Stadtgottesacker
The Stadtgottesacker is a cemetery complex in the city of Halle an der Saale . It was built from 1557 on the model of the Italian Camposanto complex and is considered a masterpiece of the Renaissance north of the Alps .
history
In the 16th century, people began to bury the dead outside the city walls in cities. In 1529 , territorial ruler Cardinal Albrecht in Halle gave the order to dissolve the old inner-city burial grounds.
The Martinsberg, on which the Martinskapelle was located until 1547 and which at that time was still in front of the city, was chosen for the church to be newly built. The area, which has been used for mass burials in times of the plague since 1350 , was surrounded by a wall, on which 94 candle arches were built from 1557 according to designs by the city master builder and stonemason Nickel Hoffmann over a period of more than thirty years , which formed arcades that opened inwards. It is no longer possible to determine which artists and craftsmen worked on the grave arches due to the destruction in 1945 and the subsequent deterioration. An investigation in 1882 revealed 92 different stonemason's marks; In 1986 only 50 were recognizable.
There were tombs in the arcades , which ended with artistically forged iron or wooden bars. Originally, the coffins were visible in the up to four meters deep crypts on the floor. In order to meet the increased hygienic requirements in the 19th century, most of the tombs were filled with earth in 1862.
The tombs are numbered and were the property of the city. But they could be rented or bought by the citizens of Halle. The first free field in the interior of the complex was not buried until 1822. After further cemeteries were set up for the residents of the city, the Stadtgottesacker developed into the preferred burial place of the urban upper class. The families of industrialists, university professors, senior civil servants and officers mostly found their final resting place in hereditary funerals. Today there are around 2,000 grave sites in the cemetery. After a lengthy ban on burials in the Stadtgottesacker, urns can now be buried within the cemetery walls.
Bombings in the last weeks of World War II , especially on March 31, 1945, severely damaged the facility. In the following decades it fell into disrepair. After the establishment of a citizens' initiative in 1985 and the “Stadtgottesacker Foundation”, the renovation of the listed complex began.
In addition, the " Bauhütte Stadtgottesacker" was founded, which was founded by committed citizens in GDR times and was registered on March 1, 1990 as one of the first associations in the city. It emerged from the Stadtgottesacker working group because association activities during the GDR era were only possible to a very limited extent and with the consent of the regime. After the reunification, the work could be intensified. However, only a generous private donation from the daughter of the Nobel Prize winner for chemistry Karl Ziegler , Mrs. Marianne Witte (1923–2012), made it possible to reconstruct the entire complex almost true to the original from her father's legacy from 1998 onwards. On May 21, 2003, a memorial plaque created by the sculptor Bernd Göbel for the donor was unveiled. Marianne Witte was granted honorary citizenship of the city of Halle (Saale) on October 2, 2003.
The Bauhütte decided to have the tomb arches destroyed in the war made by students of the sculpture class of the Burg Giebichenstein Art College in Halle . The sculptor Martin Roedel and others were the first to create copies of the reliefs of the Renaissance complex for which there were templates. However, there are no longer any templates for almost two dozen of the 89 art-historically significant reliefs. Here the “Bauhütte Stadtgottesacker” eV set itself the goal of completing the lost crypt arches with contemporary relief designs. This is done in cooperation with the monument protection authorities and is unique in Germany. The reliefs created in this way were awarded the highest prize of the German Foundation for Monument Protection and the Stonemasonry, the Peter Parler Prize, in 2007 . The cooperation is trend-setting, because there are many monuments where parts can no longer be reconstructed. Here, a supplement with contemporary work can offer new, exciting insights.
Marcus Golter, the first West German student at the Kunsthochschule in Halle, initially carried out arch 13 with modern reliefs as a diploma thesis in 1998. The result was convincing, so that in 2017 the sculpting work on the arch reliefs could almost be completed. This means that after two decades, 27 new arcades have been created. In addition to Marcus Golter, who completed eleven crypt arches, the remaining arches were created by the sculptors Martin Roedel, Bernd Göbel , Steffen Ahrens and the sculptor Maya Graber . The metal sculptor and restorer Pavel Meyrich was also involved in the restoration of the metal grilles.
