Markus Sittikus of Hohenems (Salzburg)

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Painting in Hellbrunn Palace

Count Markus Sittikus von Hohenems , also Marcus Sitticus von Hohenems (born June 24, 1574 in Hohenems ; † October 9, 1619 in Salzburg ) was Prince Archbishop of the Prince Archbishopric of Salzburg from 1612 to 1619 .

Life

Count Marcus Sitticus IV. Von Hohenems came from the family of the Lords of Ems . He was the fourth child of Jakob Hannibal I von Hohenems (1530–1587) and Hortensia geb. Borromeo (1551–1578), who married in Rome in 1565. He felt he was being taken advantage of when compared to his older brother Kaspar , although his relatives constantly encouraged him. At the age of 13 he received the canonical from his uncle Marco Sittico Altemps in the diocese of Constance , which his cousin Wolf Dietrich von Raitenau had given up because of his election as Salzburg archbishop, Wolf Dietrich's canonical in 1589 in the Salzburg cathedral chapter . 1601 was in Rome. From September 23, 1601 to September 24, 1602 he spent one year in Salzburg for the compulsory year of residence under Wolf Dietrich. On August 31, 1604, he was appointed provost in Constance . On September 24, 1604 he attended a canon meeting in Salzburg. He then traveled to Rome. In the following years he set up bases in Gallarate, Konstanz and Wurmlingen for stays during the many trips. May 1606 a stay in Salzburg is documented. In 1605 he received a canonical in the cathedral monastery in Augsburg . On December 2, 1610, Jakob Hannibal visited Salzburg for the first time with his father.

The cousin of Wolf Dietrich von Raitenau, his predecessor as Prince Archbishop, was elected by the cathedral chapter during the Bavarian occupation . The actual election took place on March 18, 1612, twelve of the 16 votes cast fell on him. The papal Sondernuncio Antonio Diaz also took part in the election, who had already left Rome on January 12th with a group of snow shovels for Salzburg, where he arrived on February 14th. The task of the Sondernuntius in Salzburg was to first persuade Prince Wolf Dietrich, who is in Bavarian captivity, to resign and thereby make him a prisoner of Pope Paul V. Wolf Dietrich had also been promised by the canons of his release, a request against which the Duke of Bavaria, Maximilian I , later protested violently. On March 7, 1612, Wolf Dietrich finally resigned and thus enabled the election of a successor. He received his episcopal consecration on October 7, 1612, the Bishop of Chiemsee , Ehrenfried von Kuenburg . Just a few days earlier, Markus Sittikus had been ordained a priest. August 8, 1612 Confirmation of the election of a bishop by the Pope, receipt of the pallium. October 8, 1612: Entry of the newly elected Archbishop for the official inauguration in Salzburg. His nephew Jakob Hannibal was already there and received a monthly salary of 150 guilders. He kept his cousin Wolf Dietrich imprisoned in the Hohensalzburg Fortress for the rest of his life , for fear that he might cause unrest. Despite the circumstances in which he came to power, he was neither a puppet of Maximilian of Bavaria nor of Austria, but continued Wolf Dietrich's policy. He also did not join the Catholic League , which was decidedly contrary to Bavarian politics. But this kept Salzburg out of the Thirty Years' War . On September 20, 1616 he founded a grammar school named after Carlo Borromeo in St. Peter, from which the university later emerged. The Sacellum he donated is also dedicated to Carlo Borromeo.

Markus Sittikus as Archbishop

Markus Sittikus took up the counter-Reformation line that had slackened under his predecessor . Immediately after taking office, he set up commissions to visit the entire Archdiocese . As a result of this general visitation it was found, among other things, that the majority of the country pastors lived in cohabitation and had children, whereupon he followed a phase of strict discipline. After that, through the conversion of the “sectic subjects”, the unity of the faith could be restored, but it was later determined that this would have remained merely an external one.
Markus Sittikus was particularly keen to set up brotherhoods , especially the fraternity of the "Corpus Christi", also known as the Red Brotherhood because of their red robes , for which he had the Salvator Church built in 1618 .
Markus Sittikus, who spoke better Italian than German, used Italian and Spanish brotherhoods with their uniforms as a model. With red fraternity robes, on which a monstrance was symbolically sewn or embroidered, the members of the Corpus Christi fraternity now performed a monthly visit through the city. The use of the cowls and especially the corresponding hoods aroused astonishment among the Salzburgers, which is why the prince and the fraternity officials initially appeared with bare faces and heads , and later it was agreed to wear red hats. In terms of the re-Catholicization of Salzburg, Markus Sittikus had a propagandistic intention with the pompously designed brotherhood parades, and thus complied with a demand of the Council of Trent , namely that of an obvious adoration of the Lord in the sacrament. According to this, the victorious truth should celebrate such a triumph over lies and heresy that its opponents, in the sight of so great splendor and in such great joy of the entire Church, either fade away exhausted and broken or filled with shame and confused at some point come to insight again .

