Christian Thomasius

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Christian Thomasius.jpg
Christian Thomasius, portrait by Johann Christian Heinrich Sporleder
Signature Christian Thomasius.PNG
Christian Thomasius' signature

Christian Thomasius (born January 1, 1655 in Leipzig , † September 23, 1728 in Halle (Saale) ) was a German lawyer and philosopher . He is regarded as a pioneer of the early enlightenment in Germany and is sometimes referred to as the "father of the German enlightenment". Thomasius contributed significantly to the abolition of witch trials and torture through his advocacy of humane punishment in the sense of enlightenment .

Life

Youth and Studies

Christian Thomasius was born on January 1, 1655 in Leipzig as the son of the philosopher Jakob Thomasius , teacher of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz . In the summer semester of 1669 he began his studies at the Philosophical Faculty of the University of Leipzig . On November 20, 1669 he obtained the academic degree of a baccalaureus , on January 25, 1672 that of a master's degree .

Under the impression of a lecture by his father on Hugo Grotius ' De jure belli ac pacis and Samuel von Pufendorf's Jus naturae et gentium , Thomasius turned to law and studied from the winter semester 1675 at the University of Viadrina in Frankfurt (Oder) with Johann Friedrich Rhetz and Samuel Stryk . In 1678 his dissertation De Iure Circa Frumentum appeared , in 1679 he successfully completed his law studies with a doctorate. Then Thomasius himself gave legal lectures at the Viadrina.

Leipzig time

In 1679 Thomasius moved back to his hometown Leipzig. Here he mainly worked as a lawyer and gave private lectures on natural law by Grotius and Pufendorf. In February 1680 he married Auguste Christine Heyland, who was the same age and with whom he had six children. Probably above all the study of Pufendorf's Apologia pro se et suo libro from 1674 caused Thomasius to "completely turn away from his previous views [...], especially from orthodox natural law". So he set about in the published 1685 Font De crimines Bigamiae the bigamy so on Pufendorf addition, the effect of extreme natural law as allowed back.

On October 31, 1687, the day of the Reformation , Thomasius announced at the gate of the Leipzig University Church under the title Discours Which figure one should imitate the Frantzosen in common life and change? a German-language lecture. Even though it was neither - as is often claimed - the first German-language lecture announcement nor the first lecture in German, this solved just like another lecture on the shortcomings of Aristotelian ethics from 1688 and those published between 1688 and 1689 Monthly talks caused violent reactions from the leading representatives of the Leipzig Lutheran Orthodoxy ( Valentin Alberti , August Pfeiffer and Johann Benedikt Carpzov ). Thomasius himself describes the reactions every 30 years as follows:

“When I put up a German program in Leipzig for almost thirty years on the black board , in which I indicated that I wanted to read about Gracian's Homme de cour, what a horrible lamentation! Think! a German program for the Latin black Bret of the Löbl University. Such an abomination has not been heard because the university confessed. At that time I had to be in danger of not sprinkling the praiseworthy black bret with white water at all solenni processione. "

As a result, the disputes intensified. The Danish King Christian V accused Thomasius of high treason . Thomasius had to defend himself against an accusation of atheism . The situation escalated with the publication of a pamphlet in 1689 in which Thomasius tried to influence court politics and took position against the court of Electoral Saxony in a marriage dispute . As a result, Thomasius was banned from teaching and publishing in the Electorate of Saxony in March 1690. Thomasius then left Leipzig and moved to Halle in Brandenburg .

Time in hall

Grave of Christian Thomasius on the Stadtgottesacker in Halle (Saale).

In April 1690 Thomasius was appointed to the electoral council. He held legal and philosophical lectures at the Knight Academy in Halle and thus became a founding member of the law faculty of the Friedrichs University in Halle , which at the essential instigation of Thomasius' by Elector Friedrich III. donated by Brandenburg and was officially opened on July 11, 1694 in the Ratswaage on Hallesches Marktplatz.