The Stadtgottesacker was awarded the Bestattungen.de award by a jury in 2011 and voted one of the three most beautiful cemeteries in Germany.
description
The complex has the shape of an irregular rectangle and measures 113 × 123 × 129 × 150 meters. The sides are secured with a five to six meter high wall. That is why the Stadtgottesacker looks like a strongly fortified castle from the outside . Bastions and loopholes show that the cemetery also served as an element of city defense. Hoffmann's successors provided the entrance on the city side in the west in 1590 with a gate tower. A relief portrait of Nickel Hoffmann is located above the arch of the inner entrance . It is a copy of the portrait from the end of the 16th century. The original is in the Stadtmuseum Halle . In 1721 and 1832 the cemetery was expanded to the north and east.
The fields above and the pillars between the arches are adorned with tendril ornaments and some are provided with putti , symbols and fantasy figures . The round arches also contain Bible verses from both Testaments . The grave niches do not form a coherent sequence of rooms, but are separated from one another by walls like a chapel. The entire arcade is covered with a high gable roof.
Burial facilities
According to the cemetery statute of January 14, 2000, urn burials are again carried out. A limited number of grave sites without a tomb are available in the grave field. The descendants of the buried can acquire new rights of use for graves with existing and listed tombs. Rights of use for grave arches and grave sites of personalities of the city's history will not be reassigned.
In order to create additional burial options, urn niches were built into 10 candle arches to use them as columbaria ; more are planned.
Tombs and personalities
Important dignitaries of the city and important professors of the University of Halle rest under the grave arches and in the interior , so among others (chronologically according to year of birth):
- Felicitas von Selmenitz (* 1488; † 1558), first woman of the Reformation in Halle (sheet 12)
- Kilian Goldstein (* 1499; † 1568), lawyer during the Reformation
- Paulus Praetorius (* 1521; † 1565), educator and scholar (sheet 22)
- Johannes Olearius (* 1546; † 1623), theologian and superintendent (sheet 74)
- Kilian Stisser (* 1562; † 1620), lawyer, secret councilor and chancellor (sheet 66)
- Martin Röber (* 1583; † 1633), Lutheran theologian (sheet 12)
- Bruno Stisser (* 1592; † 1646), legal scholar and lawyer, senior of the Schöppenstuhl and church mayor in Halle (sheet 65)
- Andreas Merck (* 1595; † 1640), Protestant theologian and pastor (sheet 65)
- Gottfried Olearius (* 1604; † 1685), Protestant theologian and chronicler of the city of Halle (sheet 74)
- Georg Handel (father) (* 1622; † 1697), barber and surgeon, later court surgeon of the Wettin Duke Johann Adolf I of Saxony-Weißenfels (sheet 60)
- Jacob Lüdecke (* 1625; † 1696), lawyer, bailiff on the Giebichenstein (arch 52 - family crypt)
- Friedrich Hondorff (* 1628; † 1694), court and judicial councilor and salt count of Halle (sheet 33)
- Samuel Stryk (* 1640; † 1710), lawyer and professor of law at the University of Halle (sheet 77)
- Friedrich Madeweis (* 1648; † 1705), educator and administrative officer (sheet 57)
- Christian Thomasius (* 1655; † 1728), founder of the law faculty of the University of Halle (sheet 10)
- Friedrich Hoffmann (* 1660; † 1742), doctor and professor of medicine (sheet 47)
- August Hermann Francke (* 1663; † 1727), educator and theologian and founder of the Francke Foundations (Doppelbogen 80/81 - family crypt)