Construction activity

As a builder, he continued the concept of his predecessor, albeit in a more modest form. For planning the Domneubaus was Santino Solari committed, the plan of his predecessor Vincenzo Scamozzi reduced by two thirds. The foundation stone of this new building took place in 1614, but it was only completed under his successor Paris Lodron in 1628. The two churches built by Markus Sittikus, the Markuskirche at the hospital of the Brothers of Mercy in Gstättengasse (destroyed in the rock fall in 1669) and the Corpus Christi- Church (which Archbishop Colloredo had profaned ) no longer exist today.

He had Hellbrunn Palace built as his country residence - also by Santino Solari - including the extensive palace park with the world-famous Salzburg water features in the south of the city, a then ultra-modern villa rustica in the Italian style. The fact that the first opera performance north of the Alps took place in the stone theater in the palace gardens in 1617 is merely a persistent claim: in fact, L'Orfeo was performed by Claudio Monteverdi in the court theater in 1614. Like his predecessor, he earned services not only for the baroque style of his city, but also for the spread of this style north of the Alps.

Salzburg (city)

  • Salzburg: Salzburg Cathedral. On Monday, April 18, 1611 (14 days after Easter Monday), Prince Archbishop Wolf Dietrich von Raitenau laid the foundation stone for the cathedral planned by Vincenzo Scamozzi. On Monday, July 15, 1613, one day after the feast day of St. Bonaventura, began the demolition of the foundation walls of the Scamozzi Cathedral, which had already begun. On Monday, April 14, 1614, also exactly 14 days after Easter Monday, the foundation stone of the cathedral planned by Santino Solari was laid. On October 25, 1614, the completion of the foundation walls could be celebrated. The construction was continued under Paris Lodron (roofing, installation of the main altars), Guidobald von Thun (baptistery, cathedral square, cathedral arches), Max Gandolf von Kuenburg (7 chapel altars) and under Johann Ernst von Thun (St. Peter, St. Paul, portal surround to the oratorios in the towers).
  • Hellbrunn Palace, 1613–1617
  • Archbishop's Residence
  • Franciscan Church, Karl Borromeo Chapel, 1613
  • Monthly Schlössl, 1616
  • St. Mark's Chapel and Hospital, 1616–1618
  • University and Sacellum (begun), 1618
  • Emslieb Castle (begun), 1618
  • Emsburg Castle (begun), 1619
  • Klausentor (completed), ca.1612
  • Sebastianstor (Linzergasse), 1614
  • Franziskustor (Kapuzinerberg portal), 1617
  • Gstättentor, 1618
  • Town hall (expanded), 1616
  • Corpus Christi Brotherhood Chapel

Salzburg (State)

Bavaria

  • Tittmoning Castle (renovated)
  • Waging am See: parish church (reconstruction after fire in 1611)

Ferdinand's host in 1619

On Tuesday, July 16, 1619, Markus Sittikus received Ferdinand , who was on his way to Frankfurt am Main , where he was to be elected emperor . Markus Sittikus drove to meet him in Hallein in the morning with a train of eight carriages with the cathedral capitulars and court lords, five hundred men of the castle, whose musketeers wore some red and some blue "Schützenröckl" with yellow Burgundy crosses, and other people with liveried employees. When entering the city of Salzburg at noon, volleys were fired, first at the fortress with 60 large cannons, then in a staged order of battle three times on top of one another with small weapons. When Markus Sittikus wanted to sit down at the lunch table across from Ferdinand, he was pulled to his side and asked to sit next to him, where they were very "happy and funny". Later James Hay, the envoy of King James I of England, appeared . In the afternoon Markus Sittikus showed his guest Hellbrunn , where he had “had a strange amusement” and shot three game in the park. In the evening, L'Orfeo was performed in honor of Ferdinand . The following day at 9 a.m. they lived together with St. Mass in Markus Sittikus' personal oratorio , then Ferdinand set off for Frankfurt, with Markus Sittikus taking part with him. The sovereign had given the future emperor a credit letter for fifty thousand guilders without the approval of the cathedral chapter. This was only grudgingly granted retrospectively, whereby the cathedral provost and court chamber president Paris Lodron stated that the archbishopric should not be overloaded with debts.

Diseases and death

Grave monument for Markus Sittikus von Hohenems in Salzburg Cathedral

Apparently the Archbishop suffered from hemorrhoids and rectal prolapse all his life , similar to his brother Kaspar von Hohenems , which indicates a family ailment. The doctor Carlo Moneta, who was brought in from Gallarate (Lombardy), prescribed baths. His personal physician Vincenzo Crosina from Trient , whom he had called to Salzburg in 1616, however, said that this disease had to be cured “internally”.

