be shown in the reorganization as an independent cultural landscape unit.

religion

Religious affiliations in Berchtesgadener Land
(according to the 2011 census; in brackets the different percentages from the 1987 census)

Communities	total	Roman Catholic	evangelical	not assigned  1)	of which "foreigners"  1)
Berchtesgaden	7577	5039 (−16.3%)	908 (−18.7%)	1630	819 (+75.0)
Bischofswiesen	7386	4,797 (−10.9%)	968 (-24.8%)	1621	396 (+27.3)
Marktschellenberg	1730	1314 (−13.2%)	144 (−2.0%)	272	161 (+101.3)
Ramsau near Berchtesgaden	1727	1445 (−5.3%)	96 (−28.4%)	186	90 (+73.1)
Schoenau upon Kings sea	5349	3807 (−6.9%)	611 (−27.2%)	1005	324 (+2.2)
Sums:  2)	23769	16,402 (69.0%)	2727 (11.5%)	4,714 (19.8%)	1790 (7.5%)
1)  So far only members of “Roman Catholic” and “Evangelical Lutheran” religious communities have been listed in Bavaria's census statistics. Of the not specifically allocated difference to the total number of the population, only the number of “foreigners” is given as a partial total. (→  see to this connection information given in the 2011 census and a well which they limiting or criticizing sections:.. Household survey , questions on religion and scientific control .) 2) The subtotals add up to 100.3% compared to the total population - rounding might have the Deviations or an error when transferring individual census data.

Parish church of St. Andreas in front of the collegiate church in Berchtesgaden

Despite the number of people leaving between 1987 and 2011, around 80 percent of the residents of Berchtesgadener Land still belong to a Christian religious community, a percentage which, however, tended towards 100 until secularization in 1803. After more than half of the Protestants emigrated in 1732/33 and the remaining members were re-missioned, they were exclusively members of the Roman Catholic Church. The edicts of King Maximilian I Joseph of 1808 and 1809 and the associated establishment of an Evangelical Lutheran Church in Bavaria also allowed Protestantism to be revived in the Berchtesgadener Land. But it was only after more and more Protestant tourists had visited the region and established second homes there that the Christ Church was added to all the Catholic churches in 1899 by the first Evangelical Lutheran. Before they were built, the Protestants used the dormitory in the Royal Castle and the former rent office building as prayer rooms . No information is currently available for members of other religious communities and their eventual meeting rooms for any of the municipalities in Berchtesgadener Land.

→ See also the sections on this paragraph: Reformation and Counter-Reformation, expulsions and emigration in Berchtesgaden

Evangelical Lutheran Church Congregation

In addition to its Christ Church as the main church in Berchtesgaden, the Evangelical Lutheran parish of Berchtesgaden is also responsible for the Evangelical Lutheran church buildings in Bischofswiesen, Ramsau near Berchtesgaden and Schönau am Königssee. The parish is part of the Traunstein deanery within the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Bavaria . In view of the small percentage of its community members within the mentioned communities of the Berchtesgadener Land, it exists in the minority situation of a diaspora .

In Marktschellenberg there is neither a Protestant parish nor a church building used by Protestant Christians. The closest Protestant church is the Christ Church in Berchtesgaden.

Roman Catholic parishes

The 2020 structural plan of the Archdiocese of Munich and Freising has provided for the dean's office of Berchtesgaden , which includes Bad Reichenhall and Bayerisch Gmain as well as the five municipalities of the Berchtesgadener Land , the development of more spacious parish associations. A future dean's office in Berchtesgadener Land should include the parishes of the entire district of Berchtesgadener Land . On November 14, 2013, however, a dean was elected for the Deanery Berchtesgaden (seat: Berchtesgaden) and the Dean's office Teisendorf (seat Teisendorf). A specific date for the merger of the two deaneries has not yet been announced.

In Berchtesgaden there are currently two Roman Catholic parishes, St. Andreas and Au. The pastor of the parish of St. Andreas currently also holds the office of dean. The parish church of the parish of St. Andreas is the collegiate church of St. Peter and John the Baptist , the parish church of St. Andrew has been a subsidiary church since 1803. In addition to other church buildings in the village, the parish is responsible for the pilgrimage church of Maria Gern in the district of Gern and the church of Maria am Berg in the district of Salzberg . Since September 2012, a merger of the Roman Catholic parishes of St. Andreas (Berchtesgaden), Holy Family (Au) and St. Nikolaus (Marktschellenberg) into one parish association is being planned.

On November 1st, 2015 the parish association Stiftsland Berchtesgaden was founded, to which the three parishes St. Andreas Berchtesgaden , Holy Family Au and St. Nikolaus Marktschellenberg merged. For Bischofswiesen a parish association was founded in March 2000 from the pastoral care association of the parishes Bischofswiesen and Winkl together with the parish Strub under the name "Pfarrverband Bischofswiesen". On June 1, 2019, this parish association now joined the parish association Stiftsland Berchtesgaden as the parish Herz Jesu Bischofswiesen .

For several years the pastoral care and administration of the parish of Ramsau near Berchtesgaden had been entrusted to the dean of the dean's office in Berchtesgaden as the parish administrator . Since 2013, the parish has its own pastor again, who is also the parish administrator of the Unterstein parish (Schönau am Königssee). With this parish administration, the 2020 structure plan of the Archdiocese of Munich and Freising has already found practical implementation with regard to a parish association of the parishes of Ramsau and Unterstein .

politics

Local councils

Due to the number of inhabitants, the municipal council and the (first) mayor in Berchtesgaden, Bischofswiesen and Schönau am Königssee have 21 seats each, and in Marktschellenberg and Ramsau near Berchtesgaden only 13 seats each. For the distribution of seats in the municipal councils including the mayor, see the alphabetical table below:

Official seat distribution of the municipal councils since the municipal elections on March 16, 2014:
fraction	CSU	FWG	GREEN	SPD	Seats >>	other parties
Berchtesgaden	10	5	3	2	1	Berchtesgaden Citizens' Group
Bischofswiesen	10	4th	2	3	2	Independent Citizens' Association Bischofswiesen (UBB)
Marktschellenberg	3	4th	1	1	4th	Rural voter community (LWG)
Ramsau near Berchtesgaden	8th	0	0	0	5	Ramsau electoral block
Schoenau upon Kings sea	10	8th	2	1	0	-
Numbers in bold contain the first mayor

Constituencies

The five municipalities of the Berchtesgadener Land belong to the Bundestag constituency of Traunstein and to the constituency of Berchtesgadener Land for state and district elections.

Coat of arms / logo

→ Main article : “Coat of arms” in the article Fürstpropstei Berchtesgaden

From the 17th century a coat of arms of the "Land Berchtesgaden" or the prince provosts of Berchtesgaden has been handed down, to which the prince provosts (see middle illustration) added their coat of arms as a central shield until the prince provosts were dissolved in 1803 .

Since 1891, the former coat of arms of the prince provosty's now the coat of arms of the market town of Berchtesgaden and its center shield, based on the fact that the Berchtesgadener Land has belonged to Bavaria since 1810, with white and blue diamonds.

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  State coat of arms without a central shield

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  Coat of arms with central shield

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  Today's coat of arms of the market town of Berchtesgaden

No coat of arms is used for the Berchtesgadener Land as the southern part of the district or as a cultural landscape. Instead, u. a. For the tourism promotion of the area by the Zweckverband Tourismusregion Berchtesgaden-Königssee (formerly Tourismusverband Berchtesgadener Land ) a logo with a stylized Watzmann view was introduced as a landmark .

Culture

Cultural traditions

Examples of Berchtesgaden War

The Berchtesgaden War is from the late 15th to early 19th century, on foot and on Kraxen sold goods handcrafted wooden toys from the once fürstpröpstlich ruled Berchtesgaden . After a long break since 1911, it has been offered again in far smaller numbers as souvenirs and Christmas tree decorations in the region.Today, as then, it includes painted chipboard boxes , wooden toys, jewelry boxes, fine and rough carvings , figures of saints and cribs , musical instruments for children as well as work by Bein - and ivory carvers .

Berchtesgaden Christmas shooters at Christmas shooting

The Berchtesgaden Christmas shooters mainly participate in church festivals . It is named after the custom of shooting from handbollers at Christmas , which is cultivated exclusively in the Berchtesgadener Land and which was first mentioned in 1666. Their associations, founded in 1874 and merged in 1925 as the United Christmas Shooters of the Berchtesgadener Land , value local traditions , Christian customs and conviviality .

The Butt Mandl run or the Butt Mandl running ( bairisch : buttn rattle =, jogging) is a Advent to the "pure" parallel Kramperläufen exerted stop domestic who cared for about 1,730 mostly on 5 and 6 December exclusively in the communities of Berchtesgaden becomes.

At the beginning of Holy Week on Palm Sunday , palm bushes are made. Berchtesgaden variant of palm bushes are not yet blooming, colorful "Gschabertbandl" or colored thin wood shavings decorated pussy willow branches , which together with Lebensbaum- and boxwood branches on upper end of a one-meter-long hazelnut plugging be fixed.

The Berchtesgaden traditional costume , named after the market, is (exclusively) distributed throughout the Berchtesgaden region as festive clothing on Sundays and public holidays. The traditional costume clubs are the United Trachtenvereinen des Berchtesgadener Land e. V. and the Gauverband I affiliated. In addition to wearing the original costume, these clubs also practice the dancing of the Schuhplattler .

In Marktschellenberg are maintained and a. erecting the maypole , the Schellenberger Dult and the Scheffauer Leonhardiritt .

On November 26, 1962 the association for local history of the Berchtesgadener Land was founded, whose name in 2012 on the occasion of its 50th anniversary in Heimatkundeverein Berchtesgaden e. V. was changed. He sees his task in “discovering the historical diversity of the region, presenting it and communicating it to a broader public”.

language

In the Berchtesgaden area next to is High German as official and common language , a more or less pronounced West Central Bavarian dialect spoken calling themselves within the Gnotschaften for the five communities until about the 1980s in varying through each easy pronunciation and phrase translations (. B agricultural implements).

Fabric and motif for

Say

View of the Untersberg

View from the brine pipeline path to the Reiteralpe

Last but not least, the mountains framing the Berchtesgadener Land form the background for numerous legends :

• Above all, the Watzmann massif , which has become a landmark, is shrouded in legend. Its nine peaks are interpreted as a royal family that petrified because of their cruelty. The main mountain consisting of three peaks (Hocheck, Mittelspitze, Südspitze) symbolizes the king, the opposite peak symbolizes the queen (Watzmannfrau) and the seven peaks in between symbolize the children.
• The Untersberg opposite, which stretches into neighboring Salzburg , is said to be used as a dwelling after an emperor. Depending on the narrative, Emperor Charlemagne or Friedrich Barbarossa wait here in a death-like sleep, in order to achieve victory with their army for the good at the Last Judgment or when disbelief and violence reach the highest degree . In another version it is said that the emperor slept there until his beard grew seven times around the table base.
• In addition to this sleeping army in Unterberg but also giants (giant Abfaltersbach), called Wild Women who are similar to brownies did a good service, and of course dwarfs (Unterberg Manndln) have lived and worked.
• Not to forget the devil , who leads the wild hunt and not only left his mark on a rock face of the Reiteralpe called Teufelskopf , as well as numerous ghosts who admonish good things on the mountains and as drowned souls in the lakes or invite you to the eerie bowling game.
• There are several legends for the origin of the name Berchtesgaden : According to one, it is derived from the legendary figure Berchta or Perchta , which is also equated with Frau Holle . Another claims that it is due to a certain Berchtold, to whom a mermaid from Königssee showed the way to salt and to the righteous work as a miner in the still existing salt mine in Berchtesgaden .

literature

Ludwig Ganghofer in particular set a literary monument to the country and people of the region in a number of his novels. From July 4th to 7th, 1925, the first large Ganghofer celebration with a festival program and commemorative publication took place in Berchtesgaden in his honor . In addition, his contemporary Richard Voss should also be mentioned, whose bestselling novel Two People took up motifs from the life of Mauritia Mayer , who founded tourism on Obersalzberg , in the figure of Judith Platter and was filmed several times. Other writers include a. the Norwegians Jonas Lie and Henrik Ibsen , who stayed here (often) and who may have been inspired by the country and its people.

painting

Caspar David Friedrich : The Watzmann (created 1824/25)

In addition to Caspar David Friedrich , quite a few visual artists , especially landscape painters , graphic artists and copper engravers , have used various places in the Berchtesgadener Land as motifs for their oil paintings and book illustrations over the centuries .

In the 19th century, from the 1830s onwards, a well-known painting colony had developed in Ramsau near Berchtesgaden am Hintersee , mainly made up of representatives of the Munich and Vienna Schools, including: Wilhelm Busch , Carl Rottmann , Ludwig Richter , Carl Schuch , Karl Hagemeister , Thomas Fearnley , Friedrich Gauermann , Ferdinand Waldmüller and Frederik Christian Kiærskou (1805–1891). Among them, among others, Carl Rottmann raised the lake itself as a motif. Many of them were served by the Auzinger inn and its predecessor, Hint. See Wirth as a meeting point and hostel.