- Johann Peter von Ludewig (* 1668; † 1743), historian and lawyer (sheet 77)
- Johann Heinrich Michaelis (* 1668; † 1738), Protestant theologian and oriental philologist (sheet 72)
- Johann Ehrenfried Zschackwitz (* 1669; † 1744), legal scholar and professor of law (sheet 6)
- Johann Anastasius Freylinghausen (* 1670; † 1739), theologian and director of the Francke Foundations (double arch 80/81 in the Francke family crypt)
- Joachim Lange (* 1670; † 1744), Protestant theologian and professor of theology (sheet 72)
- Nikolaus Hieronymus Gundling (* 1671; † 1729), lawyer, privy councilor and consistorial councilor (sheet 89)
- Justus Henning Böhmer (* 1674; † 1749), legal scholar, university professor and full professor, court counselor and court palace count, government chancellor of the Duchy of Magdeburg (sheet 78)
- Simon Peter Gasser (* 1676; † 1745), legal scholar and economist, professor of law (sheet 9)
- Johann Juncker (* 1679; † 1759), medic (sheet 17)
- Christian Benedikt Michaelis (* 1680; † 1764), orientalist and Protestant theologian (sheet 92)
- Johann Gottlieb Heineccius (* 1681; † 1741), Professor of Law and Philosophy at the University of Halle (Bogen 77)
- Michael Alberti (* 1682; † 1757), Professor of Medicine and Physics (sheet 75)
- Jacob Gabriel Wolff (* around 1683/84; † 1754), legal scholar, hymn poet and professor of law (sheet 5)
- Johann Heinrich Callenberg (* 1694; † 1760), orientalist, publicist and theologian (sheet 73)
- Gotthilf August Francke (* 1696; † 1769), Protestant theologian and educator (sheet 81 in the Francke family crypt)
- Johann Christoph von Dreyhaupt (* 1699; † 1768), historian and lawyer (sheet 58)
- Johann Liborius Zimmermann (* 1702; † 1734), Protestant theologian and professor of theology (sheet 16)
- Johann Andreas von Segner (* 1704; † 1777), physicist, mathematician and doctor (sheet 83)
- Johann Justinus Gebauer (* 1710; † 1772), publisher and printer (sheet 36)
- Philipp Adolph Böhmer (* 1711; † 1789), anatomist and professor of medicine (Bogen 78)
- Gottlieb Anastasius Freylinghausen (* 1719; † 1785), Protestant theologian and director of the Francke Foundations (sheet 81 in the Francke family crypt)
- Daniel Nettelbladt (* 1719; † 1791), lawyer and professor of law (sheet 22)
- Johann Friedrich Gruner (* 1723; † 1778), Protestant theologian, historian and educator (sheet 67)
- Johann Salomo Semler (* 1725; † 1791), theologian (sheet 53)
- Johann Reinhold Forster (* 1729; † 1798), natural scientist (sheet 61)
- Friedrich Christian Juncker (* 1730; † 1770), physician and professor of medicine (sheet 17)
- Wenceslaus Johann Gustav Karsten (* 1732; † 1787), mathematician and professor (Bogen 62/63)
- Johann August Nösselt (* 1734; † 1807), Protestant theologian and professor of theology (sheet 26)
- Johann Ludwig Schulze (* 1734; † 1799), philologist and Protestant theologian (sheet 82)
- Georg Stephan Wiesand (* 1736; † 1821), lawyer and professor of law (sheet 28)
- Johann Christlieb Kemme (* 1738; † 1815), physician, professor of medicine (sheet 76)
- Karl Friedrich Senf (* 1739; † 1814), Protestant theologian and hymn poet (sheet 11)
- Johann Friedrich Gottlieb Goldhagen (1742–1788), physician, professor of medicine (sheet 41)
- Heinrich Johann Otto König (* 1748; † 1820), lawyer and professor of law (sheet 25)
- Karl Friedrich Zepernick (* 1751; † 1839), legal scholar and judge (sheet 27)
- Johann Caspar Ludwig Mencke (* 1752; † 1795), lawyer and professor of law (sheet 44)
- Georg Christian Knapp (* 1753; † 1825), Protestant theologian and professor of theology (sheet 60)
