Sebastian Cemetery
The Sebastian Cemetery in the city of Salzburg is a cemetery next to the Church of St. Sebastian , which is modeled on the Italian Campi Santi . Here are Wolf Dietrich von Raitenau and Paracelsus also buried, like father and wife of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart . The grave of the family of the brother of the physicist Christian Doppler is also located here.
description
The Salzburg Sebastian Cemetery was commissioned by Archbishop Wolf Dietrich von Raitenau, planned by the Italian builder Andrea Berteleto (from Verna Vallis in the Diocese of Como, died as a court architect in Salzburg in 1596) and built between 1595 and 1600. In addition to the small St. Peter's cemetery, it subsequently served as a burial place for all citizens of the city after the old cathedral cemetery was closed in 1599 to make room for the representative complex of the Residenzplatz .
Before that, there was a significantly smaller cemetery next to the Gothic St. Sebastian's Church on the site of today's Sebastian cemetery since the beginning of the 16th century . This served for the citizens of the old town on the right and probably goes back to an even older plague cemetery. The Sebastian cemetery was closed in 1888 after the municipal cemetery was completed.
The cemetery is almost square with the external dimensions of about 90 by 80 meters and is surrounded on all sides by a total of 87 vaulted pillar arcades. The builder himself died in 1602 and was the first to be buried in the churchyard. The crypt of Archbishop Wolf Dietrich, who died in 1617 after five years of imprisonment, is located in the center of the cemetery in Gabriel's Chapel.
Arched arcades with crypt niches surround the complex. The St. Sebastian Church is adjacent to the southwest. There are three narrow entrances to the cemetery: from Linzer Gasse and the Bruderhof as well as through the St. Sebastian Church. The year 1600 as the date of the redesign can be found under the marble coat of arms of Wolf-Dietrich above the entrance gate of Linzer Gasse.
In Germany as well as in present-day Austria and Switzerland, numerous cemeteries of the Camposanto type have been built since 1600 . Almost all of these systems from the Renaissance and Baroque periods have been abandoned or only partially preserved. The Sebastiansfriedhof is one of the last well-preserved early modern camposanto-type structures in the German-speaking area, alongside the Stadtgottesacker in Halle an der Saale and the Buttstädt cemetery in Thuringia.
Commune call
Similar to St. Peter's cemetery, the Sebastian cemetery also had a communal cemetery in which many deceased could be buried. Above it is a Totenkötterl built in 1671 , an ossuary chapel that was redesigned: in 1950, 26 skulls were removed, and in 1968 a lid of a sarcophagus in the form of a skeleton , which Hans Konrad Asper had created in 1642, was exhibited. The crypt, in which Leopold Mozart was also buried, was cleared in 1814, and in 1838 53 adult bodies and 3 children's bodies were removed.
Crypt arcades
In these crypt arcades the development of the art of tomb design over three centuries can be seen. Tomb designs of higher artistic quality alternate with less significant ones. Here are the graves of
- Theophrast von Hohenheim, called Paracelsus . This grave dates from the time of the cemetery before the construction of today's Campo Santo , the bones were moved to the current location in the 18th century. His tombstone reads: “Here rests Philip Theophrastus Paracelsus, awarded as a doctor of medicine, who healed those horrible diseases of leprosy, nipples and dropsy through his wonderful art, had his belongings distributed among the poor and in 1541, on September 24th, exchanging his life for death ”.
- Elia Castello , builder of the Gabriel chapel in the cemetery
- The Reutter family, with a Renaissance tombstone, created in 1486 by the sculptor Hans Valkenauer
- The grave of a Protestant from 1581 shows the saying "The blood of Jesus Christ makes us clean from all sins".
- Leopold Mozart , who, as the Sonnenburg family chronicle shows, was buried in the "communal crypt" of the crypt arcades (arcade no. 84) and not in the Mozart family grave on the grave field.
- Anton Schmid (1787–1857), Austrian musicologist
- Johann Evangelist Schmidt , organ and piano builder. A memorial plaque on one of the pillars of the crypt arcade No. 75 commemorates the last Salzburg court organ maker.
- Vinzenz Maria Süß , founder of the Salzburg Museum Carolino Augusteum .
- Johann Jakob Hartenkeil , doctor (surgeon), university professor, editor, the reformer of the Salzburg health system appointed by Colloredo .
- Johann Friedrich Eichler (1778–1840), dance teacher, came to Salzburg around 1834 through numerous stations.