He maintained a close exchange with AH Francke , the main representative of Halle Pietism . In 1714 he was involved in the Prussian reform efforts of Friedrich Wilhelm I for uniform private law legislation, which, however, was ultimately not promoted due to Thomasius' concerns.

Christian Thomasius died on September 23, 1728 in Halle at the age of 73. His grave is in the town of Halle .

A representative building of the Martin Luther University Halle bears the name Thomasianum . In 1991 the Stadtgymnasium Halle was renamed Christian-Thomasius-Gymnasium .

plant

Monthly Talks (1688–1690)

In January 1688 his magazine monthly talks appeared in German. The magazine appeared monthly with a print run of around 3,000 copies. It can be called a so-called individual journal, since Thomasius was the sole author. In the first year he published the monthly talks under a pseudonym , in the second under his full name. In contrast to the previous scholarly journals, this magazine was intended to be both entertaining and instructive. It was written in a somewhat lighter linguistic style, but with foreign language passages (Latin or French). In addition, the stylistic devices of irony and occasionally satire were used . Thomasius writes in the form of conversations - the interlocutors have basically different points of view; With this stylistic device Thomasius succeeds in representing the different opinions, and he has used this form again and again.

Books were not simply presented here, but critically discussed. The works come from the fields of law, philosophy, history, theology and politics, occasionally medicine. In addition, there were also reviews of works of fiction, which was new in a scholarly journal.

His professor colleagues in Leipzig sued this magazine because they felt personally attacked by the caricatures and reviews. Thomasius provoked the scholarly world with his representations and discussions as well as his disregard for the conventions of the time. In 1690 the monthly talks were stopped again when neighboring Denmark complained vehemently about the magazine. Thomasius therefore had to flee to Berlin. In 1690 the Christoph Saalfeld publishing house published a summary of the entire editions.

Legal and philosophical writings

In 1699 Thomasius gathered his legal views in the work Summarischer draft Derer Grund-Lehren / The one Studioso Iuris to know / and to learn at universities necessary . In November 1701 his De crimine magiae appeared , in which he not only rejected the provability , but ultimately the possibility of the devil's alliance. After reading Benedikt Carpzov's commentaries, he asked for the apology pour tous les grands personnages qui ont été soupçonnés de Magie by Gabriel Naudé and the Cautio Criminalis of Friedrich Spee to abolish all witch trials at about the same time Friedrich Hoffmann continued to conduct the witchcraft scientifically at the same university and Lutheran orthodoxy saw itself compelled to write angry pamphlets .

In German private law Thomasius fought against the unbiased validity of Roman law . He also broke with the conventional conception of natural law and developed his own approaches, which he compared Hugo Grotius and Samuel von Pufendorf . He attached great importance to a strict separation of law and morality . This caused him to shift all elements of the ethics shaped by the church as part of the ius divinum to the discretion of the personal conscience of the individual. Based on the pietism in Halle, shaped by AH Francke, Thomasius expanded this pessimism to include the value structure of traditional social conventions and just as rigorously separated morality from law. In his view, natural law was deprived of its foundation even in the secular variant of a law of reason .

He also contradicted numerous discussed individual questions of civil law, which he represented from the approach of the usus modernus pandectarum . In his book Selecta Feudalia , published in 1708, he transferred his insight into the meaning of domestic law to feudal law , and later to state and criminal law. In 1709 Thomasius was appointed Privy Councilor of Justice and in 1710 appointed to succeed Samuel Stryk as director of the University of Halle for life.

In his writings Institutiones iurisprudentiae divinae and Fundamenta iuris naturae et gentium Thomasius sets out his political theory. In the tradition of Thomas Hobbes , he first deals with the individual; According to him, human will is instinctively determined by lust ( voluptas ), greed ( avaritia ) and ambition ( ambitio ). So the human being is not free in willing, but the understanding remains for him, which is guided by hope and fear. Starting from the individual, Thomasius looks at society: In his opinion, the individual pursuit of happiness must lead to collisions. Order can therefore only be established not in a natural state, but only in a political community; on the one hand by suppressing individual passions, on the other hand by strengthening the tendency to live together. Peace, security and prosperity are thus the goals of a state. According to Thomasius as an early enlightener, this is based on a social contract ( pactum unionis ) as well as a submission contract ( pactum subiectionis ). Thomasius does not yet plead for a division of the power of the state, but for an enlightened absolutism committed to the welfare of the state.

