Hohensalzburg Fortress

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Hohensalzburg Fortress
View from the Gaisberg to the Hohensalzburg Fortress

View from the Gaisberg to the Hohensalzburg Fortress

Creation time : from 1077
Castle type : Hilltop castle
Conservation status: Well
Place: Salzburg
Geographical location 47 ° 47 '41.9 "  N , 13 ° 2' 50.1"  E Coordinates: 47 ° 47 '41.9 "  N , 13 ° 2' 50.1"  E
Hohensalzburg Fortress (State of Salzburg)
Hohensalzburg Fortress
Hohensalzburg Fortress evening mood
Fortress Hohensalzburg with Krauthügel in the foreground and Gaisberg in the background
Hohensalzburg from the Mirabell Gardens
Autumn idyll fortress Hohensalzburg
Hohensalzburg from the Oskar-Kokoschka-Weg
View of the fortress from the Gersberg Alm
evening lighting of the castle
Hohensalzburg Fortress
Salzburg with Hohensalzburg

The Hohensalzburg Fortress is the landmark of the city of Salzburg . It is located on a city mountain above the city of Salzburg, the Festungsberg , which continues to the northwest into the Mönchsberg . The foothills to the east of the fortress mountain is called Nonnberg, on which the Benedictine women's monastery Nonnberg is located directly below the eastern exterior of the fortress - the Nonnbergbasteien . The Hohensalzburg Fortress is one of the largest castles in Europe with over 7,000 m² of built-up area (including the bastions over 14,000 m²). It is Europe's largest castle complex, which dates back to the 11th century, it is the largest completely preserved castle in Central Europe and, with over one million visitors annually, it is the most frequently visited attraction in Austria outside of Vienna, although in the federal capital it is only represented by Schönbrunn Palace and the zoo Schönbrunn as well as the Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien (visitor statistics 2017).

history

In 1077 Gebhard (1010-1088) began building a residential tower - which today still represents the core of the high floor - a small church and a small residential building with the associated wall ring. However, since Gebhard had to go into exile in the course of the investiture controversy, this building was only completed under the anti-archbishop Berthold von Moosburg, appointed by the emperor, and under Archbishop Konrad von Abenberg (1106–1147).

From the 12th century to the 14th century, the construction of the outer fortification ring largely determined the current extent of the castle.

In 1462, under Burkhard II von Weißpriach (1461–1466), the curtain wall was reinforced by four towers (bell tower, trumpeter tower, Krautturm, and blacksmith or detention tower), the eastern staircase over the Nonnberg protected by a meter thick wall and the south side of the castle a bastion attached.

Under Weisspriach's successor, Bernhard von Rohr (1466–1481), the old ring wall was raised and the so-called snake passage was built, which served as a defense to the east towards the Nonntal and Nonnberg monastery.

Johann III. Beckenschlager (1481–1489) had the "high floor" expanded into a four-story residential building. In addition, there was the first armory and the bulk box . The coat of arms of Beckenschlager can still be found on this today - the oldest coat of arms stone still existing on the Hohensalzburg Fortress.

Leonhard von Keutschach (1495–1519) continued to expand the fortress between 1495 and 1519 and, in times of increasing threats of war, set a visible sign of his power. He had the high floor on the second and third floors expanded and expanded to include the multi-storey building that was built on the site of the previous chapel. In the course of his reign the fortress became an elegant late-Gothic seat of government, as the sumptuous prince's rooms prove today.

To improve the water supply in the event of a siege, the archbishop had a new large cistern built and some of the existing towers raised. The tearing train , today the world's oldest preserved funicular railway, the Kuchlturm and the bakery as well as several gates (Rosspforte, Schleuderpforte) and the building at the Höllenpforte were built under Leonhard von Keutschach (or one of his predecessors). The most striking work is the barrel-operated organ in the Krautturm, the Salzburg bull - similar to an oversized music box . Today it is the oldest operating organ horn factory in the world.

The funds for the brisk construction activity came mainly from salt mining on the Dürrnberg near Hallein, but also from mining in the Tauern . In 1555, in the heyday of gold mining , annual production was just under 831 kg. The experienced miners, who were often brought in from northern Germany, formed a strong nucleus of resistance against the archbishopric power in the peasant wars that followed.