From September 24, 1619 Markus Sittikus had a fever, he died on October 8. According to his doctors, his melancholy disposition favored this “burdensome” death.

literature

Web links

Commons : Marcus Sitticus of Hohenems (archbishop)  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Werner Rainer: Marcus Sitticus . The government of the Prince Archbishop according to the chronicle by Johannes Stainhauser, Salzburg 2012, p. 397.
  2. ↑ Werner Rainer: Marcus Sitticus . The government of the Prince Archbishop according to the chronicle by Johannes Stainhauser, Salzburg 2012, p. 19, note 11.
  3. ↑ Dieter Albrecht: Maximilian I of Bavaria 1573-1651 . Oldenbourg, Munich 1998, ISBN 3-486-56334-3 , pp. 460f.
  4. ^ AES : visitation protocol 1613.
  5. ^ Franz Ortner: Reformation and Counter-Reformation . In: History of Salzburg . City and Country, ed. by Heinz Dopsch, vol. II / 1st part, Salzburg 1983 (2nd improved edition), p. 146.
  6. ^ Valentin Hatheyer: The Protestant Movement in Lungau and the Capuchin Monastery in Tamsweg . In: Annual report of the fe Gymnasium at the Collegium Borromäum , ed. vom fe Kollegium Borromäum, 53rd vol. (1902), p. 13.
  7. ↑ Rupert Klieber: From the generosity of the Fundator and the first Salzburg brotherhood church St. Salvator . In: Brotherhoods and covenants of love after Trento . Their service to death, encouragement and status in church and social life using the example of Salzburg (1600–1950), Frankfurt a. M. 1999, p. 82.
  8. ↑ AES: 11/100 Protocol Book Corporis Christi , entries for July 19, 1613 and Holy Week 1615. Quoted from: Klieber: Brotherhoods and Liebesbünde nach Trient , p. 82f.
  9. ^ Council of Trent: Decree on the Sacrament of the Eucharist . Quoted from: Heinrich Denzinger: Compendium of Confessions of Faith in Church Doctrinal Decisions , No. 1644, improved ed. by Peter Hünermann, 1991 (37th edition), p. 531. Quoted from: Klieber: Brotherhoods and Liebesbünde nach Trient , p. 82.
  10. ↑ Reinhard Rudolf Heinisch: Salzburg and Europe - The political and intellectual environment in the baroque period . In: Baroque spirit and space. The Salzburg Benedictine University . Contributions to the International Symposium in Salzburg 2001, ed. by Christian Rohr , at the same time: Communications from the Society for Salzburg Regional Studies, Volume 143 (2003), p. 26.
  11. ↑ Werner Rainer: Marcus Sitticus . The government of the Prince Archbishop according to the chronicle by Johannes Stainhauser, Salzburg 2012, p. 347.
  12. ↑ James Hay , 1st Viscount Doncaster (later: Earl of Carlisle), (sp. 1580-1636); Gary M. Bell: A Handlist of British Dimomatic Representatives 1509-1688 . Royal Historical Society, Guides and Handbooks No. 16, London 1990, ISBN 0-86193-123-8 , p. 60.
  13. ↑ Werner Rainer: Marcus Sitticus . The government of the Prince Archbishop according to the chronicle of Johannes Stainhauser, Salzburg 2012, p. 347f.
  14. ↑ Christoph Brandhuber / Edith Tutsch-Bauer: Herbal Art & Bone Saw , Salzburg / Vienna 2015, p. 47f. and notes p. 301.
  15. ↑ Christoph Brandhuber / Edith Tutsch-Bauer: Kräuterkunst & Knochensäge , Salzburg / Vienna 2015, p. 49; Alois Proschko: The deadly diseases of the archbishops of Salzburg . In: Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft für Salzburger Landeskunde , No. 86/87, year 1946/47, pp. 95f.
  16. ↑ Christoph Brandhuber / Edith Tutsch-Bauer: Kräuterkunst & Knochensäge , Salzburg / Vienna 2015, p. 49 and note p. 301.
predecessor Office successor
Wolf Dietrich von Raitenau Archbishop of Salzburg
1612–1619 		Paris by Lodron
personal data
SURNAME Hohenems, Markus Sittikus from
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Hohenems, Marcus Sitticus von; Hohenems, Markus Sittikus Graf von
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Prince Archbishop of the Prince Archdiocese of Salzburg (1612–1619)
DATE OF BIRTH June 24, 1574
PLACE OF BIRTH Hohenems , Vorarlberg
DATE OF DEATH October 9, 1619
Place of death Salzburg