In contrast to the rather Romanesque theorems of Christian Wolff , Thomasius' ideas and concepts had little influence on the legislation that began at the end of the 18th century. In Wieacker's view , Thomasius' rebellion against idealism based on natural law ultimately had to be unsuccessful because the method with which he wanted to prove the inadmissibility of the absolute postulates contained in natural law theory was inadequate. Unlike Kant . With his doctrine of law on the mataphysical beginnings of the critique of practical reason, Kant rightly pointed to a relative aspect, that of the "situation- dependent " material ethical decisions. This relativity implied that natural law could only behave uncritically towards the historical law of nations. The enlightened legislature was presented with a shaken legal metaphysics of the older natural law and the law of reason.

University reform

The central services of Thomasius also include the first steps towards converting the scholastic university into a modern training university. For Thomasius, university knowledge is no longer primarily understood in the context of the polyhistorical ideal of erudition, but in praxiological terms as the self-assertion of an individual understood as a bourgeois individual. The learned ability to form judgments should therefore no longer primarily serve the classification of knowledge in a universal encyclopedia, but rather the critical selection with regard to the social benefit. At the same time, the learned memory performance is devalued and reduced by Thomasius to a mechanical memorization. Instead of a mere collection and archiving of university knowledge, its journalistic circulation should take place, which is expressed in Thomasius' interest in the growing journalism and in the addressing of an audience that goes beyond the scholarly circles.

The reception of the courtly wisdom doctrine, especially of Baltasar Gracián , on which the famous German lecture of 1687 was based, forms an important background for the reorganization of the learned ideal in Thomasius . While the art of pretense is at the center of the courtly wisdom doctrine, Thomasius, in his writings on political cleverness, sets the ideal of cooperation against it. Accordingly, it is no longer wise to be able to motivate others to act for your own purposes without their knowledge, but rather to offer your help at the right time in order to be able to use the help of others yourself if necessary. The prerequisite for the success of this ideal is not pretense, but transparency. In a letter from 1692 to Friedrich III., Elector of Brandenburg, Thomasius announced the invention of a "most necessary science", which should teach "to recognize the hidden in the heart of other people even against their will from daily conversation". With this project and his psychological writings, Thomasius not only points to the ideals of the Enlightenment, but also anticipates the numerous attempts in the 18th century to scientifically develop the inner states and motivations of the subject.

Publications (selection)

Monographs

lectures

  • Christian Thomas opens the student youth in Leipzig in a discourse Which figure should one imitate the Frantzosen in common life and change? to live a college over the gratian's basic rules / sensible / smart and well-behaved . [Leipzig] [approx. 1690]. Digitized edition of the Saxon State Library - State and University Library Dresden , digitized and full text in the German Text Archive in the German Text Archive
  • Christian Thomas opened the student youth to Leipzig in a discours of the shortcomings of today's academies, but oddly the jurisprudence Zwey Collegia A disputatorium on his Prudentiam ratiocinandi and a lectorium after a strange method about the Institutiones Iustinianeas . Halle 1688. Digitized edition of the Berlin State Library
  • Christian Thomas Opens the Student Youth in Leipzig / In a Discours About the Deficiencies in Aristotelian Ethics and Other Matters Concerning Ius Publicum / Two Collegia About Christian Moral Doctrine and About Ius Publicum . Leipzig 1688. Digitized edition of the Berlin State Library
  • Christian Thomas opened up a suggestion for the student youth / How to give a young person a serious commitment / To serve God and the world dermahleins in vita civili righteously / and to live as an honorable and gallant homme / within three years in philosophy and singulis Jurisprudentiae partibus be inclined to inform . Halle 1689. Digitized edition of the Berlin State Library
  • Christian Thomas / ICtus and Chur-Brandenb. Rath opens the student youth in Halle in a mixed discourse. Five new colleges, which he intended to start there after the Leipzig Easter fair . Hall [1691]. Digitized edition of the Berlin State Library