Under Matthäus Lang von Wellenburg (1519-1540) these peasant revolts reached their climax. From July 5 to August 31, 1525, peasants and miners besieged the Prince Archbishop in his fortress. This dispute is the greatest challenge for the Hohensalzburg Fortress in its 900-year history. The fortress, however, remained impregnable.

For Wolf Dietrich von Raitenau (1587–1612), the expansion of the fortifications was of little importance; as the client, he mainly devoted himself to his various building projects in the city. Still, the castle became his fate. His successor Markus Sittikus von Hohenems (1612–1619) kept him here until the end of his life. See also Turmtaler # Coin history .

Paris von Lodron (1619–1653) had the city of Salzburg fortified on both sides of the Salzach with new, spacious and strong fortifications during the Thirty Years' War. Hohensalzburg Castle in the south of the city was then expanded into a modern fortress. During his reign the mighty Hasengrabenbasteien together with the armory and the expanded Nonnbergbasteien were built. He also had the first barrier arch (Lodronbogen) and other powerful porches such as the “Katzen” outwork, including the two gates and the barrier wall, built on the notch or significantly expanded to protect against the stronger artillery . He also reinforced all the defensive walls that connected the fortress with the city of Salzburg and the Mönchsberg.

Under Max Gandolf von Kuenburg (1668–1687), the 30 m high and several meters thick fire bastion (also called Kuenburg bastion) was built on the north side as the youngest large fortification of the fortress.

According to an inventory from 1790, the armory at that time contained over 100 complete equestrian armor, over 1100 breast armors , spears and helmets . There were also 415 mortars , 460 iron and 130 bronze cannons . However, many of them were already militarily outdated at the time.

During the Napoleonic Wars , the city offered no resistance to the advancing French, the fortress was handed over to the French without a fight. Therefore this castle did not have to be demolished by order of the French (like the castle on Grazer Schloßberg ) and was preserved.

Due to the subsequent neglect and a fire in 1849, an extensive restoration had to be carried out in 1851, which primarily related to the interior. In the years that followed, the fortress was eventually used as a depot and barracks . In 1861, Franz Joseph I gave up Hohensalzburg as a fortress, but continued to use it as a barracks.

In 1892, for tourist reasons, the fortress railway to the Hasengrabenbastei was built, which was initially powered by water power. Michael Haydn's former home , in which his memorial was set up, was destroyed. In the years 1951 to 1981, an extensive static protection of the entire system was carried out. The castle, formerly owned by the Prince Archbishop, is now in the (fiduciary) state property of Austria. As a landmark of the city of Salzburg, it is primarily used for tourism.

In 2016, on the occasion of the 200th anniversary of Salzburg near Austria , the federal government donated the fortress to the State of Salzburg.

Building history

Prehistory and Antiquity

The city of Salzburg is located at a cut in the northern flat land in the Alps, directly on the Salzach River, which forms an easily controllable valley here and thus offers the best topographical conditions for settlement. In fact, there are a number of Celtic hill settlements on the mountains around Salzburg, even on the city mountains, small and large bases, such as the Rainberg, Hellbrunnerberg, Kapuzinerberg and Festungsberg. These places are likely to have been abandoned when the Roman city was founded and its residents were forcibly relocated. Oppida were probably no longer necessary and no longer wanted.

Roman Salzburg emerged around the middle of the 1st century AD, Pliny the Elder describes Juvavum as one of three Noric foundations that were elevated to the status of city under Emperor Claudius. Already under Nero the city should have been essentially expanded. From this time, finds have also been made at the Hohensalzburg Fortress, one can imagine a sanctuary that is initially unfortified.

With the increasing number of Germanic invasions in the Salzburg area, a larger fortification is likely to have developed here soon, numerous fire horizons can be identified in the city at the same time, but not above, but neither the finds nor the sparse wall remains are sufficient for precise reconstructions. In late antiquity, a large part of the remaining population moved to safe retreats, especially on the fortress mountain, the old Roman infrastructure in the valley was abandoned. Under Valentinian, a small burgus of the Legio II Italica is suspected on the fortress mountain , which was in the middle of a larger settlement on several terraces.

