Augsburg Cathedral Monastery
The cathedral monastery of Augsburg existed until the secularization in Bavaria in 1803 as a class, internally sovereign territorial body with around 15,000 subjects, which performed the duties of the cathedral clergy at the Augsburg cathedral and occupied other offices.
Rights and Responsibilities
From 1152, the right to elect the prince-bishop of the Augsburg bishopric passed from the emperor to the cathedral chapter. In 1459 the Pope also guaranteed this right to the cathedral chapter in a document. From 1308 the cathedral chapter was given the right to run the bishopric between the death and the appointment of a new bishop. Almost simultaneously with his election in 1453, the bishop granted the cathedral chapter rights to participate in matters relating to the bishopric.
A reservation of approval applied in particular for the sale of assets of the bishopric, for the conclusion of protective and defensive alliances with foreign princes, for the granting of church patronage to other princes, and for the exercise of the bishop's right of resignation.
The cathedral chapter had the right provost to choose to occupy other high church offices and pastors bodies in each parish and to make the secular administration of the cathedral chapter and occupy the administrative offices. The cathedral chapter was also allowed to provide the provosts from its own ranks in the neighboring collegiate monasteries. However, the collegiate pens could reject a candidate they did not like. At the collegiate monastery of St. Gertrud in Augsburg, this was already the case when it was founded in 1071. From 1149 the cathedral chapter exercised the right to propose the provost office of the collegiate monastery of St. Moritz in Augsburg. All known provosts of the Augsburg Collegiate Foundation St. Peter, the Collegiate Foundation Feuchtwangen and the Collegiate Foundation Wiesensteig were canons; likewise half of the provosts of the Habach collegiate monastery and the last provost of the Buchsheim collegiate monastery.
Independence of the cathedral monastery
Later the affairs of the Hochstift and the Domstift were largely separated. The cathedral chapter lost its participation rights in the bishopric and, unlike the cathedral chapters in Bamberg , Mainz , Münster and Passau, for example , was no longer a co-regent or a corporate controlling body. In return, the cathedral chapter exercised the manorial rule, bailiwick and other territorial rights independently and had its own legislative power. In Dinkelscherben , Großaitingen and Oeffingen the cathedral chapter was also entitled to the ban on blood . It considered itself a sovereign territorial lord.
The cathedral monastery received its first recognition as a separate legal entity in 1029, when the bishop gave it a court in Straubing. In 1104, the cathedral monastery complained about the encroachments by episcopal bailiffs on its estates in Eytingen (Großaitingen) and Geisenhausen. While bishopric affairs, diocesan affairs and chapter affairs were previously negotiated and resolved in a joint assembly in the presence of the bishop, from 1251 the chapter assemblies took place without the bishop. In 1143 the Pope confirmed a large number of goods to the cathedral monastery. From 1173 the cathedral monastery carried its own seal. In 1219 the bishop and cathedral chapter decided on a joint statute for the admission of young canons. From 1263 onwards, the bishop's consent to resolutions of the cathedral chapter in individual property matters was no longer obtained, and from 1297 also no more to the statutes of the cathedral chapter in property matters. This meant that the Hochstift and Domstift were permanently separate bodies. The cathedral chapter concluded contracts with other lords and was only occasionally represented by the prince-bishop of Augsburg. However, in contrast to the bishopric, the cathedral monastery was not represented in the Reichstag and convent of the Reichskreis. In a process before the Reich Chamber of Commerce in 1591, the cathedral monastery was represented by the prince-bishop of Augsburg and not by the cathedral dean. Towards the end of the 18th century, the recognition of sovereignty faded and the cathedral chapter subordinated itself to the bishopric, whose sovereignty remained recognized for longer.