- Otto August Rühle von Lilienstern , Prussian general and military writer, friend of Heinrich von Kleist
Gabriel Chapel
The Gabriel Chapel was created as a mausoleum for Prince Archbishop Wolf Dietrich von Raitenau in the years 1597–1603 according to plans by Elia Castello . The building has a circular floor plan with an attached rectangular apse . On the outside, the building is structured by Tuscan pilasters. The domed roof of the mausoleum is slightly curved and has small dormers with windows in the shape of ox eyes. Wolf Dietrich's coat of arms is located above the triangular gable of the entrance portal.
Inside, the dome is structured by stucco ribs . The walls and the dome are mostly tiled with ornamentally arranged colorful tiles, which are rectangular on the walls and rhombic in the vault. In the four niches of the room there are larger than life stucco figures of the four evangelists surrounded by female caryatids with over-long braided fish tails.
The square chancel has a barrel vault . The colored reliefs in the otherwise stuccoed entablature show the four cardinal virtues and four church fathers and were probably designed by Elia Castello. The original Waldburger altar has not been preserved, but was replaced by today's altar in 1740. This is designed as a marble aedicula with presented columns and, like the middle of the barrel vault and the portal to the chancel, each bears the colored coat of arms of Wolf Dietrich. Today's altarpiece was created by Jacob Zanusi in 1740 , the two statues on the side, depicting the saints Christophorus and Georg, were probably made by Josef Anton Pfaffinger . Wolf Dietrich's sarcophagus was recreated in 1967.
Burial ground
In the grave field outside the crypt arcades, the grave of the Mozart family is particularly popular. The Mozart enthusiast Johann Evangelist Engl (1835–1921), who founded the International Mozarteum Foundation in 1880, had this artificial “family grave” built for the Mozarts . In this grave include Constanze Mozart , the widow of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and Genevieve Weber , Constanze's aunt and mother of Carl Maria von Weber , buried. Leopold Mozart , Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's father , is not in this grave, but was buried in the communal crypt in the crypt arcades of the cemetery.
Also on the burial ground is the grave of Sigmund Christoph von Zeil and Trauchburg , 1797–1808 Prince-Bishop of Chiemsee, 1812–1814 Administrator of Salzburg.
gallery
Ceiling dome of the Gabriel Chapel
Altar of the Gabriel Chapel
Tomb of Paracelsus
Grave of the Doppler family
Show grave, by Mozart enthusiast Johann Ev. Engl (1835–1921) erected.
Grave at Sebastian Cemetery
Sebastian's cemetery, pillar arcades
Sebastian's cemetery, pillar arcades
Grave plaque
Epitaph of the last court organ maker Johann Evangelist Schmidt
literature
- Christoph Brandhuber and Maximilian Fussl: Wolf Dietrich's last curse - The Prince Archbishop's grave inscriptions in Gabriel's Chapel. In: Strategies of Power. Court and residence in Salzburg around 1600 - architecture, representation and administration under Prince Archbishop Wolf Dietrich von Raitenau 1587 to 1611/12. Salzburg 2011, pp. 299-314.
- Conrad Dorn: The cemetery of St. Sebastian in Salzburg. Salzburg 1969.
- Michael Skotschek: The Sebastian Cemetery . Dead and living in urban space. In: Gerhard Ammerer and Thomas Weidenholzer (eds.) Town Hall - Church - Landlord. Public spaces in the city of Salzburg. Salzburg 2009, pp. 157–166.
See also
Web links
Notes and individual references
- ↑ The valuable plastic has now been removed. In 2017 it was part of an exhibition at the Louvre : Le Baroque européen dans tous ses états, au Louvre .
- ↑ Conrad Dorn: The cemetery of St. Sebastian in Salzburg. Salzburg 1969, p. 107.
- ↑ * December 21, 1778 in Zielenzig, now Sulęcin (Poland); † February 29, 1840 in Salzburg. [1] Entry in the music lexicon.
- ^ On April 23, 1898 found grave site of LEOPLD MOZART fe Vice Hofkapellmeister geb. Nov. 14, 1719 in Augsburg, died May 28, 1787 and Mrs. Genofeva v. Weber born v. Brenner died at the age of 31 on March 13, 1798 of the mother of Karl Maria von Weber aunt of Constantia von Nissen . "In 1960 this plaque was removed" ... [and] "given to the Mozarteum Foundation for safekeeping". Quoted from: Conrad Dorn: The cemetery of St. Sebastian in Salzburg. Salzburg 1969, p. 126.
Coordinates: 47 ° 48 ′ 16.4 " N , 13 ° 2 ′ 49.1" E