Translations

  • The image of a true and uncompromising Philosophi, or The Life of Socratis , translated into German from the French by Mr. Charpentier by Christian Thomas, Halle 1693. - (Translation by François Charpentier : Les Choses mémorables de Socrate, ouvrage de Xénophon, traduit de grec en françois, avec la Vie de Socrate , nouvellement composée et recueillie des plus célèbres autheurs de l'Antiquité, Paris 1650, 3rd edition 1699)

additional

See also

literature

  • Ernst Bloch : Christian Thomasius, a German scholar without misery . Suhrkamp, ​​Frankfurt am Main 1968.
  • Reinhard Breymayer : Oetinger's secret feud with Christian Thomasius. In: Mathesis, natural philosophy and arcane science in the vicinity of Friedrich Christoph Oetinger (1702–1782). [International conference at the University of Tübingen October 9-11, 2002.] Edited by Sabine Holtz, Gerhard Betsch and Eberhard Zwink in conjunction with the Institute for Historical Regional Studies and Historical Auxiliary Sciences at the University of Tübingen. Franz Steiner Verlag (Wiesbaden GmbH, Stuttgart headquarters), Stuttgart 2005. ( Contubernium. Tübingen contributions to the history of universities and science. Ed. By Jörg Baten , Andreas Holzem, Ulrich Köpf , Dieter Langewiesche, Sönke Lorenz, Anton Schindling, Jan Schröder, Georg Wieland and Urban Wiesing, Vol. 63), pp. 253–285.
  • Christoph Bühler: The theory of natural law and Christian Thomasius (1655-1728) . Roderer, Regensburg 1991, ISBN 3-89073-524-X .
  • Johannes Dillinger : Witches and Magic. A historical introduction (= historical introductions; Volume 3). Campus, Frankfurt am Main 2007, ISBN 3-593-38302-0 .
  • Ernst Fischer, Wilhelm Haefs and York-Gothart Mix (eds.): From Almanach to Newspaper. A handbook of the media in Germany 1700–1800. Beck, Munich 1999, ISBN 3-406-45476-3 .
  • Max Fleischmann : Christian Thomasius: life and life's work. Scientia, Aalen 1979, ISBN 3-511-00587-6 (reprint of the Halle 1931 edition).
  • Frank Grunert, Matthias Hambrock, Martin Kühnel (eds.): Christian Thomasius: Correspondence. Historical-critical edition , will be published successively by Verlag Walter de Gruyter, Berlin / Boston from 2017. ISBN 978-3-11-047132-8
  • Herbert Jaumann : Critica. Studies on the history of literary criticism between Quintilian and Thomasius . Leiden, New York, Cologne 1995.
  • Bernd Kettet:  Thomasius, Christian. In: Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL). Volume 11, Bautz, Herzberg 1996, ISBN 3-88309-064-6 , Sp. 1427-1433.  ( Article / beginning of article in Internet archive )
  • Martin Kühnel: The political thinking of Christian Thomasius: State, society, citizens. Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 2001, ISBN 3-428-10260-6 ( online ).