Composition of the cathedral chapter
Before the year 816, the common monastic life of the cathedral clergy began at the episcopal church in Augsburg. It took place where the chapter house is today. It ended in the early 12th century. In 1150 there were 26 canons, in 1258 there were 22, 1321 the later 40 permanent and 1486 there were temporarily 27. In the 10th century there were 4 nobles out of 29 canons, in the 11th century 9 out of 98 canons. in the 12th century 21 nobles out of 139 canons, in the 13th century already 51 nobles out of 92 canons, in the 14th century 78 nobles out of 99 canons and in the 15th century 141 nobles out of 200 canons. In a statute, the cathedral chapter stipulated that the nobility should have priority over the bourgeois applicants. The change in composition was justified by the fact that the property of the cathedral monastery was so scattered that other landlords would constantly try to enrich themselves at the expense of the church's property. In addition to scholars of scientific importance, canons of high knightly birth are needed who could provide armed power. The imperial knights regarded bishopric governments and cathedral chapters as a refuge for their descendants, who could not inherit sufficient lands and other sources of income (see Stiftsadel ). The cathedral chapters Augsburg and Mainz were dominated by knights, the cathedral chapters of Strasbourg and Cologne by princes and counts. The canon lifestyle was as courtly as that of a bishop. With its 40 canon positions, Augsburg was one of the larger cathedral chapters. Multiple memberships in different cathedral chapters were permitted and frequent between Augsburg and Eichstätt. The right to fill the canon positions was given alternately to the cathedral chapter and the pope, depending on the month of death of the deceased canon. According to the statutes of the cathedral chapter of 1420 and 1646, only a nobleman with four knightly ancestors could take the position of canon. Descendants who were entered in the register of arms of the cathedral chapter could thus provide a simplified proof of ancestry. The admission took place until the 15th century by unanimous decision; thereafter the majority principle applied. The election could be judicially reviewed, and the elected canon had to undertake to exempt the cathedral monastery from legal costs if there was a better qualified applicant, the cathedral monastery was subject to this and the first elected canon therefore could not take up the canon position. The weaker the landed gentry became, the more he clung to the powers that the cathedral chapter granted him directly or indirectly.
Defense against bourgeois interested parties
The refuge of the Imperial Knights was threatened by the resolutions of the Council of Trent , which demanded that half of the canon positions should be filled with graduated applicants. Only a few Imperial Knights were academically trained and graduated.
The University of Ingolstadt had the right to present a theology professor. The cathedral chapter bought this right from the university for a one-off payment of 600 guilders and an annual payment of 39 guilders. With papal approval, a statute of the cathedral chapter stipulated that a graduate had to call up four living witnesses for his marital birth. The evidence failed mostly because of the low life expectancy, so that the graduate's entry was thwarted. A few commoners nevertheless became canons. One of them was cathedral dean from 1674 to 1687. Only with the help of the bishop was the bourgeois cathedral dean able to prevail against four canons, whom he had to impose a disciplinary punishment on. From a social point of view, bourgeois canons were treated with decidedly cool courtesy by the nobles as patrons of grace.
Defense against Augsburg patricians
Since 1589 the cathedral chapter has not accepted citizens of the imperial city of Augsburg. In Augsburg and Mainz this principle was adhered to particularly strictly. In particular, members of the Fugger and Welser families failed with their applications for admission; Trials were unsuccessful. The Augsburg patriciate , however, did not want to tolerate a zone free of influence and tried to obtain a papal pardon. In 1734 Pope Clement XII. ten of the forty canon positions for noble and graduated citizens of the city of Augsburg. The cathedral chapter, however, sued the Reichshofrat and was ruled because the papal decision would affect the primacy of the old German imperial nobility. In a commission from the Fugger family, the rise in prices in Augsburg was then attributed to the canons' overgrowth in grain as representatives of the greedy landed gentry. As everywhere in Europe, city patricians and church princes fought for supremacy. Nevertheless, the cathedral chapter never had to leave the city, like the bishop of Augsburg or the cathedral chapter of Basel.