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  Johann Wilhelm Schirmer : The Hintersee near Berchtesgaden (1838)

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  Albert Zimmermann : Chapel on the Hintersee near Berchtesgaden (1888)

An extremely popular motif in Ramsau was the parish church of St. Sebastian , which was captured on sketches, drawings and paintings by painters such as Wilhelm Bendz , Thomas Fearnley, Ferdinand Laufberger , Wilhelm Busch, Ferdinand Runk , Otto Pippel and Will Klinger-Franken . However, while Fearnley (1830) and Loos (1836) , for example, still chose the perspective from the west or from the former village center at Gasthof Oberwirt towards the church with the Göll in the background, towards the end of the 19th century the perspective changed in the opposite direction , and the viewpoint called Malerwinkel today with Ramsauer Ache and Ertlsteg in the foreground and the Reiter Alpe in the background prevailed.

Another painter's corner is at the Königssee , whose perspective has also been an incentive for visual artists such as Johann Baptist Isenring , Max Wolfinger and Arnold Forstmann to choose their motifs since the beginning of the 19th century at the latest , which in turn, along with other motifs in the region, also provided an initial " Promotion ”for the tourism that has been developing there since the end of the 19th century .

Furthermore, even Adalbert scales (1833-1898), Edward Harrison Compton (1881-1960) and Friedrich Ludwig to name (1895-1970), which provided the Berchtesgaden numerous motifs.

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  Painting by Johann Baptist Isenring , 1823

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  Painting by Max Wolfinger , 1850

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  Vedute painting by Arnold Forstmann , from around 1880

But there were also local painters with some prominence: at the beginning of the 20th century, Konrad Westermayr (1883–1917) , who was born in Ramsau, also dealt with his hometown in paintings as a late impressionist painter . The same goes for Fritz Richter (1904–1981), who was born in Salzburg but lived in Berchtesgaden from 1931 until his death, with his woodcuts, as well as Will Klinger-Franken (1909–1986), who was born in Veitshöchheim and who lived in Ramsau from 1960 until his death lived near Berchtesgaden. Even if not committed to landscape painting, Gertrud von Kunowski (1877–1960), who was born in Bromberg and lived in Schönau am Königssee from 1936 until her death , is worth mentioning .

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  Konrad Westermayr : Ramsau, two ladies with a parasol (1911)

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  Fritz Richter : Konigssee from Malerwinkel from

And every year since 2010, professional and amateur artists have been invited to Open ExTempores for visual art in the Berchtesgadener Land, alternately in one of the five municipalities of the Berchtesgadener Land, in order to discuss one of two predetermined topics related to the municipality or to the Process region. The best works recognized by a jury are awarded cash and hotel prizes from various sponsors, the winning picture is bought by the respective organizing community.

(→ For works of art on site see also: Berchtesgaden # Fine Arts )

Movies

Peter Ostermayr in particular has made numerous feature films in the Berchtesgadener Land - including not least film adaptations of the novels by Ludwig Ganghofer - and was made an honorary citizen of Berchtesgaden in 1955.

In addition, places in the Berchtesgadener Land served as film sets for Wildschütz Jennerwein , among others - hearts in need . (Direction and main role: Hanns Beck-Gaden . Mercedes-Film, Munich 1929 (premiered 1930)) and the first film adaptation of The Brandner Kaspar looks into Paradise (1949), and more recently for series such as Tierarzt Dr. Engel (1997–2002) or Lena Lorenz (since 2015)

The film actress Magda Schneider (1909–1996) lived for several decades until her death in Schönau am Königssee, where her daughter Romy Schneider (1938–1982) grew up with her grandparents until 1949.

music

The Berchtesgaden Fleitl is a three-part Soprano - Recorder , currently (as of 2014) only in Bischofswiesen is manufactured.

The children's symphony (original title "Berchtesgadener-Musik"), composed in the 18th century, is made up of classical orchestral instruments as well as children's musical instruments from the Berchtesgaden War .

The collegiate church choir keeps around 150 valuable manuscripts , autographs and copies of 60 composers, including works by Anton Cajetan Adlgasser , Giovanni Francesco Anerio , Giovanni Battista Casali , Anton Diabelli , Josef and Michael Haydn , Antonio Lotti , Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and by the Berchtesgadener Composers Franz Mathias Fembacher and Johann Baptist Fembacher.

There are several brass bands in the Berchtesgadener Land. The first was the Marktkapelle Berchtesgaden , founded on June 30, 1825 , which, at the request of Fragners (shopkeeper) and musician Ignaz Walch, was granted the Thurmer concession and thus permission to blow chorales from the church towers on high feast days. The Maria Gern brass band was founded in 1946 by Johann Rasp, but an earlier Gerer Musi was mentioned shortly after the First World War . The Ramsau music band has existed since 1909 and plays on all parish and church festivals and holidays.

Nationally known folk musicians are and were u. a. the (young) Ramsau singer and Martin Schwab (1926–2012), who also ran the “Gerstreit” inn in Ramsau.

theatre

The Berchtesgadener Bauerntheater has had a permanent venue in Berchtesgaden since 1905, and since 1937 in an outbuilding of the Hotel Watzmann on Franziskanerplatz. From 1965, some of his productions were recorded for television under director Franz Hafner . In the mid-1990s, under Hafner's successor Elisabeth Hölzl-Michalsky, an open-air stage was set up in the quarry on the Kälberstein ( Lage ) where the ensemble of the Berchtesgadener Bauerntheater u. a. To stage plays by Ludwig Ganghofer such as Der Jäger von Fall .

Festivals

Miners in festive clothing, figures at the salt mine

The Bergfest or Bergknappenjahrtag is since associated with privileges freedom letter of the miners zunft the salt mine Berchtesgadens celebrated to 1627 only as praise and thanks service in the Collegiate , after imparting a flag in 1628 by an elevator with drumming and pipers in Place. Even today at Whitsun after the service, the miners march through the streets of the Berchtesgaden market.

In Ramsau near Berchtesgaden, the traditional events are shaped by the annual church cycle. Special features are the Ramsau wood beer , the anniversary of the lumberjack on Rose Monday and the patronage of the parish church, the Sebastianitag on January 20th ( Ramsau public holiday ), on which many Ramsau companies are still closed today.

In Marktschellenberg are maintained and a. the Annafest in the Ettenberg district is celebrated with a solemn mass in the pilgrimage church of the Visitation of the Virgin Mary followed by a light procession .

In 2002, 900 years of Berchtesgaden u. a. celebrated on April 7th with a pontifical mass and on July 14th with a big pageant.

On October 10, 2010 Berchtesgaden celebrated 200 years of belonging to Bavaria with thousands of visitors and a pageant with 1400 participants. Also present were the head of the House of Wittelsbach, Duke Franz von Bayern , the Bavarian Finance Minister Georg Fahrenschon , Federal Minister of Transport Peter Ramsauer and District President Christoph Hillenbrand .

Culinary specialties

For centuries it has been the custom within the Berchtesgadener Land that from November 1st ( All Saints' Day ) - today partly already from September - to St. Nicholas Day on December 6th a roll- shaped rye biscuit called Stuck is offered. a. with currants , cloves and cinnamon in the batter to get in the mood for the pre-Christmas season. In the times when the prince provosts ruled the Berchtesgadener Land, the stucco was also a begging custom . Poor, mostly “older people” begged for a piece and “prayed loudly”. According to folklorist Rudolf Kriss , however, "as early as 1731 the pastor of Schellenberg complained that people were missing the service because they had been collecting stucco."

Sports

The first Olympic champion in alpine skiing ( combination ) at the 1936 Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen was Franz Pfnür, born in the Berchtesgaden district of Au . After the games, Pfnür was invited to Obersalzberg for coffee by Adolf Hitler and joined the SS .

In the 1980s, Berchtesgaden applied unsuccessfully for the 1992 Winter Olympics on the initiative of local politicians ( CSU , FWG , SPD ) and with the support of high-ranking Bavarian politicians, among them the then Prime Minister Franz Josef Strauss . In Munich's unsuccessful applications for the 2018 Winter Olympics (in favor of the South Korean city of Pyeongchang ) and 2022 ( referendum ), participation in the combined artificial ice rink Königssee as one of several planned venues outside the city also failed .

To practice winter sports and to train at a high performance level is and remains a “trademark” of the Berchtesgadener Land. The offspring of the German national winter sports teams are supported here in four training centers of the Bavarian Olympic Training Center (→  see section: Sports facilities ) and accompanied by the CJD Christophorus Schools Berchtesgaden with their elite school of sports (“Ski Gymnasium”) on the Dürreck in Schönau am Königssee. Among the many successful German tobogganers, the Berchtesgaden native and multiple Olympic champion Georg Hackl also benefited from the ideal conditions in these sports centers.

Sports facilities

Koenigssee artificial ice rink

The Berchtesgadener Land (→ see section: Personalities as well as in the article on Berchtesgaden the section Sports and sports clubs ) produced numerous extremely successful athletes, who also won gold medals at the Olympics and World Championships, especially in winter sports . Four training centers in the Berchtesgadener Land are part of the regional center Chiemgau / Berchtesgadener Land within the Bavarian Olympic Training Center :

• The Königssee artificial ice rink was completed in 1968, making it the oldest artificial ice rink in the world. National squads, junior squads and base teams ensure that the ice channel is used to a high level. For Bob and Skeleton World Championships in 2011 she was last brought up to date.
• The Götschen training center for alpine skiing and snowboarding is located in the Götschen ski area below the Götschenkopf .
• The ski jumping facility at Kälberstein comprises a total of four ski jumps covered with plastic matting (K 18, K 27, K 62 and K 90) and can be used in summer and winter. The Nordic combined and special jumpers , who also attend the elite sports school of the CJD Christophorus Schools Berchtesgaden am Dürreck in Schönau am Königssee , train on the two large hills .
• The herb kaser at Jenner was for many years the host of numerous World Cup ski races and is since 1973 a training center for the Ski Alpine junior in close conjunction with the elite school of sport of CJD Christophorus Schools Berchtesgaden . The training center is used by alpine athletes as well as ski cross , freestyle skiing and snowboarding .

sports clubs

Georg Hackl , member of the RC Berchtesgaden

Tobias Wendl u. Tobias Arlt , members of the WSV Königssee

In view of the training conditions in the surrounding area (→ see section: Sports facilities ), it is no coincidence that the Bobsleigh and Sled Association for Germany has  had its office in Berchtesgaden since 2000. The association's president is Josef Fendt from Berchtesgaden , who was one of the most successful luge riders of the 1970s.

The following are the most successful sports clubs in the Berchtesgadener Land:

• The toboggan club Berchtesgaden or RC Berchtesgaden , founded in February 1923, and the WSV Königssee , founded in December 1951, are among the most successful toboggan clubs in the world and can both point to an impressive medal table after having participated in several Olympic Winter Games , World Championships and European Championships . The prominent club members include a. Susi Erdmann , Georg Hackl , Felix Loch , Barbara Niedernhuber , Hans Stanggassinger and Franz Wembacher .
• The Skiklub Berchtesgaden (SKB), founded in 1906, has the departments Alpine skiing , Nordic skiing and biathlon as well as a children's and youth ski school for the young. Club member Friedl Däuber became slalom world champion in Cortina d'Ampezzo in 1932 and, together with clubmate Josef Ponn, was part of the Olympic team that took part in the 1936 Winter Games in Garmisch-Partenkirchen .
• The TSV Berchtesgaden , founded in 1883, when gymnastics and sports club has twelve departments especially for the grassroots . The wrestling department temporarily reached the Bundesliga level.

Other sports clubs in the Berchtesgadener Land are u. a .: Berchtesgadener Eisstockschützen-Club (BEC) , Bowling Sport Verein Berchtesgaden , Berchtesgadener hang-glider , Berchtesgadener paraglider , ice-skating club Berchtesgaden , FC Hotel Watzmann e. V. , FC Ramsau eV , Golf-Club Berchtesgaden GCB , Königl.-privil. Feuerschützengesellschaft Berchtesgaden , Motorsport Club MSC Ramsau , Postsportverein-Berchtesgaden , Radgruppe BGD , Schachklub Berchtesgaden , SG Schönau (Sportgemeinschaft Schönau) , SK Ramsau , Skisport-Förderverein Maria Gern , Sportgemeinschaft Au , Sportverein Post-Telekom e. V. , sport shooting club Obersalzberg , tennis club Berchtesgaden , diving club Berchtesgaden e. V. and the hiking friends Berchtesgaden .

Attractions

Main tourist attractions ( Big Five )

The main tourist attractions in the Berchtesgadener Land, known as the Big Five , are in Schönau am Königssee the Königssee and the Jennerbahn , in Berchtesgaden the Kehlsteinhaus ( see also section: Profane Buildings ), the salt mine and the Watzmann Therme .

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  Konigssee from Malerwinkel seen from

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  Jennerbahn gondola directly in front of the mountain station (2011)

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  Kehlsteinhaus and Pre-Alps (northwards)

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  Berchtesgaden salt mine
  on the right: Mitterberghaus ; left: Ferdinandberg visitor entrance

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  Watzmann Therme

Historical buildings

For the Berchtesgadener Land, see the following lists numerous architectural monuments, some of which are presented here as examples.