Traces of Bavarian settlement

Under Saint Severin around 470, Salzburg was a late Roman Christian city with three churches. After the Romans left, grave fields and a mausoleum at the foot of the mountain document a continuous settlement on the Nonnberg and the fortress mountain. Historical sources from the early Middle Ages suggest that the dukes of Bavaria also resided in Salzburg in the 7th and 8th centuries. Theudebert III. (Theodo III., * Around 685, † after 716) even had his seat in Salzburg or on the Festungsberg after the country was briefly divided into four by his father Theodebergt II. An "upper castle" - the castrum superior - located on the Nonnberg - is documented for the first time in 696. However, it is not a forerunner of the Hohensalzburg fortress, but included the fortress mountain in the outdoor facilities. Martinskirche, which was part of the fortress, also stood on Nonnberg. Their patronage points to the national saint of the Franconian Empire, whose Merovingian kings had established the Bavarian family of the Agilolfinger . The Agilolfingers, who were associated with the Lombard royal family, strived for an independent regional policy in Bavaria. They closed themselves to the growing Carolingian influence, established their own regional church with strong ties to their own ducal residences and conducted their own negotiations with enemies of the empire, which is why Tassilo III. 788 was subjugated by Charlemagne. His duchy was abolished and divided.

The settlement of the fortress mountain probably ended with the fall of the Agilolfinger dukes. Only the lower Nonnberg terrace with the women's monastery remained inhabited. In any case, there are no tangible traces on the summit plateau until the 11th century.

The city of Salzburg developed under Arn, who was elevated to archbishopric by Charlemagne, to the metropolitan of the Eastern Alps and later to the metropolitan of the German-speaking area. From a worldly point of view, Salzburg initially remained of little importance as part of Bavaria. That changed in the investiture controversy (12th century), in which the emperor and the pope fought for supremacy. Both tried to win over the local greats through gifts and privileges, which enabled them to increase their political and economic power themselves.

The Romanesque castle

The greatest beneficiary of this policy was Archbishop Gebhard , who quickly rose from imperial confessor to Reich Chancellor and in 1060 to Archbishop of Salzburg. Instead of submitting himself to his imperial benefactor or the Pope, however, he set up his own suffragan diocese , which he finally set up in Gurk with a mutual concession (1072). This unique legal status, which removed the bishopric from the influence of Pope and Emperor ( three other such bishoprics were to follow under Eberhard II ), greatly strengthened the position of the Salzburg archbishops. Gebhard was courted by both sides. He took the side of the Pope, since the emperor should be denied the right to appoint church offices. For Salzburg, the conflict meant political uncertainty. Church property was plundered and the divided nobility received many concessions. In 1076, the most important base in Salzburg south of the Alps in Friesach was attacked by the Styrian margrave. In response, Gebhard had several fortifications built around 1077, according to his biographer. This is how the Lueg pass barrier, which controlled the most important crossing of the Eastern Alps to Italy, and the three regional castles of Friesach, Hohenwerfen and Hohensalzburg were created. It is said that the emperor could not travel through Salzburg on his way back from Italy and that the margravates of Friuli, Carniola and Istria had to cede to Aquileia in order to be able to at least cross the steep passes of Carinthia. Nevertheless, Gebhard had to flee after his return. The emperor appointed an opposing bishop who, however, could not prevail against the loyal landed gentry. In 1086 Gebhard was able to move back into Salzburg. He died in Hohenwerfen Castle in 1088. These events prove the rise of Salzburg to political power, the importance of the local nobility and the secure fortifications. Real power was manifested in the castles. At the end of the 11th century, when imperial authority was called into question, the construction of many castles began, which raised them to the real bearers of territorial power.

In 1105 Heinrich V , the son and anti-king of Emperor Heinrich IV. Elected his confessor Conrad as anti-archbishop of Salzburg. This favorite, known as ostentatious, drove out the imperial bishop, conquered his fortress Hohensalzburg and had numerous buildings built in the city (new episcopal residence, cathedral renovation with two towers, two cathedral monasteries, Mönchsberg water tunnel (Almkanal), poor hospital, several collegiate and suffragan bishop's courts and oldest city fortification). The archbishop's castles were supposed to secure the residential city and neuralgic points of rule. Salzburg, Werfen and Friesach were turned into fortresses. In contrast to the city residence, which was used for religious events, the fortress was primarily used for profane demonstrations of power, which can be explained by the archbishop's noble origins and his political ambition.