Defense against episcopal officials
The independence of the cathedral monastery from the bishopric and prince-bishop served the prohibition for canons to accept higher offices in the bishopric. From 1460, a canon was no longer allowed to work as vicar general or official. However, the activity as auxiliary bishop was permitted . The dean of the cathedral was also allowed to exercise the office of archdeacon of Augsburg, which happened regularly from 1140 onwards. From 1690 to 1709 a canon was exceptionally "Premier Ministre" of the Augsburg bishopric.
The prebends (benefices) of the canons
19 out of 40 canons received their benefices in advance from the gross profit of individual canons' offices , of which only three were able to guarantee the basic needs of a canon. The canons' offices were named after the place of the manor, z. B. Anhausen. Otherwise, the canons received their prebendors as a livelihood from the gross profit of the entire cathedral monastery, which was earned by the Kornpropstei, seven other city offices and seventeen regional offices of the cathedral monastery. The prebends were paid out partly in kind (grain, wine, firewood, etc.) and partly in money. The benefice was fixed in fractions and the prebend variable depending on the annual yield. The value of a simple prebende as basic care was based on the value
- from 1782 to 1791 at an annual average of 873 guilders,
- from 1791 to 1891 the annual average was 1216 guilders.
The attendance fee increased the value of the prebende
- from 1782 to 1791 at an annual average of 2252 guilders,
- from 1791 to 1891 an annual average of 2702 guilders,
The valuation in guilders was also influenced by deterioration in money and increases in the price of grain.
Additional preambles were provided for secular and ecclesiastical offices.
So the cathedral provost also received
- from 1782 to 1791 the annual average was 5297 guilders
- from 1791 to 1891 an annual average of 7337 guilders,
the dean of the cathedral additionally
- from 1782 to 1791 the annual average was 5034 guilders
- from 1791 to 1891 at an annual average of 7552 guilders,
the Scholasticus in addition
- from 1782 to 1791 an annual average of 1470 guilders
- from 1791 to 1891 the annual average was 2357 guilders.
Filling of church offices in the cathedral monastery
The cathedral chapter had the right to fill church offices, in particular the cathedral provost , scholasterie and custorei .
Provost
The provost was the first cathedral prelate. In many places he was the holder of church patronage. In important churches such as Großaitingen and Schwabmünchen, the cathedral provost needed the approval of the cathedral chapter to present the pastor. He was able to give out some benefits himself.
From the 10th century on, he was also responsible for managing the assets of the cathedral chapter. Until 1500 he was temporarily appointed by the Pope. The factual responsibility of the provost for asset management was increasingly curtailed. First, the cathedral chapter acquired the right to name the owners of the courts in Gersthofen, Merdingen and Biberbach, and then the right to appoint the most important assistant to the provost, the provost. In 1500, the Roman-German King Maximilian I and the Pope forced Matthias Lang, the citizen's son, to be the cathedral chapter's provost. Thereupon the cathedral chapter withdrew the property management from the cathedral provost and had the Pope assure it the right to elect the cathedral provost himself again in the future. A remainder of the administrative responsibilities remained: the Dompropst was often appointed as the representative of the cathedral dean, the Dompropst also remained fiefdom of all houses of the cathedral monastery in the city of Augsburg.
Scholasticus
The Scholasticus was responsible for the school supervision in the city and diocese of Augsburg. Since 1322 he had his own canon court. Teaching at the Augsburg Cathedral School was in the hands of a rector scholarum. The Scholasticus was also responsible for awarding scholarships. He was also responsible for the musical organization of the cathedral services and paid the cathedral music director.
At the same time, the Scholasticus was the diocesan priest of the cathedral church responsible for pastoral care. The pastoral care actually exercised a deputy deputy with some chaplains, who also had to take care of the parish of St. Stephen. The cathedral parish and cathedral chapter remained separate; Canons and cathedral choir and equipped the choir sacristy , but not the cathedral parish. Canons and the canon courts were not part of the cathedral parish.