See also : “Buildings” in the article Fürstpropstei Berchtesgaden

See also : List of architectural monuments in Berchtesgaden

See also : List of architectural monuments in Bischofswiesen

See also : List of architectural monuments in Marktschellenberg

See also : List of architectural monuments in Ramsau near Berchtesgaden

See also : List of architectural monuments in Schönau am Königssee

Profane building

Royal Berchtesgaden Castle with (from left to right) courtyard building ( Marstall ), Rentamtbogen , former Rentamt , collegiate church , castle building and in between castle square with Crown Prince Ruprecht fountain

The former convent of Augustinian Canons Berchtesgaden went along with the built in the early 13th century and received fully in the Romanesque style cloister together Kreuzgarten from 1810 in the possession of the House of Wittelsbach over whose family is the building today as the Royal Palace use. The east wing, which is directly adjacent to the collegiate church , and the adjoining south wing of the castle building are part of a self-contained ensemble. Opposite it has been a courtyard building since the 16th century , which with its arcades served as a stables . Two arched gates form the connecting links - to the south the castle gate , to the north the rent office arch (formerly the cashier's arch ), which is adjoined by the narrow facade of the former rent office building , which in turn housed the stable master's office before 1803 . There is a narrow passage between the former rent office building and the collegiate church. a. leads past an obelisk made of black basalt in honor of the fallen soldiers of 1870/71 to the parish church of St. Andreas .

At the top of the pass on the edge of Bischofswiesen there is still the Hallthurm , a defensive tower of the remnant of the pass and border fortifications built in 1194 after Salzburg and Bavaria attacked the monastery of Berchtesgaden . It was supplemented on the hanging stone in today's Marktschellenberg on the border with Salzburg by the Schellenberger Tower, first mentioned in a document in 1252, as another pass tower to protect the salt deliveries from the Berchtesgadener Land.

The Kehlsteinhaus is a mountain inn above Berchtesgaden , which was built by the NSDAP as a representative building on the Obersalzberg from 1937 to 1938 and is one of the most complex construction projects within the Führer's restricted area . It stands just below the Kehlstein summit at an altitude of 1834  m on a mountain spur.

The Watzmannhaus is an alpine club hut of the German Alpine Club built in 1888 and expanded between 1894 and 1908 to 1911 at an altitude of 1930 meters on the Falzköpfl north below the Watzmann -Hocheck. It belongs to the municipality of Ramsau near Berchtesgaden.

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  Hallthurm (defense tower)

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  Kehlsteinhaus

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  Watzmannhaus

The Gasthof Auzinger is a traditional, listed inn near the Hintersee . In the 19th century, together with its predecessor buildings and their hosts, it was a hostel and contact point for artists from a painters' colony established on the Hintersee .

The reception building of the former Königssee train station , built in 1908/09 in Art Nouveau style as the terminus of the Berchtesgaden-Königssee railway line , is now used as a restaurant.

The Jägerkaserne is a barracks of the Bundeswehr in Bishop Reported district of Strub in Bavaria . It was built from 1937 as the Berchtesgaden-Strub barracks and was given the name "Jägerkaserne" on June 17, 1967.

The Reich Chancellery Dienststelle Berchtesgaden (also known as the Small Reich Chancellery ) was a second seat of government in the National Socialist German Reich alongside the New Reich Chancellery in Berlin. The completion of all parts of the building under the architect Alois Degano took place in July 1937.

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  Gasthof Auzinger

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  former Königssee train station

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  Jäger barracks

Sacred building

Evangelical Lutheran

The Christ Church was built by August Thiersch between 1897 and 1899 in neo-Gothic style from calf stone marble at the end of Ludwig-Ganghofer-Straße and is the first and so far only Evangelical Lutheran church in Berchtesgaden.

The Insula Church in Strub , established in 1951, is part of a senior citizens' home of the same name.

The Church of the Good Shepherd was inaugurated on July 27, 1958 and belongs to the Evangelical Lutheran parish of Berchtesgaden .

The Hubertus Chapel was consecrated as a Roman Catholic church in 1761 and 1797 , but sold in 1860 to a private person who used it for purposes other than intended. Since 1957, it has served as a place of worship for the Evangelical Lutheran Congregation Berchtesgaden , which finally acquired the building in 2010 and then had it completely restored.

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  Christ Church

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  To the good shepherd

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  Hubertus Chapel (entrance side)

Roman Catholic

The collegiate church of St. Peter and John the Baptist , built in 1122, was part of the monastery monastery Berchtesgaden until 1803 , which, with its Augustinian canons , was elevated to the imperial prelature of Berchtesgaden from 1380 and from 1559 to the prince provostory of Berchtesgaden , and then dissolved the still so-called “ parish church of St. Andreas “ as the parish church of the Roman Catholic parish of St. Andreas in Berchtesgaden.

The church of St. Sebastian was built in 1512, since then it has been expanded several times and in 1812 it became the parish church of Ramsau. It became well known as a pictorial motif used by numerous painters of the 19th century and later on postcards and Christmas cards.

The pilgrimage chapel St. Bartholomä on the west bank of the Königsee on the Hirschau peninsula is one of the landmarks of the region and the destination of thousands of tourists. In some parts it dates back to the 12th century and has been designed in the Baroque style since the 17th century .

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  Collegiate Church of St. Peter and John the Baptist

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  Parish church of St. Sebastian from Malerwinkel with Reiteralpe

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  St. Bartholomä seen from the ship

The pilgrimage church of the Visitation of the Virgin Mary on a high plateau in Ettenberg was built between 1723 and 1727.

The pilgrimage church Maria Hilf in the Gnotschaft Loipl was probably built as a chapel in 1798/99 by Loipl farmers . According to Brugger, it was inaugurated (“assigned”) in 1800 by the Reichsstift-Kapitular Franz Xaver Graf von Berchem. Thanks to an indulgence ("Awers"), it developed into a pilgrimage church in 1805, which attracted many pilgrims throughout the 19th and 20th centuries.

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  Pilgrimage Church of the Visitation of the Virgin Mary

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  Pilgrimage Church of Maria Hilf

Museums

Within the Berchtesgadener Land there are currently only museums in Berchtesgaden.

Adelsheim Palace , built in 1614 on the northern edge of the town center by Stiftsdekan Degenhart Neuchinger, was first a noble bourgeois residence, from 1795 the seat of the Electoral Bavarian Main Salt Office and until 1803 the residence of the last Prince Provost of Berchtesgaden, Joseph Konrad von Schroffenberg-Mös . It has housed the Berchtesgaden Local History Museum since 1961 .

The Royal Castle Berchtesgaden shows two collections in its rooms. The East Asian collection includes Japanese, Chinese and European porcelain from the Nymphenburg, Frankenthal and Meißen manufacturers from the 16th to 20th centuries. The Rehmuseum has a wild scientific collection with exhibits that Duke Albrecht of Bavaria (1905-1996) has collected personally mainly from the area Weichselboden and edited. Visits are only possible as part of a guided tour. In addition, the castle offers evening tours illuminated with candles; A small castle music takes place every Friday .

The Obersalzberg documentation , which was opened in 1999, seeks to shed light on the Obersalzberg's past as a “ Führer's restricted area ” and to work through the links to Nazi politics . It aims u. a. also to counteract the tourism interests, which until then had been solely concerned with “commercial exploitation”, which for decades had allowed the kiosks at the Kehlsteinhaus stop to sell “historical rubbish”, “souvenirs with idyllic Nazi motifs and, above all, lurid glossy brochures that apparently informed objectively about what happened on Obersalzberg during the Nazi era, but actually glorified history and played down the National Socialist regime. "(→  See also the section: National Socialism and World War II )

In the Haus der Berge , an information and education center of the Berchtesgaden National Park in Hanielstrasse, which opened in 2013, the focus is on the 900 m² exhibition "Vertical Wilderness" in addition to special and temporary exhibitions, in which, on a steadily increasing migration through the habitats of water, Forests, alpine pastures and rocks, visitors should get to know the entire spectrum of life in the Berchtesgaden National Park.

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  Adelsheim Castle

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  Large dining room in the Royal Castle

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  Documentation Obersalzberg

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  Forest habitat , part of the Vertical Wilderness exhibition in the House of Mountains

Natural monuments and geotopes

View from the Steinerne Agnes to Loipl

The Berchtesgadener Land is rich in geological features that have been designated as geotopes by the Bavarian State Office for the Environment . The striking rock formation of the Steinerne Agnes is one of the 77 national geotopes in Germany, which, in addition to the magic forest in Hintersee and the Watzmann east face, has also been awarded the title Bavaria's most beautiful geotope . In the Berchtesgadener Land i. e. S. 51 geological objects were designated as geotopes. In addition to striking rock formations (such as the Steinerne Agnes, the Großer and Kleiner Barmstein ), gorges and gorges (including Wimbachklamm , Almbachklamm ), lakes ( Taubensee , Funtensee ), springs ( Schwarzbachloch , glacier springs in Ramsau), waterfalls (including Schrainbachfall, Königsbach- Waterfall), caves ( Salzgrabenhöhle , Schellenberger ice cave , Eiskapelle am Watzmann ), karstification phenomena (Funtensee-Uvala, Karrenfelder am Steinernen Meer, sinkholes near Oberschönau), landslides (magic forest, landslide between the Königssee and Obersee), traces of the ice ages (glacier cut on the Unterlahner Alm, Schusterstein- & Großer Stangerstein-Boulder, Buckelwiesen near Gschoßhäusl) as well as quarries and mines are designated as geotopes.

• Selection of geotopes in the Berchtesgadener Land
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  Karst spring Schwarzbachloch

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  Schellenberger ice cave

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  Almbach Gorge

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  Alluvial fans on the Königssee

Economy and Infrastructure

View of the pedestrian zone on the market square of Berchtesgaden

According to a work report by the ARL , the "contribution of tourism to the national income (in the district) Berchtesgadener Land [...] shares of more than 10 to over 15%." According to a documentation of the Ö.TE from 2005 (without including the income Rental) 31.4 percent of all employed persons in the district have been active in the sectors of trade, hospitality and transport, which are important for tourism, whereby in comparison to the branch focus in the north of Freilassing, the “Greater Berchtesgaden area is strongly influenced by tourism”. However, the number of guests and their length of stay have been declining since 1991, so that the municipalities want to set new accents through Berchtesgadener Tourismus Land GmbH and seek to make tourism more environmentally friendly in the future.

→ Main article : Berchtesgaden (economic development)

tourism

organization

Tourism in the Berchtesgadener Land is organized and administered by the Berchtesgaden-Königssee Tourism Region Association (until 2004: Berchtesgadener Land Tourism Association ). The Berchtesgaden spa directorate is not only the administrative seat of this association, but also u. a. also the seat of the marketing company Berchtesgadener Land Tourismus, which has been attracting guests across the district for the first time since 2005 .

history

Increasing and decreasing mass tourism

See also : Berchtesgaden (economic development)

Since the middle of the 19th century, the municipalities of the Berchtesgadener Land have been a popular tourist destination due to their → sights and → natural monuments - until the 1990s with growing numbers of guests. Since the end of the Second World War , the Obersalzberg district has been another "attraction" due to its role in the Nazi era , but by no means only as a "place of pilgrimage for the yesterday". The Obersalzberg is still a regular part of the visit program of American tourists to Salzburg.

Until the 1990s, mass tourism was the predominant economic factor. According to the tourist associations, the number of guest arrivals in 2003 for the entire district was 578,082, the number of overnight stays 3,696,851 and the average length of stay 6.4 days. Guest arrivals reached their peak in 1991 with 692,381 guests. The enormous increase of around 10 percent (from 1990 to 1991) was explained by the first influx of tourists from the new federal states. From 1991 onwards, with the exception of the period from 1998 to 2000, the numbers steadily decreased.

The realignment described below also slowed this trend at best, so that the length of stay in the Berchtesgadener Land in 2015 tends to decrease further from 518,000 guests to 2.3 million or an average of 4.47 overnight stays per guest.

Realignment

The motto "natural - sporty - adventure - healthy" of Berchtesgadener Tourismus Land GmbH , founded in 2005, reflects the (re) orientation of tourism. All five municipalities in the Berchtesgadener Land carry the rating of "healing climatic community", of which Bavaria has a total of 16, or together because of their stimulating climate the rating of a healing climatic health resort , and together with the Berchtesgaden National Park form the only coherent healing climatic health resort in Germany ".

As a member of the Alpine Pearls cooperation , Berchtesgaden tries to set new accents and make tourism more environmentally friendly. Since then, popular sports activities such as ski touring and the combination of snowshoeing and snowboarding within the national park have been seen as problematic for the fauna living there, especially if they are also carried out at night. So far, however, this has only been countered by initial “ steering measures ” for visitors, such as signage and voluntary support for such measures.

Other industries

According to the figures of the Bavarian State Office for 2008, Berchtesgaden has a job in the manufacturing industry, for example for the other municipalities of the Berchtesgadener Land, out of a total of 2936 employees subject to social insurance contributions in Berchtesgaden 517 (17.6 percent). In addition, 94 (3.2 percent) in agriculture, forestry and fishing, 982 (33.5 percent) in trade, transport and the hospitality industry, 277 (9.4 percent) in corporate service providers and 1,066 employees in public and private service providers ( 36.3 percent) employed.