The Romanesque main fortress of Hohensalzburg received a mighty crenellated outer ring wall with parts of the wall running as straight as possible, which, due to the constant height at the steeply sloping corners, had tower-like heights. This resulted in a 150 m long front to the city. At that time the dolomite of the fortress mountain was used almost exclusively as building material for the castle. An inner curtain wall and a large residential tower in the south of today's Hohen Stock completed the defense system. Long areas of this 450 m high Romanesque outer ring from the early 12th century have been preserved overbuilt, but the gate area and references to the inner structure are missing. At that time, over 30 ministerials lived in the castle, and they probably had their own representative buildings. There were stables, barns and handicraft businesses, the remains of which have disappeared due to the later overbuilding and the extensive elevation of the mountain.

In the middle of the castle complex, clearly visible from the city, next to a small inner courtyard and above the older castle chapel, a building with a large ballroom - magnificently decorated with large window arcades and richly painted - the structure of which has been partially preserved to this day. The old chapel was located directly on the large curtain wall, its gallery could be reached from the hall building directly via a small arched portal or a high corridor. The old chapel was also lavishly furnished with a new gallery, stucco applications and extensive painting. This castle chapel was only recently discovered during the excavations and - as far as it was preserved - was uncovered. Associated architectural parts such as wedge stones and stucco arches were found, so the architecture of the chapel can be easily reconstructed. The picturesque furnishings, on the other hand, have hardly been preserved. The second main layer dates back to 1140, dendrochronologically secured. Reconnected parts allow connections to the preserved base zone, room corners and window frames. Based on this information, there are three main areas, a pseudo-marbled base, a figure frieze and a crowning window zone with a meander ribbon. Groups of figures and medallions allow a scene opposite to the central main characters to be assumed.

The outstanding importance of the high medieval fortress Hohensalzburg lies next to the largely preserved building stock and the art-historically remarkable chapel furnishings - for the first time gypsum stucco is used here north of the Alps - in the direct adoption of sacred building elements in the secular building. The large arcade windows are borrowed from the simultaneous cloister architecture, and the frescoing of the ballroom by church painters is also unique for this period.

During the 46 year long reign of Eberhard II (1200–1246) Salzburg experienced a high point in castle building. During this time, several major construction phases can be identified at the Hohensalzburg core facility, which apparently should take account of an increasing demand for representative rooms. First, a transverse rectangular building was placed on the old core of the high floor, which was divided into equal parts by narrow inner walls. The ballroom was given a new fresco, which was probably due to the emperor's privilege for ecclesiastical principalities that was enforced at the time.

The Gothic castle

Part of the new building was soon demolished, the small inner courtyard was built over, a multi-storey toilet was built, creating a homogeneous structure measuring 22 × 33 m with an open staircase. A central hall can be interpreted as a forerunner of the Gothic castle building with its central corridor system.

In the 15th century, the main castle of Hohensalzburg was expanded almost exclusively, gun turrets suitable for fire were built, thus the first real towers on the castle, which were only built in response to the new firearms. Around 1500, under Leonhard von Keutschach , a contemporary of Emperor Maximilian, the armament to become a symbol of lordly power bursting with towers took place. At that time, this archbishop had the castle expanded into a fortified, modern residential palace. The artistic highlight was the layout of the several princely rooms, which, with their well-preserved stone carvings, carvings and pottery, represent a major European work of Gothic art.

The fortress in the Renaissance and Baroque periods

In the early 17th century Europe was shattered by the Thirty Years' War between the Protestant Union and the Catholic League. In 1632, 1646 and 1648 even the Bavarian elector fled to the Hohensalzburg fortress with his landscape treasury. Archbishop Paris von Lodron (1619–1654) succeeded in protecting Salzburg from attacks by massively building up his bulwarks. From 1620 the entire old town was girded with new strong fortifications and bulwarks , which included the entire Mönchs- and Festungsberg. The costly fortification work was directed by the cathedral builder Santino Solari. From 1633 to 1645, the fortress also received the long-overdue reinforcement of the medieval ring walls. All remaining wooden weir corridors and almost all high tower roofs and the high roof of the high floor were removed. Instead, new strong bastions were built in the southwest, west and east, the large wall areas of which extended far into the surrounding fortress mountain. Underground stairs created the connection to several exit gates. The doorway was reinforced by the renovation of the mayor's gate, the first barrier arch, the two notch gates and the cat that was pushed forward over the Petersfriedhof . To accommodate the greatly increased artillery parks the Great was between Ross and spin gate arsenal expanded in High floor two-storey basement (now Puppet Museum) were broken up into the rocks and in 1644 shared the first very high hall of fire gear by a mezzanine. To accommodate the soldiers, new crew quarters were created on the tear-out train , and prison cells were built in the Reckturm .