Cathedral curator
The Augsburg cathedral curator was responsible for the structural condition of the cathedral, as well as for the cathedral treasury and the cathedral archive. A choir vicar as subcustos was the director of the cathedral factory, i.e. the cathedral construction hut.
Domvikars
From 1313 four canons' foundations were set up for cathedral vicars with ordination to priests, who were mainly supposed to represent the canons in front of the high altar. They had neither a seat nor a vote in the chapter meeting. From 1313 to 1682 the cathedral vicars went in processions in front of canons with lower ordinations, later they had to walk behind all canons. Because cathedral vicars were not accepted into the cathedral chapter, only older choir vicars became cathedral vicars at the end of their careers. They were called the four men.
Administration of the cathedral monastery
Cathedral dean
The dean of the cathedral became the spiritual director of the secular administrative apparatus of the cathedral chapter instead of the cathedral provost. He was a judge in the first instance over the cathedral clergy and the secular staff of the cathedral monastery, with restrictions also towards the canons. He was obliged to be present at all times and to monitor the canons' compliance with the canons. He had to prevent the canons from cohabiting, as well as inappropriate amusements such as sleigh rides and masked dancing at Carnival. The cathedral dean also assigned the posts for the chair brothers, a kind of cathedral police. The cathedral dean had his own canon court, the cathedral dean.
Syndicus
The chief administrative officer was the Syndicus. The office of the legally trained chapter writer was first mentioned in 1340. He had to keep the diary, a log book on the current legal transactions, and also special notes on the individual canon curiae.
As the business grew, the Syndicus became the highest secular administrative officer of the cathedral monastery. Where the cathedral chapter itself exercised criminal jurisdiction over the subjects, it had to prepare the judgments. He regularly stayed in office for a long time, especially since he was a fiefdom against the liege lords of the cathedral chapter; so for the blood spell in Dinkelscherben, Großaitingen and Oeffingen, which was essential for the ability to exercise territorial rule. The Syndicus was also the feudal lord for courts and other rights of the cathedral chapter, which it conferred on others.
Office Director
The chancellery director was an associate of the Syndicus and was not authorized to open letters addressed to the cathedral chapter himself. But he was the representative of the Syndicus.
Other staff
Consultants were responsible for legal questions. They had an official apartment in Kapitelhof in Augsburg's Lechviertel. They were among the lower ranks. Auxiliary staff were a registrar, a pedell and several registry lists.
Legal sources in the cathedral monastery
A systematic land law was never codified. In 1745 a book of statutes was to be compiled. The codification never got beyond the stage of the rough draft, but this was used as a finding aid in day-to-day administration. The course of business was laid down in a chancellery regulation of June 27, 1603. The individual matters were regulated in the respective individual decrees, such as B. the ban on lending and surety for subject property of 1637. Decrees of the bishopric governments in Dillingen did not apply in the territories of the cathedral monastery. However, the texts of the Hochstift were often adopted by the Domstift.
Business in the cathedral monastery
The cathedral dean presided over the chapter meeting. The chapter meetings took place from 1452 on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays and on religious holidays on the following working day. The incoming letters were opened by the Syndicus and presented to the dean of the cathedral. In urgent matters the Syndicus could act himself if he called in two canons. In normal business, the office director read the letters before the chapter meeting. The resolution to write was made in the same chapter meeting or in the following one. The negotiations were kept under chapter secrecy and the cloister in front of the chapter house was closed during the deliberations. The canons were allowed to inspect the log books in the office, but were not allowed to take them into the apartments.
Administrative division
Central Offices
There were eight municipal central offices, including the important Kornpropstei and the Burs (accounting office) and 17 land offices, with the Stadtbergen brewery, an institution, forming its own land office.