- Heinrich Ernst Güte (* 1754; † 1805), Protestant theologian, pastor and professor of theology (sheet 69)
- August Hermann Niemeyer (* 1754; † 1828), teacher (sheet 15)
- Philipp Friedrich Theodor Meckel (* 1755; † 1803), anatomist and surgeon (sheet 76)
- Carl August Schwetschke (* 1756 - † 1839), publisher and printer owner (sheet 36)
- Ludwig Heinrich von Jakob (* 1759; † 1827), political scientist, philosopher and economist (sheet 61)
- Johann Christian Wilhelm Juncker (* 1761; † 1800), physician and university professor (sheet 17)
- Fear god Christian Fulda (* 1768; † 1854), Protestant theologian, teacher and song writer
- Ludwig Friedrich Heindorf (* 1774; † 1816), classical philologist (sheet 79)
- Johann Justus Peter Schulze (* 1785; † 1855), architect and city builder
- Johann Friedrich Gottfried Eiselen (* 1785; † 1865), German economist
- Wilhelm Gesenius (* 1786; † 1842), Hebraist and theologian (inner field Department I)
- Ernst Friedrich Germar (* 1786; † 1853), entomologist, mineralogist and local politician (inner field Department IV)
- Peter Krukenberg (* 1787; † 1865), pathologist and professor of internal medicine (inner field Department I)
- Karl August Wilhelm Bertram (* 1788; † 1868), local politician and Lord Mayor of Halle (Innenfeld Department II)
- Ludwig Wucherer (* 1790; † 1861), city elder, entrepreneur and city councilor (sheet 14)
- Ludwig Pernice (* 1799; † 1861), legal scholar and curator (sheet 15)
- August Tholuck (* 1799; † 1877), Protestant theologian and professor at the University of Halle (inner field Department III)
- Ernst Blasius (* 1802; † 1875), doctor and professor of surgery (inner field Department II)
- Hermann Agathon Niemeyer (* 1802; † 1851), theologian and director of the Francke Foundations (inner field Department I)
- Robert Rothe (* 1803; † 1893), Prussian politician and district president
- Carl Gustav Schwetschke (* 1804; † 1881), print shop owner and bookseller (inner field department I)
- Gustav Kramer (* 1806; † 1888), philologist, theologian and director of the Francke Foundations (inner field Department III)
- Hermann Ludwig Dryander (* 1809; † 1880), Evangelical Lutheran theologian and superintendent (sheet 41)
- Carl Julius Dryander (* 1811; † 1897), German lawyer and member of parliament (sheet 41)
- Robert Franz (* 1815; † 1892), composer (inner field Department II)
- Hermann Knoblauch (* 1820; † 1895), physicist and President of the Leopoldina (Innenfeld Department II)
- Eduard Heine (* 1821; † 1881), mathematician (inner field Department III)
- Carl Adolf Riebeck (* 1821; † 1883), entrepreneur and industrialist from Halle (inner field Department IV)
- Otto Nasemann (* 1821; † 1895), philologist, first director at the Stadtgymnasium Halle
- Gustav Hertzberg (* 1826; † 1907), ancient historian and writer (inner field Department II)
- Eduard Karl August Riehm (* 1830; † 1888), professor of theology at the University of Halle
- Richard von Volkmann (* 1830; † 1889), surgeon and writer (Innenfeld Department II)
- Albert Dehne (* 1832; † 1906), mechanical engineer and entrepreneur (inner field department III)
- Heinrich Graf Luckner (* 1833, † 1919) landlord of Bimöhlen (Schleswig-Holstein) and Pennrich (Saxony), father of Felix Graf Luckner, known as anglerfish
- Hermann Schwartze (* 1837; † 1910), doctor and professor of ear medicine at the University Clinic in Halle (inner field Department III)
- Hermann Schmidt-Rimpler (* 1838; † 1915), Professor of Ophthalmology (Inner Field Department II)
- Franz Theodor Förster (* 1839; † 1898), Protestant theologian and professor of theology (inner field Department IV)