There is no large industrial enterprise in the region, only smaller operating units. Hellmut Schöner discovered in the early 1980s that there were only a few companies with more than 50 employees within the “inner district of Berchtesgaden”. For the municipality, the salt mine with 135 employees was listed as the largest employer, in second place the spa management (including seasonal workers) with 100 and in third place the Hofbrauhaus Berchtesgaden with 65 employees. The number of employees in the above-mentioned companies has decreased further: in the salt mine to 100 (as of 2013) in the Kurdirektion or the Zweckverband Tourismusregion Berchtesgaden-Königssee to 65 and for the Hofbrauhaus Berchtesgaden to approx. 30.

Compared to the other four municipalities, medium-sized businesses and industrial companies - especially those in the precision mechanics sector - play a greater role in Bischofswiesen. In 1973, for example, a craftsmen 's settlement was designated in the pole forest of the Engedey district . The 30 or so handicrafts and trading companies located here are of "major importance" for the Bischofswieser economy. The municipality hopes for a similar strengthening of the economic structure from the Pfaffenfeld industrial park, which was designated in 1998 in Winkl .

Wooden brine pipe above Ramsau

→ Main article : Berchtesgaden salt mine

While the Celts discovered and used salt in the Hallein area and brine was extracted in neighboring Reichenhall for more than 2000 years , the economic use of salt in the Berchtesgaden - Marktschellenberg area did not begin until the 13th century. In the 16th century, the region experienced an economic boom, which can be attributed to salt production. The Berchtesgaden salt dome has been mined on the salt mountain northeast of Berchtesgaden since 1517 . Due to the heterogeneous composition of the Haselgebirge, which is made up of a mixture of salt clays, anhydrite and dolomite, the salt was not suitable for mining the rock. Therefore, the Permoskythian salt was leached from the rock in sinks . The brine obtained in this way was pumped through wooden pipes to Reichenhall for evaporation . Remnants of the old transport route are still exposed today in the so-called brine pipeline route . In order to boil the salt, it was necessary to cut down large amounts of forest. Since the wood in the Berchtesgaden valley basin was only available to a limited extent, supply contracts were concluded with Austria, which in return allowed salt to be extracted in the Berchtesgaden area.

Today the salt is extracted in the Berchtesgaden salt mine with the help of 30 drilling and flushing plants. The daily dissolution rate of a drilling fluid in the hanging wall of a salt cavern averages 1 cm. The caverns are leached for around 30 years, generating around 1.3 million cubic meters of brine. Today the brine pipeline runs over the Hallthurm Pass to Bad Reichenhall.

traffic

Airport

The closest international airport to Berchtesgadener Land is Salzburg , which is the fastest by car or bus via the B 20 , BAB 8 and from the Bad Reichenhall junction about 20 km away via the West Autobahn (A1) or the B 305 and from the border crossing in Approx. 14 km away via the B 160 and West Autobahn (A1).

From the Bad Reichenhall junction to the BAB 8, it is a good 160 km to Munich international airport .

Trunk roads

Federal highways

From Berchtesgadener Land, the next connection points to a motorway are the Bad Reichenhall junction (115) to the BAB 8 , which is approached via the B 20, and the Salzburg Süd junction to the Tauern Autobahn (A10), which takes the B 305 and behind Marktschellenberg is approached via the three kilometer long Austrian state road B 160 or the Berchtesgadener Straße and also leads to the West Autobahn (A1), again with connection to the BAB 8.

Federal highways

Since 2006, the intersection of the federal highways B 20 and B 305 running through the Berchtesgadener Land from northwest to south and from west to east has been the roundabout in front of Berchtesgaden main station , which is resting on three bridges . From the north-west, the B 20, which goes south and the B 305, which continues east, meet there. The Königsseer Ache and the Ramsauer Ache flow together under the bridges to form the Berchtesgadener Ache .

• : Border crossing Furth im Wald  -… - Bad Reichenhall  - Bayerisch Gmain  - Hallthurm (pass) - Bischofswiesen  - Berchtesgaden  - Königssee / Schönau am Königssee

The B 20 is part of the German Alps – Baltic Sea holiday route running across Germany from south to north , which begins around five kilometers south of Berchtesgaden on Königssee and ends around 1,730 km further in Puttgarden or on the island of Fehmarn ; the B 20 branches off in the direction of Furth im Wald and ends at the border with the Czech Republic . The next larger town on this route is Bad Reichenhall, 20 kilometers away. A few kilometers after Reichenhall, the junction leads to the BAB 8.

• : Bernau am Chiemsee  -… - Schneizlreuth / Weißbach  - Schwarzbachwacht (pass) - Ramsau  - Engedey  - Berchtesgaden  - Marktschellenberg  - border crossing - 160 - Grödig  - Salzburg or Salzburg-Süd (A 10)

The B 305 is part of the German Alpine Road , which starts in Lindau on Lake Constance and runs from west to east along the Alps through Berchtesgadener Land along the Berchtesgadener Ache to the German-Austrian border crossing and then to Salzburg and the junction of the Austrian A10 motorway. The B 305 is also used as a bypass road to relieve the center of Berchtesgaden from through traffic.

In the time of National Socialism , the Roßfeldhöhenringstrasse was planned as the final loop of the Alpine road , which can now be approached via the branches from the B 305 to the B 319 via the Berchtesgaden districts Obersalzberg or Oberau .

and display information about the image

View from the Roßfeldhöhenringstrasse

railroad

Within the Berchtesgadener Land, the Freilassing – Berchtesgaden railway crosses the municipalities of Bischofswiesen and Berchtesgaden from Hallthurm to Berchtesgaden Central Station (Berchtesgaden Hbf), which is also the destination of the Königssee InterCity train to and from Hamburg. Since 2006, local traffic on this route has also been included in the Salzburg S-Bahn system - the S4 line of BLB Berchtesgaden connects via Bad Reichenhall with Freilassing and from there with other lines with the city of Salzburg and the surrounding area. Electrified since 1916, the journey time from Berchtesgaden to Freilassing is only 33.671 kilometers long, but z. The connection, which is sometimes designated as a “ steep stretch ”, takes just under an hour.

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  Berchtesgaden Hbf, Teilans. Roundabout B 20 u. B 305

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  Bahnhof Bischofswiesen with trains of BLB

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  Steep stretch over the Hallthurm pass

Public transport

Local public transport (ÖPNV) within the Berchtesgadener Land is currently provided by the bus lines of Regionalverkehr Oberbayern (RVO) , which run every hour at minute 15 from the central bus station (ZOB) on the forecourt of the Berchtesgaden main station in a star shape in all directions to well-known excursion destinations and to Salzburg and Bad Reichenhall run.

shipping

At the jetty at the Seelände

→ Main article : "The Königssee shipping" in the article Königssee

Within the Berchtesgadener Land, only the Königssee has been used since 1909 with large ships equipped exclusively with electric motors for scheduled passenger transport. The operator has been the successor to Bayerische Seenschifffahrt with 17 electric motor boats since 1997 . A special feature is that the boat driver demonstrates to the guests about halfway to St. Bartholomä with a flugelhorn or a trumpet that the short tone sequences echo from the echo wall as mostly simple, but sometimes also double echoes.

 Map with all coordinates of the shipping section : OSM

The moorings are:

• Starting point in the district of Königssee (Seelände) ⊙
• St. Bartholomä ⊙
• Saletalm ⊙
• Boiler , demand stop ⊙

Mountain railways

In the Berchtesgadener Land there are not only numerous drag lifts for skiers but also the following mountain railways, which are also used in summer:

• The Jennerbahn is as two sections gondola running cable car in Berchtesgaden to the mountain Jenner . The 3,320 meter long gondola lift overcomes a height difference of 1,170 meters from the Königssee district to just below the Jennergipfel.
• The Obersalzbergbahn climbs 490 meters as a cable car . The valley station (530 m above sea  level ) is in the Berchtesgaden district of Salzberg next to a bridge over the Berchtesgadener Ache , the middle station is at 770 m and the mountain station, below Scharitzkehlstrasse, at 1020 m in and on the Obersalzberg . In winter, the mountain station is the starting point for a toboggan run that ends near the valley station.
• The Hochschwarzeck mountain railway in Ramsau near Berchtesgaden offers, among other things, a chair lift to the summit of the Dead Man , which is 390 meters above sea level from 1030 m above sea level. NHN overcomes. Opening times depend on the weather.

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  Jennerbahn gondola right in front of the mountain station (2011)

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  Obersalzbergbahn , valley station July 2013

There are also two other pure ski areas that allow long runs with chairlifts:

• In Bishop Reported district Loipl on the Götsch head the Götschen Ski Resort , which also houses the training center Götschen for alpine skiing and snowboarding as a training site of the Regional Center Chiemgau / Berchtesgaden within the Olympic training is located Bayern and also for FIS is used slip roads.
• On the Roßfeld , to which buses regularly go from the Berchtesgaden district of Oberau to the Eck district of the Roßfeld ski hut . The Roßfeld ski lodge forms the center of a smaller, developed with drag lifts the ski, from which the adjacent traffic with chair lift tines in Halleiner Dry peak is achieved at the Austrian side and is also passed to the valley at the bus station in Oberau until after Unterau exit can.

media

Since 1882, the Berchtesgadener Anzeiger has been publishing local news from the five municipalities of the Berchtesgadener Land in its own editorial office; national and international reports are taken from press agencies .

Four analog radio frequencies ( VHF ) as well as the TV channels and similar broadcasts via DVB-T are broadcast via the station Högl . a. also broadcast in Berchtesgadener Land. The Jenner transmitter is a broadcasting system of the Bavarian Broadcasting Corporation on the Jenner near Berchtesgaden . The system is used to broadcast radio programs via DAB . For the broadcasting area Berchtesgaden, the vicinity of Schönau and the northern Königssee, the radio programs of the Bavarian radio are received via the transmitter Berchtesgaden in Schönau am Königssee .

education

Berchtesgaden

→ Main article : School history of Berchtesgaden

The market operates two kindergartens .

Am Bach Eifeld in a building complex which is primary school Berchtesgaden the middle school Berchtesgaden and a youth center housed.

On the Buchenhöhe in the district remains another primary school and a middle school of CJD Christophorus Schools Berchtesgaden , be promoted in children with allergies or asthma, learning disorders and obesity.

The communal primary school in the Au is a dwarf school because of its small, relatively remote catchment area .

The Berchtesgaden grammar school was in Salzburger Straße from 1921 to 2004 and has been housed in a new building complex on Am Anzenbachfeld since summer 2004, within sight of the salt mine.

The vocational school for wood carving and joinery in the district of Berchtesgadener Land , usually just called wood carving school on site , trains wood carvers and joiners . The training period at this vocational school is three years and ends after successful final examination with the acquittal for journeymen . Particularly successful graduates were awarded the State Prize of the Government of Upper Bavaria for their journeyman's pieces made at this technical school .

After the cultural group founded in Rupertigau at the end of 1946 with headquarters in Berchtesgaden as a precursor, the Berchtesgaden Adult Education Center was founded on June 30, 1948 .

Bischofswiesen

In the pastor-Gruber-Straße 8 one was home for children and an outdoor kindergarten set up at City Hall Square 3 a day nursery. In addition, the “ Lebenswelt Insula ” district of Strub offers a kindergarten, a day care center and a crèche.

At Rathausplatz 4 is a Grund- u. Middle school for a total of 295 students.

Another facility on the premises of the "Lebenswelt Insula" is a vocational school for elderly care and elderly care help .

Marktschellenberg

There is the St. Nikolaus parish kindergarten under church sponsorship and the Marktschellenberg elementary school .

Ramsau near Berchtesgaden

The community is responsible for a kindergarten and a primary school.

Schoenau upon Kings sea

The community maintains the day care center Schönau a. Königssee and the elementary school Schönau am Königssee ("Schneewinklschule"), the CJD Christophorusschulen Berchtesgaden am Dürreck a secondary school and since 1960 a grammar school ("ski school", elite school of sports ).

Public facilities

Berchtesgaden from Eagle's Nest viewed from

Central facilities in Berchtesgaden

The tax office is the only office left in Berchtesgaden with tasks that affect the entire district.

In Berchtesgaden, the district maintains the multi-gym of the federal performance center for bobsleigh and toboggan, which is also used for school and mass sports.

The Berchtesgaden District Clinic in the Salzberg district is a standard care hospital with 118 beds and 32 rehab beds. It belongs to the municipal clinic association Kliniken Südostbayern AG . Among other things, the clinic ensures emergency care in the region for simple cases with the ambulance . The clinic specializes in orthopedics .

In Berchtesgaden, the national park administration is also based, as is the health resort administration as the administration of the Berchtesgaden-Königssee tourism region . The Berchtesgaden forestry operation of the Bavarian State Forests manages the region's state forests. The municipal housing development Berchtesgadener Land is also based in Berchtesgaden.

The tourism association maintains the spa and congress center as well as the indoor wellness pool Watzmann Therme , the cemetery association as a special purpose association for the communities of Markt Berchtesgaden, Bischofswiesen and Schönau am Königssee and the old cemetery in neighboring Schönau am Königssee at the end of September 2015 in a nationwide competition as Winner of the Berchtesgadener Land award-winning mountain cemetery, where the majority of Berchtesgaden citizens are buried.

The Markt's sewage treatment plant is shared by the communities of Bischofswiesen , Ramsau and Schönau am Königssee , and the Marktschellenberg slaughterhouse is also co-financed by the aforementioned communities . The administration of the cemetery association is also integrated into the Berchtesgaden municipal administration. In addition, the municipality's registry office is also responsible for the neighboring municipality of Schönau am Königssee.