  • Volker Ladenthin: When teaching and education come up for discussion. Examples of "language-critical didactics" with Ch. Thomasius and JM Sailer. In: Quarterly journal for scientific pedagogy. 70: 303-321 (1994).
  • Ernst Landsberg : On the biography of Christian Thomasius ... (Festschrift for the second secular celebration of the Friedrichs University in Halle). Cohen / Universitäts-Buchdruckerei C. Georgi, Bonn 1894, OCLC 494025680 (habilitation thesis, University of Bonn, 1894, 36 pages; digitized version ).
  • Ernst Landsberg:  Thomasius, Christian . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 38, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1894, pp. 93-102.
  • Rolf Lieberwirth : Christian Thomasius. His scientific life's work. A bibliography . Hermann Böhlaus successor, Weimar 1955.
  • Brigitte Sassen:  18th Century German Philosophy Prior to Kant, 1st Christian Thomasius (1655-1728). In: Edward N. Zalta (Ed.): Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy .
  • Werner Schneiders: Natural Law and Love Ethics. On the history of practical philosophy with regard to Chr. Thomasius. Hildesheim 1971.
  • Werner Schneiders (ed.): Christian Thomasius, 1655–1728: Interpretation of work and effect. Meiner, Hamburg 1989, ISBN 3-7873-0922-5 .
  • Leander Scholz: The Archive of Wisdom. Strategies of knowledge around 1700 . Tübingen 2002.
  • Peter Schröder: Christian Thomasius for an introduction . Junius, Hamburg 1999, ISBN 3-88506-997-0 .
  • Gertrud Schubart-Fikentscher: Unknown Thomasius . Hermann Böhlaus successor, Weimar 1954.
  • Gerhard Simson: Christian Thomasius. The winner over the witch madness . In: One against all . Beck, Munich 1972, ISBN 3-406-02681-8 .
  • Rudolf Stöber: German press history . UVK Verlagsgesellschaft, Konstanz 2005, ISBN 3-8252-2716-2 .
  • Friedrich Vollhardt (Ed.): Christian Thomasius (1655–1728): new research in the context of the early enlightenment. Niemeyer, Tübingen 1997, ISBN 3-484-36537-4 .
  • Irmgard Wedemeyer: Christian Thomasius ' image of man , Göttingen 1958, DNB 481907386 ( dissertation Georg-August-Universität Göttingen , Philosophical Faculty, February 25, 1958, 354 pages).
  • Manfred Wilde : Christian Thomasius in the area of ​​tension between the late witch trials in Saxony and Brandenburg . In: Christian Thomasius (1655–1728). Scholarly citizen in Leipzig and Halle (= treatises of the Saxon Academy of Sciences in Leipzig. Philological-historical class. Volume 81, Issue 2). Leipzig / Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-7776-1661-2 , pp. 141-154.
  • Erik Wolf : Great legal thinkers in German intellectual history . 4th edition. Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen 1963, ISBN 3-16-627812-5 , pp. 371-423.

