Wolf Dietrich von Raitenau

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Wolf Dietrich von Raitenau from Kaspar Memberger
Wolf Dietrich's coat of arms as Archbishop of Salzburg (from 1594)

Wolf Dietrich von Raitenau (born March 26, 1559 in Hofen Castle ( Lochau am Bodensee), † January 16, 1617 at the Hohensalzburg Fortress ) was Prince Archbishop and ruled the Prince Archbishopric of Salzburg from 1587 to 1612 . His buildings and squares, which he had planned with the help of Vincenzo Scamozzi , still shape the image of the city of Salzburg .
In 1587 he was briefly abbot of the Murbach monastery .

Life

Wolf Dietrich came from the southern German noble family Raitenau , who were wealthy in the Lake Constance area. He was the eldest son of Hans Werner von Raitenau , later had eight half-siblings and, through his mother Helene von Hohenems , a niece of Giovanni Angelo Medici , later Pope Pius IV, had a distant relationship to the Medici from Milan. In addition, he was related to Cardinal Karl Borromeo , who was canonized during Wolf Dietrich's lifetime. For his mother he brought to 1586 in the parish church of St. Peter and Paul in Orsingen by Hans Morinck make a tomb with a life-size figure of the Countess. His brother Werner von Raitenau was buried in the Johanniterkapelle which he added in 1627 (today the sacristy).

In May 1587 as a compromise candidate for archbishop elected, he was in October of the same year by the Passauer bishop Urban of separation Bach for priests and bishops consecrated. After a short time he was reforming the liturgy and administration. Initially he followed a strict counter-Reformation line and in 1589 expelled all Protestants from the city of Salzburg. He called the Capuchins and the Augustinian Hermits into the country to continue the Counter-Reformation. Wolf Dietrich soon found a policy of tolerance that alienated him from the Curia . He was in contact with Tycho Brahe and received Machiavelli's ideal of the sovereign Renaissance prince, which he reinterpreted in the early absolutist sense. The highly educated archbishop had a keen mind, but was often unpredictable and irascible.

For his partner Salome Alt , who always accompanied him on official occasions and with whom he had 15 children, he had Altenau Castle built, which was renamed Mirabell by his successor .

The conflicts with Bavaria brought him down : his absence from the Catholic League ran counter to the politics of Maximilian von Bayern . Other points of contention were the price of salt and the rich and rich prince provost's office of Berchtesgaden , over which Salzburg had always wanted to expand its influence, but which at that time was heavily influenced by Bavaria. An invasion of the Salzburg troops in Berchtesgaden in October 1611 was answered by the Bavarians with an invasion of Salzburg; Wolf Dietrich was caught on the run and locked up until the end of his life in strict solitary confinement by his successor and nephew Markus Sittikus Graf von Hohenems, first from October 11 to November 16, 1611 in the Hohenwerfen Fortress and later in the princely parlor of the Hohensalzburg Fortress. He scratched the saying "Love is the beginning of suffering" found in 1905 on the wall of Hohenwerfen Fortress, which refers to his love for his partner Salome Alt (destroyed in the fire in 1931): "In the world of deceit - do right and fear the lies. - So I was cheated - I did right and was (lied to) - Layde's beginning is dear - sooner or later. ”At the end of his life Wolf Dietrich submitted to the inevitable of his fate and accepted his captivity as God's will. His barbers Johannes Strauss and Adam Stainer said that Wolf Dietrich had said that he was solely to blame for his fate, “he would only have liked to have his beloved children around”, a wish that was never fulfilled until the end of his life.

Despite the sudden end of his government, the city of Salzburg owes its baroque appearance primarily to him. It is the oldest baroque city in Central Europe and was therefore called "German Rome" by later contemporaries. This exemplary effect helped the baroque style significantly in its spread north of the Alps.

Builder and art patron

Detail of the ceiling in the Gloriensaal of the New Residence (around 1602)
Ceiling of the Sala Terrena in the residence built under Wolf Dietrich

Wolf Dietrich is considered a great art collector . He is especially important as a builder; some buildings were subsequently changed, only completed after his reign or not implemented.

First the New Residence in the east of the cathedral was started around 1588 , and around 1600 it received its partially preserved interior with stucco ceilings and coffered ceilings. Next, the actual archiepiscopal residence in the west of the cathedral was tackled. Of the numerous wings and three courtyards, only the part in the east still exists. The gardens with grotto halls, which are adjacent to the west by two courtyards, were largely demolished around 1790 and only parts of it have been preserved.

After the fire of the Salzburg Cathedral in 1598, the ruins were torn down together with 55 town houses to make way for a new cathedral, which was only started under his successor (with changed planning). The planning was carried out by Vincenzo Scamozzi , who at the same time designed a new grid for the city center: Residenzplatz and Mozartplatz go back to these plans. However, the cathedral was not built until his successor had changed plans.

The archbishop had the numerous artistically special tower coins , which were struck as taler pieces, talers and multiple talers, in the form of cliffs and gold cuts as well as in several stamping variants, minted to commemorate the Turkish wars. However, you are much more likely to witness his activity as an art collector, as his troops were not directly involved in the fighting.

Demise

Archbishop Wolf Dietrich's mausoleum in St. Sebastian

Wolf Dietrich's nearness of death manifested itself in attacks of convulsions, foam at the mouth and left-sided paralysis. Already in 1605 he had suffered a similar, minor attack, after which he could no longer sign by hand for about four months because his right hand was paralyzed; he had to use a "truckerl" , a stamp.
After his death, Wolf Dietrich's brain was not opened because of the intended display of the corpse, so the cause of death, stroke , was not verified, but suspected.
Although Wolf Dietrich had ordered a simple funeral for himself as early as 1600 (only accompanied by servants and Franciscans in everyday clothing at night and without ringing bells) and his refusal to open the corpse, his successor Markus Sittikus caused the exact opposite. After a public laying out in the St. Vitus chapel in the St. Peter monastery , crowned with the Inful , he was accompanied by the archbishop, the canons, the corporations and guilds in the Gabriels chapel in the middle of him in the style of one Italian Campo Santo scale Sebastian cemetery in Salzburg transferred and buried there solemnly.