Berchtesgaden

The community is the seat of a police station . She runs the Martin-Beer-Haus retirement home and manages the Bürgerheim Foundation as a nursing home . To the municipality's sports facilities include further an ice rink , a plurality of gymnasiums , a sports field as well as in the field of the neighboring community Bischofswiesen applied jumps on Kälberstein . The community has a small market library . The community's volunteer fire brigade provides fire protection and general help; it maintains three fire stations .

Bischofswiesen

The community operates a natural swimming pool at the Aschauer Weiher near the Rostwald .

Ramsau

The municipality of Ramsau maintains a mountain spa garden as well as a sports field and gymnasium that were laid out in 1973.

The local cemetery with the morgue, which has been built since 1938, is owned and managed by the Roman Catholic Church.

The Ramsau Volunteer Fire Brigade was founded in 1874 . She belongs to the inspection area south of the district fire inspection Berchtesgadener Land. In 1980/81 the fire station and apartments were built at the old parish hall.

Schoenau upon Kings sea

The world's first artificial ice rink for luge , bobsleigh and skeleton is located in the district of Unterschönau ( see: Königssee artificial ice rink ).

Personalities

Last but not least, many well-known winter sports enthusiasts such as Georg Hackl and Anja Huber Selbach , but also visual artists , musicians and writers were born in the Berchtesgadener Land . The region was and is also the place of work and residence of many athletes, scientists, politicians and writers from outside the area, such as Carl von Linde , Georg Leber and Ludwig Ganghofer . Also, some of the highest-ranking National Socialists (including Adolf Hitler , Martin Bormann , Hermann Göring and Albert Speer ) had a residence during the so-called “ Third Reich ” within the “ Führer's prohibited area ” on Obersalzberg , which belongs to Berchtesgaden - their work has now also been carried out within Berchtesgaden extensively and critically examined in the documentation Obersalzberg .

See also : List of sons and daughters of Berchtesgaden , List of Berchtesgaden personalities and List of honorary citizens of Berchtesgaden

See also : "Personalities" in the article Bischofswiesen  and "Personalities" in the article Marktschellenberg

See also : "Personalities" in the article Ramsau bei Berchtesgaden  and "Personalities" in the article Schönau am Königssee

Historical maps

• 1579: Chorographia Bavariae ad illustriss et seneness principem… (Latin) , Berchtesgaden (spelling on map: "Berchtolsgaden") to be found on the zoomable map at the bottom right between scale and Bavaria, Petrus Weinerus, 1579, signature: ark: / 12148 / btv1b72000983, Bibliothèque nationale de France, online at gallica.bnf.fr .
• 1644: Matthäus Merian : Taffel des Stifft Berchtersgaden (Klosterstift or Fürstpropstei Berchtesgaden) , zoomable map: copper print 28 × 34 cm, map orientation South up (south above). Title description see coat of arms below right. Merian, Frankfurt a. M. (first time) 1644, in: Archiepiscopatus Salisburgensis series, fold 28, Topographia Bavariae, location: Bern UB storage magazine . Sector E4 | Signature: MUE Ryh 4706: 28, online at biblio.unibe.ch .
• 1706: Fürstpropstei Berchtesgaden - status from 1706 , in: Dieter Albrecht : Fürstpropstei Berchtesgaden. Text and map in the Historical Atlas of Bavaria . Part Altbayern issue 7, Laßleben, Kallmünz 1954, p. I.
• 1789: Thomas Höckmann: Historical map of Bavaria 1789 (including prince provost), created 2005, online at hoeckmann.de

literature

To geological development

• Ewald Langenscheidt: Geology of the Berchtesgaden Mountains - An introduction to stratigraphy, facies and tectonics. Ed .: Berchtesgaden National Park. 2nd Edition. Berchtesgadener Anzeiger, Berchtesgaden 2001, ISBN 3-925647-27-9 , pp. 26, 64-72.
• Stefan Glaser, Ulrich Lagally, Georg Loth, Hubert Schmid, Klaus Schwerd: Geotopes in Upper Bavaria . In: Bavarian State Office for the Environment (Hrsg.): Geotope protection in Bavaria - Earth science contributions to nature conservation. Volume 6. Augsburg 2008, ISBN 978-3-940009-95-1 , pp. 24, 175-187.

The history up to 1803

See also : "Literature" in the article Fürstpropstei Berchtesgaden

• Manfred Feulner : Berchtesgaden - history of the country and its inhabitants . Berchtesgaden 1985. (4th edition 2002) ISBN 3-925647-30-9
• Stefan Weinfurter : The founding of the Augustinian Canons' Monastery - reform idea and beginnings of the regular canons in Berchtesgaden. In: Walter Brugger, Heinz Dopsch, Peter F. Kramml (eds.): History of Berchtesgaden. Vol. 1. History of Berchtesgaden: Between Salzburg and Bavaria (until 1594). Plenk, Berchtesgaden 1991, ISBN 3-922590-63-2 , pp. 229-264.

The history after 1803

• Walter Brugger , Heinz Dopsch, Peter F. Kramml (eds.): History of Berchtesgaden. Vol. 3, Berchtesgaden in the Kingdom and Free State of Bavaria from 1810 to the present. Plenk, Berchtesgaden 1998, ISBN 3-927957-10-0 .
• Hellmut Schöner (Ed.), A. Helm : The Berchtesgadener Land in the course of time . Reprint from 1929. Association for local history d. Berchtesgadener Landes. Berchtesgadener Anzeiger and Karl M. Lipp Verlag, Munich 1973.
• Hellmut Schöner (ed.): The Berchtesgadener Land through the ages . Supplementary volume I, Association for Local Studies d. Berchtesgadener Landes, Verlag Berchtesgadener Anzeiger and Karl M. Lipp Verlag, Munich 1982, ISBN 3-87490-528-4 .