Land offices
The land offices were:
- Obervogtamt Anhausen, Obervogt also responsible for the Stadtbergen office
- Stadtbergen Office
- Obervogtamt Apfeltrach
- Obervogtamt Breitenbrunn
- Nursing office spelled shards
- Obervogtamt Gersthofen, Obervogt also responsible for Achsheim
- Achsheim Office
- Propstamt Großaitingen
- Obervogtamt Holzheim
- Chief Justice Langerringen
- Obervogtamt Oeffingen, Obervogt also responsible for the Lorch and Gmünd offices
- Office Lorch and Gmünd
- Salmannshofen office from 1753
- Stadtbergen brewery, own land office
- Riesamt Tannhausen, Riesamtmann also responsible for the box office in Marktoffingen
- Box office in Marktoffingen
- Obervogtamt Zusamaltheim
Local authorities of the cathedral monastery
The following places with ecclesiastical presentation rights and local authority were assigned to the regional offices:
Achsheim , Affaltern , Agawang , Anhausen , Apfeltrach , Bliensbach , Breitenbronn , Dinkelscherben , Eggelhof , Ehekirchen , Ettenbeuren , Fleinhausen , Gabelbachergreut , Geisenhausen 980-1605, Gersthofen , trench , Großaitingen , Großkitzighofen , Green Baindt , Herbertshofen , wood home , Kleinaitingen , Kutzenhausen , Langerringen , Langweid , Lechhausen , Oeffingen (local authority only), Salmannshofen , Schöneberg , Sontheim , Stadtbergen , Steinekirch , Unteregg , Ustersbach , Walkertshofen , Westerringen , Zusamaltheim , Zusamzell . With the exception of Geisenhausen and Oeffingen, all local authorities in Swabia near Augsburg were south of the Danube and west of the Lech.
Facilities of the cathedral monastery
The cathedral monastery had its own facilities: In the cathedral school, 35 to 45 scholars were instructed in church singing in the 15th century and were introduced to the reception of the subdiaconate ordination. From the middle of the 15th century, scientific training fell to the universities. The cathedral school finally lost its importance through the Augsburg Jesuit branch and became an elementary school. At the end of the 18th century, elementary schools became more important in the regional offices of the cathedral monastery, as was the case in Oeffingen.
The hospital in Dinkelscherben was intended for older priests who could no longer exercise their church offices, as well as for other subjects of the cathedral chapter. As a rule, the hospital administrator was the provost of the cathedral and the dean of the cathedral. The hospital accepted deposits in the manner of the later savings banks. There was a small leprosy in Langerringen. A small hospital was also set up in Kapitelhof in Augsburg's Lechvorstadt, but with interruptions. The brewery in Stadtbergen delivered beer to the canons, which were not subject to Augsburg tax law. The cathedral cellar served the duty-free supply of the cathedral clergy with wine and beer. They were not allowed to get their beer from Augsburg pubs in order not to allow “Ungeld”, a kind of local sales tax, to reach the city coffers.
From 1780 there was a widow's and orphan's fund for the surviving dependents of the officials of the cathedral chapter.
Business conduct
When it was abolished in 1803, the cathedral monastery had an income of 161 854 guilders, including taxes in kind calculated in monetary value. The expenditures amounted to 71 977 guilders, so that a surplus of 89 877 guilders remained.
The goods of the cathedral monastery as the basis for the income and the prebends were managed risk-free. Nonetheless, the monastery subjects had to suffer from the fact that the canons took too much from the income and consumed it outside the monastery territory.
In the Obervogtamt Oeffingen , the cathedral monastery sold a total of 153 ¼ acres of fields and vineyards to the subjects in 1683 and 1764 and made it possible for them to exist as full farmers, although winegrowers were often relegated to the status of housekeepers.
bibliography
- Otto Leuze: The Augsburg Cathedral Chapter in the Middle Ages . Augsburg 1908. (Also: Tübingen, University, Diss., 1908.)
- Joachim Seiler, The Augsburg Cathedral Chapter from the Thirty Years War to Secularization (1648 - 1802) . St. Ottilien 1989. (Also: Munich, University, Diss., 1986.)