Aftermath

Various writers have processed the life and work of Wolf Dietrich von Raitenau in literary terms.

literature

  • Astrid Ducke; Thomas Habersatter (ed.): Wolf Dietrich von Raitenau. On the trail of the Prince Archbishop in the DomQuartier Salzburg . Salzburg 2017.
  • Gerhard Ammerer , Ingonda Hannesschläger (Hrsg.): Strategies of power. Court and residence in Salzburg around 1600 - architecture, representation and administration under Prince Archbishop Wolf Dietrich von Raitenau 1587 to 1611/12. Salzburg 2011.
  • Christoph Brandhuber, Oliver Ruggenthaler OFM: The worldview of a prince of the church in the mirror of the image program of the "Dietrichsruh" - Wolf Dietrich's lost paradise. In: Roswitha Juffinger (Ed.): Center of Power. The art collections of the Salzburg prince archbishops: paintings / graphics / applied arts. Salzburg 2011, pp. 394-509.
  • Ernst von Frisch: Wolf Dietrich von Salzburg in the light of his art collection. The Bergland Book, Salzburg 1949.
  • Ernst Hintermaier: "It's going to be confused about the worship service, and I want to bring the chorum into a better and more correct order." Liturgy reform, church music and courtly musical life under the archbishops Wolf Dietrich von Raitenau (1587–1612) and Markus Sittikus von Hohenems (1612–1619). In: Jürg Stenzl , Ernst Hintermaier, Gerhard Walterskirchen (Ed.): Salzburg Music History. From the Middle Ages to the 21st century. Salzburg 2005, ISBN 978-3702505110 , pp. 121-138.
  • Franz Martin : Archbishop Wolf Dietrich of Salzburg and his mausoleum. E. Hölzel, Vienna 1923.
  • Franz Martin: Wolf Dietrich von Raitenau, Archbishop of Salzburg. A. Hartleben, Vienna 1925.
  • Walter Schlegel: Construction work by Prince Archbishop Wolf Dietrich von Raitenau (1587–1612). In: Vision and Reality. The Salzburg Residence 1587–1727. Horn, Vienna 2009, pp. 27–51. (= ÖZKD LXIII, 2009, issue 1/2).
  • Georg W. Seunig: The urban development of the city of Salzburg under Prince Archbishop Wolf Dietrich von Raitenau (1587-1612). 1981 online version
  • Hermann Spies : The art of music in Salzburg during the reign of Prince and Archbishop Wolf Dietrich von Raitenau (1587–1612). Spies, Salzburg 1932.
  • Eva Stahl: Wolf Dietrich von Salzburg, man of the world on the bishop's throne. Amalthea, Vienna, Munich 1987, ISBN 3-85002-230-7 .
  • Catalog of the 4th Salzburg State Exhibition. Prince Archbishop Wolf Dietrich von Raitenau. Founder of the Baroque Salzburg. Office of the Salzburg Provincial Government, Salzburg 1987.
  • Karl Mayr-Deisinger:  Wolf Dietrich von Raittenau, Archbishop of Salzburg . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 43, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1898, pp. 723-726.
  • Manfred Hörner:  Wolf Dietrich von Raitenau. In: Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL). Volume 7, Bautz, Herzberg 1994, ISBN 3-88309-048-4 , Sp. 1291-1295.  ( Article / beginning of article in Internet archive )

Web links

Commons : Wolf Dietrich von Raitenau  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Fredy Meyer: The noble free of Aach - A contribution to the noble history of Hegau in the Middle Ages. In: Hegau - magazine for history, folklore and natural history of the area between the Rhine, Danube and Lake Constance , self-published by the Hegau-Geschichtsverein Singen e. V. Volume 41/42, Singen (Hohentwiel) , September 1986, pp. 24-37.
  2. ↑ Fredy Meyer : Adel und Herrschaft am Bodensee , p. 161 ff.
  3. ^ Spuk in Österreich: Eerie Places and Mysterious Encounters, Gabriele Hasmann, Ursula Hepp; Ueberreuther, Vienna
  4. ↑ http://members.kabsi.at/seeau/Encyclopaedia/LinienVaeter/Seeau-AnekdotenAltenau.htm
  5. ↑ Reinhard R. Heinisch: Wolf Dietrichs fall and captivity. In the Salzburg regional government cultural department (ed.), 4th Salzburg regional exhibition - Prince Archbishop Wolf Dietrich von Raitenau - founder of baroque Salzburg , pp. 79–82. Salzburg: 1987.
  6. ↑ Heinz Fengler: transpress Lexikon Numismatik (1976), p. 400
  7. ↑ Alois Proschko: The deadly diseases of the archbishops of Salzburg . In: Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft für Salzburger Landeskunde , No. 86/87, year 1946/47, p. 95.
  8. ↑ Heinisch, 1987, p. 82.
predecessor Office successor
Georg von Kuenburg Archbishop of Salzburg
1587–1612 		Markus Sittikus of Hohenems
personal data
SURNAME Raitenau, Wolf Dietrich von
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Austrian Prince Archbishop of Salzburg (1587–1612)
DATE OF BIRTH March 26, 1559
PLACE OF BIRTH Hof Castle near Bregenz
DATE OF DEATH January 16, 1617
Place of death Hohensalzburg Fortress