Individual evidence

1. ↑ → Sources for the average number of inhabitants per km², see section: Population development and population density
2. ↑ ^{a b} Official map of the BayernAtlas showing the height of the border crossing, online at geoportal.bayern.de/bayernatlas/
3. ↑ ^{a b} Joseph Ernst von Koch-Sternfeld: History of the principality of Berchtesgaden and its salt works . Volume 2, from p. 145 f.
4. ↑ ^{a b c d} On § 1 No. 2 - District of Berchtesgadener Land , paragraph: 2. Name of the district in Bavarian Landtag · 7th electoral term PRINTED MATERIAL 7/3863 of February 14, 1973, see p. 4 and 5, PDF file with 26 pages (2.1 MB), online at bayern.landtag.de
5. ^ Berchtesgadener Land Tourismus GmbH: The Watzmann - Berchtesgaden's mountain of fate
6. ↑ Classification of the Berchtesgaden Alps surrounding the Berchtesgadener Land as part of the Northern Eastern Alps according to the Alpine Association classification of the Eastern Alps
7. ↑ ^{a b} see: Bavarian State Office for the Environment : Draft of a cultural landscape structure of Bavaria as a contribution to biodiversity - 61 Berchtesgadener Land (status: 2011), PDF file online at lfu.bayern.de
8. ↑ ^{a b} see: Bavarian State Office for the Environment: Cultural Landscape Recommendations for Bavaria - 61 Berchtesgadener Land (status: 2013), PDF file online at lfu.bayern.de
9. ↑ ^{a b} Bavarian State Office for the Environment: Significant cultural landscapes in the cultural landscape unit 61 Berchtesgadener Land (status: 2012), PDF file online at lfu.bayern.de
10. ↑ ^{a b c d} History of the Berchtesgadener Land district - The southeast Upper Bavarian district ( memento from July 31, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) on the term Berchtesgadener Land , online at berchtesgadener-land.com
11. ^ Joseph Ernst von Koch-Sternfeld : History of the Principality of Berchtesgaden and its salt works , Volume 1. Salzburg 1815; P. 62–63 ( full text in Google Book Search).
12. ↑ ^{a b} Hellmut Schöner (ed.): Berchtesgaden in the course of time. Supplementary Volume I, pp. 273-274.
13. ↑ berchtesgaden-evangelisch.de ( Memento from June 30, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) To the Insula Church on the homepage of the Evangelical Lutheran parish of Berchtesgaden
14. ^ Marktschellenberg: Community → History , accessed on July 9, 2011.
15. ↑ geschichte.digitale-sammlungen.de Historical Atlas of Bavaria - Out of print volumes; Volume: Altbayern Series I, Issue 7: Fürstpropstei Berchtesgaden . P. 31.
16. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} berchtesgaden-evangelisch.de ( Memento from November 21, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Alfred Spiegel-Schmidt: Reformation and Emigration in the Berchtesgadener Land. Text on the emigration of Protestants from the prince-provost of Berchtesgaden.
17. ↑ ^{a b} Joseph Ernst von Koch-Sternfeld: History of the principality of Berchtesgaden and its salt works . Volume 2, pp. 131–132 ( full text in the Google book search).
18. ↑ Manfred Feulner : Maria Gern - Gnotschaft and community on behalf of the Maria Gern brass band . Literature and sources: berchtesgadeninfo.de, Market Archive Berchtesgaden, Dept. Maria Gern.
19. ↑ ^{a b} Berchtesgaden-Königssee tourist region on the term Die Orte im southern Berchtesgadener Land , online at berchtesgadener-land.com
20. ↑ Bavarian State Office for Statistics - Table 12411-001: Update of the population: Population: municipalities, reference dates (last 6) from July 2016 (population figures based on the 2011 census)
21. ↑ Joseph Ernst von Koch-Sternfeld : History of the Principality of Berchtesgaden and its salt works. Volume 1. Salzburg 1815; P. Iii + 135 ( full text in the Google book search).
22. ↑ Joseph Ernst von Koch-Sternfeld: History of the Principality of Berchtesgaden and its salt works . Volume 2, p. 144 ( full text in the Google book search).
23. ↑ Joseph Ernst von Koch-Sternfeld: History of the Principality of Berchtesgaden and its salt works . Volume 3, p. 83 ( full text in the Google book search).
24. ↑ ^{a b c} Manfred Feulner: Berchtesgaden - history of the country and its inhabitants. see The expulsion of the Protestants from Berchtesgaden. Pp. 171-174.
25. ↑ ^{a b} A. Helm : Berchtesgaden through the ages , keyword: history of the country, p. 110.
26. ↑ ^{a b c} Federal Agency for Nature Conservation : Landscape profile - 1600 Berchtesgaden Alps , last change: March 1, 2012, online at bfn.de
27. ↑ For the " geomorphological unit of Berchtesgaden valley basin" see Planning Office Steinert, Landschafts + Ortsplanung (D-83236 Übersee): Markt Berchtesgaden - Land Use Plan with Landscape Planning , Chapter: 2.6 Landscape as a Protected Property ; Environmental reports from March 6, 2014 to March 6, 2016, PDF file p. 16 of 48 pages; In addition, multiple use of the terms “valley basin” and “valley basin communities” from p. 3, online at gemeinde.berchtesgaden.de
28. ^ Stefan Glaser, Ulrich Lagally, Georg Loth, Hubert Schmid, Klaus Schwerd: Geotope in Oberbayern , p. 24.
29. ↑ Ewald Langenscheidt: Geology of the Berchtesgaden Mountains , p. 26.
30. ^ Stefan Glaser, Ulrich Lagally, Georg Loth, Hubert Schmid, Klaus Schwerd: Geotope in Oberbayern , p. 176.
31. ↑ Ewald Langenscheidt: Geology of the Berchtesgaden Mountains , p. 64.
32. ↑ A. v. Poschinger & P. ​​Thom: Rockslide Hintersee / Ramsau (Berchtesgadener Land): New investigation results . In: Geologica Bavarica . tape 99 . Munich 1995, p. 399-411 .
33. ↑ Ewald Langenscheidt: Geology of the Berchtesgaden Mountains , pp. 64–72.
34. ^ ^{A b} Stefan Glaser, Ulrich Lagally, Georg Loth, Hubert Schmid, Klaus Schwerd: Geotope in Oberbayern , pp. 175–187.
35. ↑ Source monitoring , online at nationalpark-berchtesgaden.bayern.de
36. ↑ ^{a b} Berchtesgaden National Park - Germany's only Alpine National Park , PDF leaflet with information on the animal species, online at nationalpark-berchtesgaden.bayern.de
37. ↑ Johannes Voith: Invertebrates in the Wimbachtal and Funtensee area , online at nationalpark-berchtesgaden.bayern.de
38. ↑ Federal Statistical Office: Statistical Yearbook 2013, Geography and Climate , page 18, accessed on February 13, 2014.
39. ↑ § 15a Municipal National Park Committee :
    (1) "To support the national park administration and to secure municipal concerns, a committee is formed consisting of the district administrator of the Berchtesgadener Land district, the first mayors of the Berchtesgaden and Marktschellenberg markets, the communities of Bischofswiesen, Ramsau b. Berchtesgaden and Schönau a. Königssee exists. "
    (2)" The head of the national park administration and the head of the administration office of the Berchtesgaden biosphere reserve or their deputies take part in the meetings. "
    (3)" The committee is involved in the first drafting and preparation of the landscape master plan (§ 2 ) and the National Park Plan (§ 13 Paragraph 1) as well as in determining the annual measures for the development of the National Park (§ 13 Paragraph 2), insofar as these have an impact on the apron "
40. ↑ The Alpine Park and National Park Berchtesgaden ( Memento from July 5, 2016 in the Internet Archive ), publisher: Deutsches Jugendherbergswerk , Landesverband Bayern eV, PDF file online at jugendherberge.de ; “The Alpine Park roughly covers the area that was described by the earlier geographical term 'Berchtesgadener Land'. […] The communities of Markt Berchtesgaden, Schönau am Königssee, Ramsau, Bischofswiesen and Marktschellenberg are located in these valley areas. ”© DJH Landesverband Bayern eV, 2005
41. ↑ Alpenpark Berchtesgaden identical size and mapping as Berchtesgaden Biosphere Reserve, see Hellmut Schöner (ed.): Berchtesgaden in the course of time. Supplementary volume I, Berchtesgaden 1982, p. 27 f.
42. ↑ berchtesgaden.de Data on the award of the title "UNESCO Biosphere Reserve "
43. ↑ Local history in the Neolithic Age, online at gemeinde.berchtesgaden.de .
44. ↑ Sigmund Riezler: The place, water and mountain names of the Berchtesgadener Land in Festgabe for Gerold Meyer von Knonau , 1913, p. 93.
45. ↑ A. Helm : Berchtesgaden through the ages , keyword: history of the country, p. 106.
46. ↑ gadem, gaden. In: Jacob Grimm , Wilhelm Grimm (Hrsg.): German dictionary . tape 4 : Forschel – retainer - (IV, 1st section, part 1). S. Hirzel, Leipzig 1878, Sp. 1131–1134 ( woerterbuchnetz.de ).
47. ^ Similar to Manfred Feulner : Berchtesgaden. A. Helm says on p. 9 : Berchtesgaden in the course of time , p. 31: "The name certainly comes from a certain Perther, a representative of the Aribones family who used a so-called Gaden for hunting purposes in the forested mountain basin. a one-room building, erected. "
48. ^ ^{A b} Dieter Albrecht : The prince provost of Berchtesgaden . In: Max Spindler, Andreas Kraus (Hrsg.): Handbuch der Bavarian Geschichte , 3rd, revised. Aufl., Munich 1995, pp. 286–287 ( limited preview in the Google book search).
49. ↑ Stefan Weinfurter : The foundation of the Augustiner Canon Monastery , p. 230.
50. ^ Walter Brugger, Heinz Dopsch, Peter F. Kramml: History of Berchtesgaden: Between Salzburg and Bavaria (until 1594) . Plenk, 1991, p. 228.
51. ↑ Manfred Feulner: Berchtesgaden. P. 8.
52. ↑ Stefan Weinfurter : The foundation of the Augustiner Canon Monastery , p. 240 f.
53. ↑ (note 45) in Stefan Weinfurter: The foundation of the Augustiner Canon Monastery , pp. 229–264, here: pp. 239, 240.
54. ^ Stefan Weinfurter: The foundation of the Augustiner Canon Monastery , pp. 229–264, here: pp. 245–246.
55. ↑ ^{a b c d} A. Helm : Berchtesgaden through the ages , keyword: history of the country, pp. 108-109.
56. ↑ Manfred Feulner: Berchtesgaden. P. 11.
57. ^ ^{A b} Dieter Albrecht : The prince provost of Berchtesgaden . In: Max Spindler, Andreas Kraus (Hrsg.): Handbuch der Bavarian Geschichte , p. 288 ( limited preview in the Google book search).
58. ^ Stefan Weinfurter: The founding of the Augustinian Canons' Monastery - reform idea and beginnings of the regular canons in Berchtesgaden. In: W. Brugger, H. Dopsch, P. F. Kramml (eds.): History of Berchtesgaden: Between Salzburg and Bavaria (until 1594), Vol. 1. Berchtesgaden 1991, pp. 229–264, here: p. 250.
59. ↑ A. Helm: Berchtesgaden in the course of time , keyword: Geschichte des Landes, pp. 106–111, pp. 107–108.
60. ↑ Manfred Feulner: Berchtesgaden. P. 18.
61. ↑ Stefan Weinfurter: The foundation of the Augustiner Canon Monastery , pp. 229–264, here: p. 239.
62. ↑ Canons of Berchtesgaden , basic data and history:
    Stephanie Haberer:  Fürstpropstei Berchtesgaden - Canons and miners in the database of monasteries in Bavaria in the House of Bavarian History
63. ↑ Stefan Weinfurter : The foundation of the Augustiner Canon Monastery , p. 235.
64. ↑ Stefan Weinfurter: The foundation of the Augustiner Canon Monastery , p. 254.
65. ↑ ^{a b} Stefan Weinfurter : The foundation of the Augustiner Canon Monastery , p. 253.
66. ↑ "So in Berchtesgaden [...] a new document, an expanded new edition, was drawn up on the basis of a real preliminary document with the purpose of safeguarding the salt shelf." In: Manfred Feulner: Berchtesgaden. P. 37.
67. ↑ ^{a b} History of the Schellenberger Tower . In: marktschellenberg.de .
68. ^ The certificate of Friedrich Barbarossa for the Berchtesgaden Abbey dated June 13, 1156. Munich, Bavarian Main State Archives, Kaiserselekt 490.
69. ^ Stefan Weinfurter: The founding of the Augustinian Canons' Monastery - reform idea and beginnings of the regular canons in Berchtesgaden. In: W. Brugger, H. Dopsch, P. F. Kramml (ed.): History of Berchtesgaden: Between Salzburg and Bavaria (until 1594), Vol. 1. Berchtesgaden 1991, pp. 229–264, here: pp. 255, 256 .
70. ↑ Manfred Feulner: Berchtesgaden. P. 47.
71. ↑ ^{a b c d} Manfred Feulner: Berchtesgaden. Pp. 50-51.
72. ↑ According to A. Helm , the episcopal insignia received after him as early as 1254 are already a sign of direct papal suzerainty to which the monastery would have been subject since then. See A. Helm : Berchtesgaden through the ages , keyword: History of the country, p. 109.
73. ↑ To the parish in Pleickard Stumpf: Bavaria: a geographical-statistical-historical handbook of the kingdom , p. 95 ( limited preview in Google book search).
74. ↑ On the restricted market law in Manfred Feulner: Berchtesgaden. P. 119.
75. ^ Walter Brugger, Heinz Dopsch, Peter F. Kramml: History of Berchtesgaden: Between Salzburg and Bavaria (until 1594) . Plenk, 1991, p. 360 ( restricted preview ).
76. ^ Walter Brugger, Heinz Dopsch, Peter F. Kramml: History of Berchtesgaden: Between Salzburg and Bavaria (until 1594) . Plenk, 1991, p. 711 ( restricted preview ).
77. ^ Walter Brugger, Heinz Dopsch, Peter F. Kramml: History of Berchtesgaden: Between Salzburg and Bavaria (until 1594). Plenk, 1991, p. 391 ( restricted preview ).
78. ↑ Manfred Feulner: Berchtesgaden. Pp. 59-60.
79. ↑ Manfred Feulner: Berchtesgaden. Pp. 72-73.
80. ↑ Document: Salzburg, Erzstift (798-1806) AUR 1382 XI 27 in the European document archive Monasterium.net . Document dated November 27, 1382, Reichenhall - “Cover letter from the brothers Stephan, Friedrich and Johann, dukes in Bavaria, to Duke Leopold of Austria and Stephan, Duke in Bavaria, in the disputes between them, then Duke Albrecht and Leopold of Austria and Pilgrim, Eb zu Salzburg, because of Berchtesgaden. ”Signature: AUR 1382 XI 27.
81. ↑ Document: Salzburg, Erzstift (798-1806) AUR 1384 X 24 in the European document archive Monasterium.net . Document dated October 24, 1384, Perwang im Attergau - with an arbitration award from Bishop Berthold von Freising; Storage location: Archive: HHStA Vienna, AUR ( www.oesta.gv.at ).
82. ↑ Manfred Feulner: Berchtesgaden. P. 20.
83. ↑ Manfred Feulner: Berchtesgaden. P. 78.
84. ↑ According to A. Helm , the episcopal insignia received after him as early as 1254 are already a sign of direct papal suzerainty to which the monastery has been subordinate since then. See A. Helm : Berchtesgaden through the ages , keyword: History of the country, p. 109.
85. ↑ ^{a b c d} Joseph Ernst von Koch-Sternfeld: History of the Principality of Berchtesgaden and its salt works . Volume 2, pp. 98–99 ( full text in the Google book search).
86. ↑ Joseph Ernst von Koch-Sternfeld: History of the Principality of Berchtesgaden and its salt works . Volume 2, p. 143 below f. ( Full text in Google Book Search).
87. ↑ alpen-info.de ( Memento of the original dated November 26, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. - Historical outline without attributable source naming. 