Under Max Gandolf von Kuenburg (1668–1687) the large Kuenburg bastion was built in 1681 because of a possible collapse of the northern Zwinger, but above all because of the danger of the advancing Turkish armies (siege of Vienna in 1683). At the side, their over 30 m high bastion is accompanied by a small weir with additional casemates . Franz Anton von Harrach (1709–1727) had the dining house built and renewed the snake passage including the mayor's tower. As a result, only minor measures, such as repairs and small, stronger retaining walls, were carried out; after 1789 the holdings of the armory were dissolved.

From the Austrian barracks to a tourist magnet

100 shilling silver coin (1977)

In the 18th century, the then independent prince-archbishopric of Salzburg was drawn more and more into the European alliance policy and its coalition wars, with foresight all weapons of the fortress were delivered to Austria as a precaution. The stock of weapons stored in armories was impressive, only a few remained in Salzburg. One of the oldest of all, a medieval slingshot located under the Roßpforte, was only sold to the owners of Kreuzenstein Castle in the 19th century . After the unfavorable course of the Battle of Hohenlinden , Prince Archbishop Colloredo had to flee from the advancing troops and later fighting near Wals . The secularization of Salzburg followed in 1803 (the archbishopric was separated from the secular principality) and in 1805 it was incorporated into the Austrian monarchy. The high artistic importance of the Gothic prince's rooms was recognized as early as 1851 and had them extensively restored. In 1861, Emperor Franz Josef I lifted the character of a fortress and several old armories and depots were demolished. The Hohe Stock remained barracks until 1883 ("Hohe-Stock-Kaserne". Ancillary buildings were used as a clothing store and detention center until 1918, the Rainer regiment was stationed here from 1912 to 1914.) With increasing tourism, the fortress railway , the Johann residential building, was built in 1891 Michael Haydns was converted into a valley station. This was followed by the restoration of the horn work of the "Salzburg bull", which had already been renewed in 1753 by Johann Rochus Egedacher .

After the world wars and ten years of occupation, the fortress was able to position itself again as a symbol of the city in the growing stream of tourists. Numerous cultural events, such as the summer painting academy introduced by Oskar Kokoschka , the medieval festival and the Advent market, the various museums and collections as well as the famous concerts in the Golden Hall ensure the revitalization of the old walls and the financing of the ongoing restoration work, so that the Fortress Hohensalzburg can now look forward to a positive future after 1100 years of existence.

From 2015 to 2016 extensive renovation measures were carried out in which a company from neighboring Bavaria with experience in monument conservation was involved.

Overall, it can be shown historically and in terms of building analysis that the Hohensalzburg Fortress in the High Middle Ages did not correspond to a "normal" aristocratic castle in terms of size and importance, but had a supraregional character from the beginning as a "sovereign" fortification and residence-like magnificent building. Of supraregional relevance is the early evidence of artists trained in sacred buildings who created a high point of medieval power development here on a secular building in their disciplines of architecture, stonemasonry, stucco and painting, which could compete with the great imperial castles.

In September 2017, smaller explosions started for a planned six weeks in order to set up two extinguishing water tanks or ponds in the fortress courtyard in the rock. There was the last fire in the fortress in 1840, but because of the difficult water supply, one wants to prepare for a possible major fire without having to attack the drinking water supply.

After a storm in October 2018 severely damaged the roofs of the armory and the bulk box, they were replaced between July and November 2019. The roof structure was reinforced with historical waste wood and a total of around 80,000 Eternit shingles and five tons of copper sheeting were laid.

Todays use

Thanks to its good condition and location, Hohensalzburg is a crowd puller. The outer fortress can be visited without a guide; A guided tour with audio guides is available for an internal part of the tour (salt store, torture chamber, high tower, battlements, Salzburg bull); the interiors on the high floor (princely rooms, museums) are visited single-handedly. In the summer months there has been a “Special Guided Tour” in German and English since July 2009, which has to be paid for separately and where the castle staff in disguise takes visitors on a walk through the 16th century. Otherwise closed rooms such as the Pfisterei (old bakery), the wine cellar, the Kuenburgbastei or the Viereckige Wehr can only be visited during such special tours.