- Eberhard Naumann, Karl Nimetschek, Gerd Ulrich: Festschrift for the 800th anniversary of Diesbar-Seusslitz . Nieschütz 2005.
- Henri Pirenne: Social and Economic History of Europe in the Middle Ages . 4th edition, Munich 1976; Reprint Cologne 2009 under the title: City and Trade in the Middle Ages
- Anton Plappert: Oeffingen is changing . Oeffingen 1952.
- Wolfgang Wüst: The Principality of Augsburg . Augsburg 1997.
Web links
- Thomas Groll: Augsburg, cathedral chapter . In: Historical Lexicon of Bavaria
- "Domstift Augsburg" (GSN: 3498), in: Germania Sacra, http://klosterdatenbank.germania-sacra.de/gsn/3498
Individual evidence
- ↑ Leuze, p. 103.
- ↑ a b Leuze, p. 104.
- ↑ Seiler, p. 169 f.
- ↑ Leuze, p. 100.
- ↑ Leuze, p. 102 f.
- ↑ Seiler, p. 108.
- ↑ Leuze, pp. 105-107.
- ↑ Seiler, p. 175 f.
- ↑ a b Leuze, p. 88.
- ↑ a b Leuze p. 81.
- ↑ Leuze p. 85.
- ↑ Leuze p. 84.
- ^ Wüst, Fürstbistum, p. 80.
- ^ Wüst, Fürstbistum, p. 135.
- ↑ Seiler, p. 271.
- ↑ Leuze, pp. 1-3.
- ↑ Leuze, p. 6.
- ↑ Leuze, p. 3.
- ↑ Leuze, p. 5.
- ↑ Seiler, p. 178.
- ↑ Seiler, p. 61 ff.
- ↑ Seiler, pp. 40, 64, 118.
- ↑ Seiler, p. 51 f.
- ↑ Leuze, p. 30.
- ↑ Leuze, p. 31.
- ↑ Seiler, p. 60.
- ↑ a b Seiler, p. 13.
- ↑ Seiler, p. 377.
- ↑ Seiler, p. 64 f.
- ↑ Seiler, pp. 16–35.
- ↑ Seiler, p. 48 f.
- ↑ Pirenne, Sozial und Wirtschaftsgeschichte, p. 58.
- ↑ a b Leuze, p. 59.
- ↑ Seiler, p. 121 ff.
- ↑ Leuze, p. 56.
- ↑ Seiler, p. 674 f.
- ↑ a b Seiler, p. 153 ff.
- ↑ Leuze, p. 89.
- ↑ Seiler, p. 100.
- ↑ Seiler, p. 115.
- ↑ Seiler, p. 130.
- ↑ Seiler, p. 144.
- ↑ Seiler, p. 108 ff.
- ↑ Leuze, p. 52.
- ↑ Seiler, p. 986.
- ↑ Leuze, p. 66 f.
- ↑ Seiler, pp. 134–141.
- ↑ a b c Seiler, p. 265.
- ↑ a b c Leuze, p. 20.
- ↑ Leuze, p. 39.
- ↑ Seiler, pp. 185–187.
- ↑ Seiler, p. 674.
- ↑ Seiler, p. 129.
- ↑ Leuze, p. 60.
- ↑ Leuze, p. 77.
- ↑ Seiler, p. 256 f.
- ↑ a b Seiler, p. 259.
- ↑ Seiler, p. 270 f.
- ↑ Seiler, p. 121.
- ↑ Seiler, p. 96 f.
- ↑ a b Seiler, p. 260 f.
- ↑ Seiler, p. 215 f.
- ↑ Leuze, p. 66.
- ↑ Seiler, p. 270.
- ↑ Seiler, pp. 101, 149.
- ↑ Seiler, p. 92.
- ↑ Seiler, p. 101.
- ^ Anton Plappert, Oeffingen im Wandel, p. 92.
- ↑ Naumann / Nimetschek / Ulrich commemorative Diesbar -Seußlitz; P. 61 f.