88. ^ Walter Brugger: History of Berchtesgaden: Stift - Markt - Land. Volume 2: From the beginning of the Wittelsbach administration to the transition to Bavaria in 1810. Plenk, Berchtesgaden 1995, ISBN 978-3-922590-94-1 .
89. ^ Michael Petzet: Monuments in Bavaria , Volume 1–2; P. 141.
90. ^ History - The beginnings of salt mining in Berchtesgaden - Chronicle of salt mining in the Berchtesgaden salt mine ; Historical summary without attributable source naming , online at salzbergwerk.de .
91. ^ ^{A b} Manfred Feulner: Berchtesgaden. Pp. 100-101.
92. ^ Wikisource.org Imperial register of 1521.
93. ↑ wikisource.org Old book listing from 1532 on Reich register.
94. ↑ Manfred Feulner: Berchtesgaden. Pp. 96-97.
95. ↑ Manfred Feulner: Berchtesgaden. Pp. 98-99.
96. ↑ More about wood processing and a. for the settlement in the salt pans, see Dieter Albrecht : Die Fürstpropstei Berchtesgaden , in: Max Spindler, Andreas Kraus (Hrsg.): Handbuch der Bayerischen Geschichte , p. 298 ( limited preview in the Google book search).
97. ↑ Manfred Feulner: Berchtesgaden. Pp. 99-100.
98. ↑ Manfred Feulner: Berchtesgaden. Pp. 87-88.
99. ↑ Manfred Feulner: Berchtesgaden. P. 92 ( See also his predecessors: Konrad Torer von Törlein and Eberhard III von Neuhaus .)
100. ↑ ^{a b c} Manfred Feulner: Berchtesgaden. See chap. The eviction of the Protestants from Berchtesgaden. Pp. 168-169.
101. ↑ Gustav Bossert:  Strauss, Jakob . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 36, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1893, pp. 535-538.
102. ^ ^{A b} Manfred Feulner: Berchtesgaden. Pp. 106-108.
103. ↑ Kaiserl. Decret, in Salzburg and Berchtesgadischen Salzirrungen - Prague, November 20, 1591 . In: Johann Georg von Lori : Collection of the Baierischen Bergrechts: with an introduction to the Baierische Bergrechtsgeschichte. Franz Lorenz Richter, Munich 1764, p. 345 ( online via Google Books ).
104. ↑ Manfred Feulner: Berchtesgaden. P. 159.
105. ↑ Manfred Feulner: Berchtesgaden. Pp. 160-163.
106. ^ ^{A b} Manfred Feulner: Berchtesgaden. Pp. 163-165.
107. ↑ Manfred Feulner: Berchtesgaden. P. 186.
108. ↑ ^{a b} Joseph Ernst von Koch-Sternfeld: History of the principality of Berchtesgaden and its salt works . Volume 3, pp. 68–69 ( full text in the Google book search).
109. ↑ A. Helm : Berchtesgaden through the ages , keyword: emigration, p. 12.
110. ↑ Hellmut Schöner: Berchtesgaden through the ages . Supplementary Volume I, 1982, p. 114.
111. ↑ Manfred Feulner: Berchtesgaden. see The expulsion of the Protestants from Berchtesgaden. P. 173.
112. ↑ Manfred Feulner: Berchtesgaden. see The expulsion of the Protestants from Berchtesgaden. P. 174.
113. ↑ ^{a b c} Manfred Feulner: Berchtesgaden. Pp. 188-194.
114. ↑ Hellmut Schöner: Berchtesgaden through the ages. Supplementary Volume I, 1982, p. 99.
115. ^ Karl Maximilian von Bauernfeind:  Utzschneider, Josef von . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 39, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1895, pp. 420-440.
116. ↑ Joseph Ernst von Koch-Sternfeld: History of the Principality of Berchtesgaden and its salt works. Volume 3, from p. 116 f. ( Full text in Google Book Search).
117. ↑ ^{a b c} A. Helm , Hellmut Schöner (ed.): Berchtesgaden in the course of time . Reprint from 1929. Association for local history d. Berchtesgadener Landes. Berchtesgadener Anzeiger and Karl M. Lipp Verlag, Munich 1973, p. 194.
118. ^ Wilhelm Volkert (ed.): Handbook of Bavarian offices, communities and courts 1799–1980 . CH Beck, Munich 1983, ISBN 3-406-09669-7 , p. 434 .
119. ↑ wiki-de.genealogy.net on periods when Bad Reichenhall was an independent city.
120. ↑ Hellmut Schöner: Berchtesgaden through the ages. Supplementary Volume I, 1982, p. 204.
121. ↑ ^{a b} Hellmut Schöner: Berchtesgaden through the ages. Supplementary Volume I, 1982, pp. 220-221
122. ↑ Figures for overnight stays by guests in the Berchtesgadener Land , i.e. in the inner district with Berchtesgaden, Bischofswiesen, Schönau am Königssee, Marktschellenberg and Ramsau - in Hellmut Schöner: Berchtesgaden through the ages. Supplementary Volume I, 1982, pp. 146-147.
123. ↑ Obersalzberg - consumption conditional . In: Der Spiegel . No. 49 , 1951, pp. 10-12 ( online December 5, 1951).
124. ↑ ^{a b} zeit.de Gerd Henghuber: concern about reputation ; To “After the Second World War, the place was able to reconnect with this upswing, precisely because of its historical importance during the time of National Socialism ” the quote from the source: “In addition to the tourists, fifty years after the end of the war, hordes of journalists discovered Obersalzberg. A connection between the tourist crowds and the magazines was quickly established: The Obersalzberg, as was broadcast and written from Stuttgart to Seoul, had become a 'place of pilgrimage for the yesterday'. ” In Die Zeit 24/1995.
125. ^ ^{A b} DiePresse.com , February 26, 2005: Bavaria: Vacation on Hitler's favorite mountain .
126. ↑ see p. 30 § 1 in the ordinance determining the names of the districts and the seats of the district administrations of April 10, 1973 in: Bayerisches Gesetz- und Verordnungsblatt No. 9 - Munich, April 30, 1973 . PDF file with 72 pages (61.2 MB), online at Verkuendung-bayern.de
127. ↑ ^{a b} See p. 1097 in: Walter Brugger , Heinz Dopsch , Peter F. Kramml (Ed.): History of Berchtesgaden. Volume III / 2 - Berchtesgaden in the Kingdom and Free State of Bavaria from 1810 to the present . ISBN 978-3-927957-21-3 .
128. ^ Enno Bünz : The land as a frame of reference for rule, legal order and identity formation. Reflections on the late medieval concept of land. In: Matthias Werner (Hrsg.): Late medieval country consciousness in Germany. Stuttgart 2005, pp. 53-92, here: pp. 70 f. ( available online as a PDF file)
129. ↑ Manfred Feulner: Berchtesgaden - history of the country and its inhabitants. Berchtesgadener Anzeiger, Berchtesgaden 1986, ISBN 3-925647-00-7 , p. 72.
130. ^ Dieter Albrecht : The prince provost of Berchtesgaden. In: Max Spindler, Andreas Kraus: Handbook of Bavarian History , 1995, Volume 3-3, p. 291.
131. ↑ Quoted from communications from the Society for Salzburg Regional Studies, 47 (1907), p. 81.
132. ↑ Wolfgang Wüst: The "good" Policey in the Reichskreis. On the early modern setting of standards in the core regions of the old Reich, 3. The “good” Policey in the Bavarian Reichskreis and in the Upper Palatinate, 2001, p. 130.
133. ↑ Lorenz Hübner: Description of the Prince-Archbishop's Capital and Residence City of Salzburg , 1792, Volume 1, p. 585.
134. ↑ Lorenz Hübner: Description of the Archbishopric and Imperial Duchy of Salzburg , Volume 1. 1796, p. 302.
135. ^ Johann Wolfgang Melchinger : Geographical statistical-topographical lexicon of Baiern. 1797, p. 184.
136. ↑ ^{a b} Bavarian State Library Online : Saltzach district . Saltzach district. 1809. Gravé by Johann Baptist Seitz. [Approx. 1: 1,000,000]. Copper engraving, original size 16 × 20 cm. Sheet 11 in: Das Koenigreich Baiern: divided into fifteen circles, together with an overview map. Munich, editorial office d. Government Gazette 1809.
137. ↑ ^{a b} Bavarian State Library Online : The Bavarian Monarchy. The Bavarian monarchy. [Dedicated] to his Royal May State of Bavaria Maximilian Joseph I. Designed in two sheets by Conrad Mannert. Christian M. Trummert sc. After the Peace of Paris, expanded and corrected edition. [Approx. 1: 600,000]. Nürnberg, Christoph Fembo [formerly Homanns Erben] 1816. Copper engraving on 2 sheets with 1 supplement sheet.
138. ↑ General Encyclopedia of Sciences and Arts. 1822, p. 72.
139. ^ H. Marggraf: Baiern and Baierinnen, Munich and Münchner. (Continuation). In: Newspaper for the elegant world No. 224 of November 14, 1837. Verlag Leopold Voss , Leipzig 1837, p. 453 ( babel.hathitrust.org digitized).
140. ^ Friedrich Wilhelm Walther: Topische Geographie von Baiern. 1844, p. 87.
141. ↑ The big conversation lexicon for the educated stands. 1845, fourth volume, p. 427.
142. ↑ Printed in the Heidelberg Yearbooks of Literature. Volume 50, 1857, p. 65.
143. ^ Alfred von Bohm: The Watzmann. In: Yearbook of the Austrian Alpine Association, 4, 1868, p. 244 and Gustav von Bezold: Scientific sketches from the Alps of Berchtesgaden. In: ibid., 5, 1869, pp. 190, 192.
144. ↑ Adolf Bühler: Berchtesgaden and its surroundings. Brunnquell Verlag, 1870 ( online at Google Books ).
145. ^ H. Wille: Im Berchtesgadner Landl. In: Library of entertainment and knowledge, 1898, Vol. 11, pp. 219f.
146. ^ Nikolas Benckiser : German landscapes. 1972, p. 173.
147. ↑ Peter Blickle : Landscapes in the Old Kingdom. 1973, pp. 68f.
148. ↑ Herbert Liedtke , Uwe Förster : Names and delimitations of landscapes in the Federal Republic of Germany according to the official overview map 1: 500,000 (ÜK 500). 1984, p. 26.
149. ↑ “With the Peace of Vienna between Austria and Napoleon in 1810, the young kingdom was also awarded the Berchtesgadener Land, an area that was primarily characterized by the beauty of its landscape, but also in terms of history, population and economic structure as well as the geographical location complemented and rounded off the previous Bavarian national territory in a harmonious way. ”
     quoted from Stefan Plenk: The affiliation of the prince provost of Berchtesgaden to the kingdom. 2008, p. 32.
150. ^ Günter Kampfhammer: Area names in Bavaria. In: Dieter Harmening, Erich Wimmer, Wolfgang Brückner (ed.): Folk culture, history, Region: Festschrift for Wolfgang Brückner 60th . Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 1992, p. 621.
151. ↑ See also the section Prehistory of the three district regions in the article on the Berchtesgadener Land district
152. ↑ 10 years Berchtesgadener Land Tourismus GmbH - key figures and facts ( memento from July 2, 2018 in the Internet Archive ), Festschrift as PDF file, with the sections BGLT structure p. 6 and BGLT tasks p. 7 of 36 pages, online at berchtesgadener -land.com
153. ↑ Christine Garbe, Stefanie Höhn, Kerstin Koch, Michael Meyer, Bernd Räth: Future-oriented tourism development in the Berchtesgadener Land district ; Regarding “Berchtesgadener Land Tourismus GmbH”: “The naming and the seat in Berchtesgaden underline the focus of the Berchtesgaden region with its southern communities. The northern areas hope that they will benefit from a joint marketing of the district as less touristy municipalities. " ; see PDF documentation, Documentation of Ecological Tourism in Europe (Ö.TE) eV 2005, p. 66 u. 67 of 117 pages, online at oete.de
154. ↑ Berchtesgaden-Rupertiwinkel , online at berchtesgaden.de
155. ↑ ^{a b} Michael Hudelist: “BGD” is back , in the Berchtesgadener Anzeiger of July 23, 2016, online at berchtesgadener-anzeiger.de
156. ↑ Reintroduction of the old REI, BGD and LF license plates ( memento of October 2, 2016 in the Internet Archive ), announcement by the Berchtesgadener Land district office of July 28, 2016, online at lra-bgl.de
157. ↑ Bavarian State Office for the Environment : Draft of a cultural landscape structure of Bavaria as a contribution to biodiversity - 60 Rupertiwinkel (status: 2011), online at lfu.bayern.de
158. ↑ Berchtesgaden: Official statistics of the LfStat p. 6 of 29 PDF pages, Bavarian State Office .
159. ↑ Bischofswiesen: Official statistics of the LfStat p. 6 of 29 PDF pages.
160. ↑ Marktschellenberg: Official statistics of the LfStat p. 6 of 29 PDF pages.
161. ^ Ramsau near Berchtesgaden: Official statistics of the LfStat p. 6 of 29 PDF pages.
162. ↑ Schönau am Königssee: Official statistics of the LfStat p. 6 of 29 PDF pages.
163. ↑ ev-dekanat-traunstein.de membership of the ev.-luth. Parish of Berchtesgaden to the Evangelical Dean's Office Traunstein
164. ↑ Structure plan 2020: Deanery Berchtesgaden
165. ↑ To the Deanery Berchtesgadener Land , online at erzbistum-muenchen.de
166. ↑ To the two deans in the Berchtesgadener Land district , online at erzbistum-muenchen.de
167. ↑ stiftskirche-berchtesgaden.de Homepage of the Roman Catholic parish St. Andreas in Berchtesgaden.
168. ↑ The Catholic Church in the Berchtesgaden valley basin ( Memento of the original from March 25, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ; online at stiftskirche-berchtesgaden.de 
169. ^ NN: Church in the Berchtesgadener Land in transition , report from August 9, 2012 in the Berchtesgadener Anzeiger .
170. ↑ AP: Pfarrverband Stiftsland Berchtesgaden officially established , report in the Berchtesgadener Anzeiger of November 23, 2015, online at berchtesgadener-anzeiger.de
171. ↑ To the parish association Bischofswiesen , online at erzbistum-muenchen.de
172. ↑ Pfarrverband Stiftsland Berchtesgaden newly founded , review of festive pontifical vespers with auxiliary bishop Wolfgang Bischof in the collegiate church , online at stiftsland.de
173. ↑ Stiftsland Berchtesgaden , parish association structure appears after clicking on “Pfarrverband”, online at stiftsland.de .
174. ↑ berchtesgaden-evangelisch.de ( Memento of the original from July 24, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. - On the occasion of the ecumenical church convention 2010 in Munich, a community letter from the Evangelical Lutheran parish of Berchtesgaden with a guest contribution to the Roman Catholic parish in Ramsau; Congregational Letter No. 130 for July-October 2010, see. P. 21 of 32 PDF pages 
175. ↑ Our pastor , online at kirche-ramsau.de
176. ↑ Parish Unterstein , online at erzbistum-muenchen.de
177. ↑ erzbistum-muenchen.de (PDF) “Pastoral care units in the Archdiocese of Munich and Freising according to planning for 2020”.
178. ↑ Preliminary result of the municipal council election in Markt Berchtesgaden on March 16, 2014 ( Memento of the original from May 8, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ; online at portal.gemeinde.berchtesgaden.de , PDF file (2.6 MB) 
179. ↑ gemeinde.bischofswiesen.de ( Memento of the original from March 3, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Election results for the 2014 municipal council 
180. ^ The members of the Marktschellenberg municipal council from May 1, 2014 ; online at marktschellenberg.de
181. ↑ Municipal Council ( Memento of the original from July 23, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Ramsau near Berchtesgaden after the 2014 election; online at ramsau.de 
182. ↑ Municipal Council - Overview , online at schoenau-koenigssee.com
183. ↑ For the meaning and origin of the Berchtesgaden coat of arms, see Markt Berchtesgaden at Haus der Bayerischen Geschichte , entry on the coat of arms of Berchtesgadener Land  in the database of the Haus der Bayerischen Geschichte .
184. ↑ berchtesgaden.de Comments on Palm Sunday.