For residents of the federal state of Salzburg, admission to the outdoor area is free.

In addition to the tours, concerts are held regularly, and the church is also used, for example for church weddings or on some selected public holidays. On the fortress is also located Puppet Museum Salzburg with historical collections of the Salzburg Marionette Theater , and additionally the Museum of Kuk Infantry Regiment Archduke Rainer Regiment. 59 . There are also courses from the International Summer Academy for Fine Arts Salzburg .

view

View of Salzburg and Haunsberg to Kapuzinerberg (without Buchberg; for this see view from the tower )

The towers of the fortress provide an impressive view of the Salzburg basin and in particular of the following surrounding mountains and ridges
(clockwise, starting in the north-northwest; if different from the absolute highest, the highest visible peaks are mentioned) :

View of the southeastern Salzburg basin with the Tennengebirge and Göll (Gaisberg to Untersberg) → 360 °
View of the western Salzburg basin and Untersberg to Teisenberg

Others

see also: Fortifications of the City of Salzburg

photos

literature

  • Nicole Riegel: Hohensalzburg under Leonhard von Keutschach and Cardinal Matthäus Lang von Wellenburg. Fortification and representation 1495–1540. In: Castles in the Alpine region (= research on castles and palaces 14). Petersberg 2012, pp. 95-109.
  • Nicole Riegel: The building activities of Cardinal Matthäus Lang von Wellenburg (1468-1540) , Münster (Westf.) 2009. ISBN 978-3-930454-75-4 .
  • Karl Heinz Ritschel: Salzburg Miniatures 2 . Otto Müller Verlag, Salzburg-Vienna 2001, ISBN 3-7013-1037-8 .
  • Reinhard Medicus: Schlossberg (today Festungsberg) and Nonnberg in cultural and natural history , in: Bastei - magazine for the preservation and care of buildings, culture and society , 54th year. 3rd episode, Salzburg, 2005.
  • Nikolaus Schaffer: On the history of the Salzburg artillery in 1800 . Reprint from: Communications of the Society for Salzburg Regional Studies , Volume 125, Salzburg 1985.
  • Patrick Shift: The Hohensalzburg Fortress. The Guide to History and Architecture Vienna 2007, ISBN 978-3-901232-88-6 .
  • Patrick Shift: Bulwarks of God. The building of castles by the Archbishops of Salzburg Vienna 2010, ISBN 978-3-85161-031-4 .
  • Eberhard Zwink (Ed.): 900 years of the Hohensalzburg Fortress , Salzburg 1977.
  • Richard Schlegel : Veste Hohensalzburg, illustrated book, history from 1077 to the 20th century. with photographs by Alois Schmiedbauer , Otto Müller Verlag Salzburg, 224 pages, 1952.

References and comments

  1. https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/296133/umfrage/beliebeneste-sehenswuerdheiten-in-oesterreich-nach-besucherzahl/
  2. The federal government donates the Hohensalzburg Fortress to the State of Salzburg in the Salzburger Nachrichten of December 6, 2016, accessed on December 7, 2016
  3. ^ Nikolaus Schaffer: On the history of the Salzburg artillery in 1800 . Reprint from: Communications of the Society for Salzburg Regional Studies , Volume 125, Salzburg 1985, p. 525.
  4. ^ Dpa : Hohensalzburg rebuilt with Bavarian wood , Augsburger Allgemeine Zeitung
  5. Blastings on Hohensalzburg Fortress orf.at, September 8, 2017, accessed September 8, 2017.
  6. New fortress roof almost completed orf.at, November 12, 2019, accessed on November 12, 2019.
  7. World of Marionettes - Marionette Museum. salzburg.info.
  8. Calculated 360 ° panorama ( U. Deuschle ; information ) of the Hohensalzburg
  9. Arno Kerschbaumer, Nobilitations under the reign of Emperor Karl I / IV. Károly király (1916-1918) . Graz 2016, ISBN 978-3-9504153-1-5 , p. 133.
  10. ^ Veste Hohensalzburg

Web links

Commons : Hohensalzburg Fortress  - Collection of images, videos and audio files