- Max Maercker (* 1842; † 1901), Professor of Agriculture (Inner Field Department II)
- Gustav Staude (* 1843; † 1909), local politician and Lord Mayor of Halle (inner field Department III)
- Rudolf Ernst Weise (* 1844; † 1935), mechanical engineer and entrepreneur (inner field Department II)
- Ernst Heinrich Giese (* 1853; † 1944), architect (cemetery outside the surrounding walls, grave site no longer exists)
- Friedrich Gustav von Bramann (* 1854; † 1913), professor of surgery (inner field department I)
- Anselma Heine (* 1855; † 1930), writer (Innenfeld Department III)
- Ewald Genzmer (* 1856; † 1932), German town planner and university lecturer (inner field Department I)
- Agnes Gosche (* 1857; † 1928), philologist and director of the municipal women's school (inner field department III)
- Paul Riebeck (* 1859; † 1889), industrialist and patron (inner field department IV)
- Wilhelm Schneidewind (* 1860; † 1931), professor of agricultural chemistry at the University of Halle
- August Nebe (* 1864; † 1943), educator and director of the Francke Foundations (Innenfeld Department II)
- Carl Wentzel (* 1876; † 1944), agricultural entrepreneur and victim of July 20, 1944 (inner field Department IV)
- Hans von Rudolphi (* 1884; † 1944), philatelist, initiator of Postage Stamp Day (sheet 47)
- Heinz Bethge (* 1919; † 2001), physicist and President of the Leopoldina (Innenfeld Department IV)
- Irmtraud Ohme (* 1937; † 2002), sculptor (field department III)
- Wolfgang Kirsch (* 1938; † 2010), classical philologist and professor at the University of Halle (inner field Department IV)
- Manfred Frühauf (* 1950; † 2019), geographer, geoecologist, university lecturer and athlete
Others
In Leipzig there was a similar facility in front of the Grimmaischer Tor with the Alten Johannisfriedhof , which was built in 1536, but it no longer exists. Even the crown cemetery in Eisleben and the old cemetery in Buttstädt near Weimar were designed accordingly.
See also
literature
- Anna-Franziska von Schweinitz: Der Stadtgottesacker in Halle In: Die Gartenkunst 5 (1/1993), pp. 91-100
- Collective of authors: The Halle Stadtgottesacker - Unique cemetery of the German Renaissance. Ed .: Stadt Halle (Saale), 2nd, expanded and updated follow-up edition 2003; without ISBN
- Anja A. Tietz: The city gods field in Halle (Saale). Fly Head, Hall 2004; ISBN 3-930195-66-6
- Author collective: Der Stadtgottesacker in Halle. mdv, hall 2004; ISBN 3-89812-195-X
- Uta Tintemann: The Stadtgottesacker in pictures. H. Berthold printing house, Halle 2011; ISBN 978-3-00-036750-2
- Anja A. Tietz: The early modern church field - origin and development with special consideration of the architectural type Camposanto in Central Germany. State Office for Monument Preservation, Halle 2012; ISBN 978-3-939414-83-4
- Collective of authors: Der Friedhofswegweiser. Publisher and editing: Mammut-Verlag in cooperation with the city of Halle, 4th edition 2015; without ISBN
- Joachim Penzel: A Requiem in Stone. The redesign of Halle's Stadtgottesacker by contemporary artists. Mitteldeutscher Verlag, Halle (Saale) 2018; ISBN 978-3-95462-931-2 .
Web links
- Preservation of historical monuments Stadtgottesacker
- Photos from Stadtgottesacker in www.halle-fotos.de
- www.bauhuette-stadtgottesacker.de
- Halle (Saale) personalities - Marianne Witte
- Where they rest - Stadtgottesacker Halle
Individual evidence
- ↑ Crafts, technology, industry . In: Monumente , Magazine for Monument Culture in Germany, No. 4, August 2015, pp. 18/19.
- ↑ The most beautiful cemeteries 2011 at www.bestattungen.de
Coordinates: 51 ° 28 ′ 56 " N , 11 ° 58 ′ 39" E