185. ↑ Trachtenvereine in Berchtesgadener Land , online at berchtesgadener-land.com
186. ↑ ^{a b} Customs, festivals and club life in Marktschellenberg, online at marktschellenberg.de
187. ^ NN: Local history association with a new homepage in Berchtesgadener Anzeiger , message from July 11, 2012.
188. ↑ heimatkundeverein-berchtesgaden.de Homepage of the local history association Berchtesgaden e. V.
189. ↑ United Trachtenvereine des Berchtesgadener Land e. V. (Ed.), Franz Rasp: Berchtesgadener Mundart. For the 60th anniversary of the association in 1985. Berchtesgadener Anzeiger publishing house , Berchtesgaden 1985, ISBN 3-925647-05-8 .
190. ↑ A source on the world of legends: Gisela Schinzel-Penth: Sagas and legends about the Berchtesgadener Land. Ambro Lacus Verlag, Andechs 1982, ISBN 3-921445-27-2 .
191. ↑ Festschrift for the Ganghofer celebration in Berchtesgaden from 4th to 7th July 1925, Berchtesgaden 1925.
192. ↑ ^{a b c d e} faz.net Weindl, Georg: A life between easel and tavern . In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , May 7, 2003.
193. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g} auzinger.de On the history of the Gasthof Auzinger
194. ^ Artists' symposium in Ramsau
195. ↑ What a church in Bavaria has in common with the Eiffel Tower
196. ↑ Ramsauer Malerweg to Hintersee - On the trail of the painters of the Romantic era
197. ↑ Christoph Karbacher: Berchtesgaden as a motif of landscape painting. In: Walter Brugger et al. (Ed.): History of Berchtesgaden. Volume III / 1, Berchtesgaden 1998, pp. 287-312, here p. 304.
198. ↑ berchtesgaden.de Peter Ostermayr.
199. ↑ Wildschütz Jennerwein. Hearts in Need , online at filmportal.de
200. ↑ ^{a b} Hellmut Schöner: Berchtesgaden through the ages. Supplementary Volume I, 1982, p. 352.
201. ↑ Original Berchtesgadener Fleitl from the Oeggl turnery in Bischofswiesen
202. ↑ musikkapelle-ramsau.de ( Memento of the original from July 16, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. timeline 
203. ↑ Hellmut Schöner (ed.), A. Helm : Berchtesgaden in the course of time. Keyword: Theater , pp. 346–347.
204. ↑ Hellmut Schöner (ed.): Berchtesgaden in the course of time. Supplementary Volume I, pp. 86-88.
205. ↑ berchtesgadener-bauerntheater.de To the open-air stage in the quarry on the Kälberstein in Berchtesgaden
206. ↑ Hellmut Schöner (ed.): Berchtesgaden in the course of time. Supplementary volume I, p. 452 f.
207. ↑ On customs and festivals in Ramsau Albert Scharf , Fritz Resch : The Ramsau customs during the church year . Berchtesgadener Anzeiger, 2005, ISBN 3-925647-39-2 .
208. ↑ Community of Ramsau - Customs, History, Geography in Ramsau and Berchtesgaden ( Memento of the original from August 18, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. online at ramsau.de 
209. ↑ Ulli Kastner: It wasn't our goal to initiate the tourist boom. Interview with the mayor and the head of the public order office on "900 years of Berchtesgaden" in Berchtesgadener Anzeiger , news from February 18, 2003.
210. ↑ kp: Berchtesgaden celebrates 200 years of membership in Bavaria. Interview with the mayor and head of the public order office on "900 years of Berchtesgaden" in Berchtesgadener Anzeiger , news from October 12, 2010.
211. ↑ It's back - Der Berchtesgadener Stuck , online at bgland24.de
212. ↑ Stephan Kastner: The Stuck - A pastry from Berchtesgaden , online at berchtesgadeninfo.de
213. ↑ Andreas Meyhoff, Gerhard Arrow: Olympia - The Hidden Games . In: Spiegel Online , January 18, 2010.
214. ↑ A beautiful thing ' . In: Der Spiegel . No. 8 , 1984, pp. 57-60 ( online February 20, 1984).
215. ↑ welt.de Where Olympic champions learn for their Abitur. In: Welt am Sonntag, Jan. 11, 2009.
216. ↑ ^{a b} Regional Center Chiemgau / Berchtesgadener Land , online at ospbayern.de
217. ↑ ^{a b} ski area Götschen , online at berchtesgadener-land.com
218. ↑ Our celebrities ( Memento from July 19, 2011 in the Internet Archive ), page of the RC Berchtesgaden with medals and prominent club members, online at rodelclub-berchtesgaden.de .
219. ↑ skberchtesgaden.de Club history of the Berchtesgaden ski club .
220. ↑ sports-reference.com Josef Ponn, participant in the 1936 Winter Olympics.
221. ↑ tsv-berchtesgaden.de website of TSV-Berchtesgaden .
222. ↑ ^{a b} About sports in Ramsau in AA: 125 years ago a "Post Expedition" opened in Ramsau  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 1.5 MB) in Ramsauer Bladl No. 42 from September 2010  
223. ↑ ramsau.de ( Memento of the original from July 21, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. societies 
224. ↑ sgschoenau.de Website for the Postsportverein-Berchtesgaden within the SG Schönau
225. ↑ sgschoenau.de Homepage of the SG Schönau main association
226. ↑ Sports clubs , online at gemeinde.berchtesgaden.de .
227. ↑ ^{a b c d} Christine Garbe, Stefanie Höhn, Kerstin Koch, Michael Meyer, Bernd Räth: Future- oriented tourism development in the Berchtesgadener Land district , see PDF documentation, Documentation of Ecological Tourism in Europe (Ö.TE) eV 2005, p. 61 f ., 64 f., 70 f. 117 pages, online at oete.de
228. ↑ Hellmut Schöner: Berchtesgaden through the ages. Supplementary Volume I, 1982, on the cloister, p. 185.
229. ↑ Hellmut Schöner: Berchtesgaden through the ages. Supplementary volume I, 1982, on the castle pp. 185f, 310f.
230. ↑ For the height information, see the illustration of the height information on the house and Der Kehlstein - Das Kehlsteinhaus , online at berchtesgadeninfo.de .
231. ^ Wilhelm Neu, Volker Liedke, Otto Braasch: Upper Bavaria: Ensembles, architectural monuments, archaeological site monuments , Volume 1 of Monuments in Bavaria, Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 1986, ISBN 978-3-486-52392-8 , p. 141.
232. ↑ Zentralblatt der Bauverwaltung dated April 20, 1938, Volume 58, Volume 10, p. 407.
233. ↑ berchtesgaden-evangelisch.de ( Memento of the original from August 16, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. About the Christ Church: PDF file of the Evangelical Lutheran parish in Berchtesgaden. 
234. ↑ Hellmut Schöner: Berchtesgaden through the ages. Supplementary Volume I, 1982, Religion p. 321.
235. ↑ Hellmut Schöner (ed.), A. Helm : Berchtesgaden in the course of time. Keyword: Evangelical Lutheran Church, pp. 71–72.
236. ↑ stiftskirche-berchtesgaden.de ( Memento of the original from April 23, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. To the collegiate church : Homepage of the Roman Catholic parish St. Andreas in Berchtesgaden. 
237. ^ Walter Brugger, Heinz Dopsch, Peter F. Kramml: History of Berchtesgaden: Stift, Markt, Land, Volume 2 . Plenk, Berchtesgaden 2002, pp. 1153, 1266, 1267. Snippet with relevant text passage in the book
238. ↑ erzbistum-muenchen.de ( memento of the original from April 14, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Page of the parish association Bischofswiesen to the pilgrimage church Maria Hilf 
239. ↑ Guided tours of East Asia ( memento of February 19, 2012 in the Internet Archive ), On the East Asian Collection in the Royal Berchtesgaden Castle , online at haus-bayern.com .
240. ↑ Rehmuseum ( Memento of 2 February 2014 Internet Archive ) at the Royal Palace Berchtesgaden, online at haus-bayern.com
241. ↑ "Place of the perpetrator" and historical investigation . Lecture by Dr. Volker Dahm (employee of the Institute for Contemporary History ; Munich-Berlin, technical director of the Obersalzberg documentation) on the occasion of a symposium in two parts (December 5 to 7, 2002, January 16 to 17, 2003), to be read in the conference proceedings p. 210, quotation p. 199 f. ( online ( memento of April 28, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) at ns-dokumentationszentrum-muenchen.de; direct link to PDF (1652 kB) on the page called up).
242. ↑ Permanent exhibition “Vertical Wilderness” in the Haus der Berge , online at haus-der-berge.bayern.de
243. ↑ Geotopes in the Berchtesgadener Land district. In: Geotope Register of Bavaria. Bavarian State for Environment, accessed on July 10, 2016 . 
244. ↑ Hubert Job, Marius Mayer (Ed.): Tourism and regional development in Bavaria , see problem , PDF file p. 165 of 257 pages, Academy for Spatial Research and Regional Planning - Leibniz Forum for Spatial Sciences , Hanover 2013, online at shop.arl -net.de
     "The Bavarian Alps have been a mountain region that has been used intensively for tourism for decades (cf. Bätzing 2003: 151), in which tourism plays an important role in the regional economy (cf. Soboll / Klier / Heumann 2012: 150; Mayer / Woltering / Job 2008: 42 f.). Soboll / Klier / Heumann (2012: 150) estimate the contribution of tourism to national income in the Alpine districts consistently higher than 5%, with districts such as Oberallgäu, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Miesbach and Berchtesgadener Land even having shares of more than 10 to over 15 % exhibit."
245. ↑ Christine Garbe, Stefanie Höhn, Kerstin Koch, Michael Meyer, Bernd Räth: Future-oriented tourism development in the Berchtesgadener Land district . Regarding the “economic structure” of the district of Berchtesgadener Land: “The dominant industries include trade / hospitality / transport and the service sector.” According to the following table, 31.4 percent of all employed persons were employed in these industries that are important for tourism in 2005.
     It also says: “Within the district, there are clear differences between the areas of integration of the places Berchtesgaden and Freilassing. While the branch focus around Freilassing is more on the manufacturing industry, the Berchtesgaden area is heavily influenced by tourism. " ; see documentation of ecological tourism in Europe (Ö.TE) eV ; PDF from 2005, p. 34 of 117 pages, online at oete.de
246. ↑ ^{a b} Kilian Pfeiffer: Economic plan 2016 presented Report in the Berchtesgadener Anzeiger of February 13, 2016, online at berchtesgadener-anzeiger.de
247. ↑ statistik.bayern.de Bavarian State Office as an example for Berchtesgaden on employment. PDF file, p. 8 of 27.
248. ↑ Hellmut Schöner: Berchtesgaden through the ages. Supplementary Volume I, 1982, p. 340.
249. ↑ SalzZeitReise fact sheet - interesting facts about our salt mine. ( Memento of the original from July 30, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , As of September 2013, PDF file, 3 pages, 
250. ↑ ^{a b c d} gemeinde.bischofswiesen.de ( Memento of the original from July 29, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Website of the municipality of Bischofswiesen on the business volume in the municipality 
251. ↑ Ewald Langenscheidt: Geology of the Berchtesgaden Mountains , p. 26f.
252. ↑ Berchtesgaden Salt Mine. (PDF) In: Geotope Register Bavaria. Bavarian State Office for the Environment, January 25, 2016, accessed on July 10, 2016 . 
253. ↑ svv-info.at Public transport lines in the Salzburg area.
254. ↑ schedule download - enter search term; Access to timetables for the Upper Bavaria region to and from Berchtesgaden, online at rvo-bus.de .
255. ↑ Electric mobility: whisper quiet across the Königssee
256. ↑ In October 2007, in response to great media coverage, this service was temporarily discontinued by employees of Königssee-Schifffahrt in protest. The announced 2008 new operating agreement provided inter alia a system for the acceptance of a tip, which the hitherto practiced, the passenger coercive targeted practice. Heiner Effern: A devastating response . In: sueddeutsche.de , October 5, 2007, accessed on July 25, 2010.
257. ^ Website of the Jennerbahn
258. ↑ Technical data of the Obersalzbergbahn
259. ↑ History ( Memento of the original from July 13, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. - to found and equip the Hochschwarzeck mountain railway 
260. ↑ grundschule-berchtesgaden.de Homepage of the Berchtesgaden primary school.
261. ↑ mittelschule-berchtesgaden.de school chronicle middle school Berchtesgaden.
262. ↑ Homepage of the CJD Christophorus Schools Berchtesgaden , online at cjd-christophorusschulen-berchtesgaden.de .
263. ↑ gymbgd.de The development of the Berchtesgaden grammar school. Page of the school's own homepage.
264. ↑ berufsfachschule-berchtesgaden.eu ( Memento of the original from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Website of the vocational school for wood carving and carpentry of the Berchtesgadener Land district . 
265. ↑ ros: Through the journeyman's piece in the job. In: Berchtesgadener Anzeiger , news from July 31, 2010 and August 6, 2010.
266. ↑ Hellmut Schöner: Berchtesgaden through the ages. Supplementary Volume I, 1982, On the Adult Education Center p. 109.
267. ↑ House for children, forest kindergarten and day care center ( memento of the original from July 23, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. in Bischofswiesen, online at gemeinde.bischofswiesen.de 
268. ↑ Kindergarten, day care center, Insula crèche ( memento of the original from July 23, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. in Bischofswiesen, online at gemeinde.bischofswiesen.de 
269. ↑ basic u. Middle school ( Memento of the original from July 23, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. in Bischofswiesen, online at gemeinde.bischofswiesen.de 
270. ↑ Web pages on the insula world - location, chronicle , online at dw-hohenbrunn.de
271. ↑ Marktschellenberg for families , information about facilities for children, online at marktschellenberg.de
272. ↑ General information about our kindergarten ( memento of the original from July 23, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. in Ramsau near Berchtesgaden, online at ramsau.de 
273. ↑ Ramsau elementary school ( memento of the original from July 23, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , online at ramsau.de 
274. ↑ Kindergarten Schönau a. Königssee , online at schoenau-koenigssee.com
275. ↑ Schools in Schönau am Königssee, online at schoenau-koenigssee.com
276. ↑ History of the office , online at finanzamt.bayern.de/Berchtesgaden-Laufen
277. ↑ kliniken-suedostbayern.de ( memento of the original dated December 3, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Website of the district clinic Berchtesgaden . 
278. ↑ Friedhofsverband Berchtesgaden , online at gemeinde.berchtesgaden.de .
279. ↑ ramsau.de ( Memento of the original from July 27, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. To the mountain spa garden 
280. ↑ ^{a b c} See Hellmut Schöner (ed.): Berchtesgaden in the course of time. Supplementary Volume I, p. 246.
281. ↑ feuerwehr-ramsau.de About us

Coordinates: 47 ° 38 '  N , 12 ° 56'  E