Web links

Commons : Christian Thomasius  - album with pictures, videos and audio files
Wikisource: Christian Thomasius  - Sources and full texts

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Markus Meumann wrote in 2008: “The nickname 'Father of the German Enlightenment', which is almost omnipresent in the more recent Thomasius literature, can be found according to the compilation by Max Fleischmann (Hg): Christian Thomasius. Life and life's work. Halle 1931, pp. 225-248, for the first time in 1928 with Ferdinand Josef Schneider. The association of Thomasius' name with the beginning of the Enlightenment goes back to the late 18th century; Since around 1860/70 there has been a noticeable boom in this point of view, which continues in the 20th century under ever more positive signs. ”According to Markus Meumann: Discursive formations between esotericism, Pietism and Enlightenment: Halle around 1700. In: Monika Neugebauer -Wölk (Ed.): Enlightenment and esotericism. Reception - integration - confrontation. (Hallesche's contributions to the European Enlightenment). Max Niemeyer Verlag, Tübingen 2008; P. 78. Note 4
  2. ↑ See Siegfried Hoyer : The young Thomasius in Leipzig . In: Heiner Lück (Ed.): Christian Thomasius (1655–1728). Scholarly citizen in Leipzig and Halle. Scientific conference of the chair for civil law and legal history at the Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg and the Saxon Academy of Sciences in Leipzig in Leipzig (October 7/8, 2005) on the occasion of the 350th birthday of Christian Thomasius (=  treatises of the Saxon Academy of Sciences in Leipzig, Philological-Historical Class ). tape 81.2 . Hirzel, Stuttgart [a. a.] 2008, ISBN 978-3-7776-1661-2 , pp. 54-70, here pp. 54, 62 and 69 . The year given for the master’s degree must be a misprint. See: Max Fleischmann : Christian Thomasius. Life and life's work . Scientia-Verlag, Aalen 1979, ISBN 3-511-00587-6 , p. 13 (repr. Of the Halle edition, 1931). In detail: Rolf Lieberwirth: Christian Thomasius. His scientific life's work. A bibliography . Hermann Böhlaus successor, Weimar 1955, p. 1 f .
  3. ↑ See Helmut Holzhey ; Simone Zurbuchen: Christian Thomasius . In: Helmut Holzhey; Wilhelm Schmidt-Biggemann (Ed.): Outline of the history of philosophy . 17th century philosophy . With the collaboration of Vilem Mudroch. tape 4/2 : The Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. North and East Central Europe. Schwabe, Basel 2001, ISBN 3-7965-1035-3 , p. 1165-1202, here p. 1170 .
  4. ↑ The dissertation was published in two parts: Caput I. – II .: Disputatio Solennis De Iure Circa Frumentum. Praecipue De Fructibus & Frumento in genere, deque cura rei Annonariae & prohibita frumenti exportatione & c. / Quam… Praeside Dn. Joh. Friderico Rhetio ICto… Pro Licentia Summos In Utroque Iure Honores Ac Privilegia Doctoralia Rite Consequendi, Publico Eruditorum Examini submittit Christianus Thomasius, Lipsiensis, philosopher. Mag. Ad d. XVIII. Octobr. On. 1678. Horis ante & pomeridianis . Zeitlerus, Francofurti ad Oderam 1678 ( 14: 688808L in VD 17th ). Caput III – V: Disputatio II. De Iure Circa Frumentum. Praecipue De Taxatione Frumenti & Vectigalibus de Frumento solvendis, deque Agricolis ac ipsorum privilegiis / Quam… Praeside Christiano Thomasio, Phil. & IUD Respondendo tuebitur Bernhard Christoph Solter, Verdensis, Ad d. November On. M.DC.LXXVIII. HLQC Zeitlerus, Francofurti ad Viadrum 1678 ( 14: 021930M in the VD 17th ). Basically see Rolf Lieberwirth: Christian Thomasius. His scientific life's work. A bibliography . Hermann Böhlaus successor, Weimar 1955, p.  3 u. 9 . On the question of the authorship of the dissertation cf. Gertrud Schubart-Fikentscher: Investigations into the authorship of dissertations in the Age of Enlightenment (=  session reports of the Saxon Academy of Sciences in Leipzig, Philological-Historical Class . Volume 114.5 ). Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1970, p. 52 ff .
  5. ↑ See prominent former students of the Alma Mater Viadrina. European University Viadrina Frankfurt (Oder), accessed on February 6, 2012 .
  6. ↑ See Ernst Landsberg:  Christian Thomasius . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 38, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1894, pp. 93-102. u. Helmut Holzhey; Simone Zurbuchen: Christian Thomasius . In: Helmut Holzhey; Wilhelm Schmidt-Biggemann (Ed.): Outline of the history of philosophy . 17th century philosophy . With the collaboration of Vilem Mudroch. tape 4/2 : The Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. North and East Central Europe. Schwabe, Basel 2001, ISBN 3-7965-1035-3 , p. 1165-1202, here p. 1170 .
  7. ↑ See Josef Rattner, Gerhard Danzer: Philosophy in the 17th century. The discovery of reason and nature in Europe's intellectual life. Würzburg 2005, p. 188 ( limited preview in the Google book search).
  8. ↑ Helmut Holzhey; Simone Zurbuchen: Christian Thomasius . In: Helmut Holzhey; Wilhelm Schmidt-Biggemann (Ed.): Outline of the history of philosophy . 17th century philosophy . With the collaboration of Vilem Mudroch. tape 4/2 : The Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. North and East Central Europe. Schwabe, Basel 2001, ISBN 3-7965-1035-3 , p. 1165-1202, here p. 1170 .
  9. ^ Christian Thomasius; Georg Beyer: Annuente Divino Numine Permittente Magnifico ICtorum Lipsiensium Ordine Dissertationem Iuridicam De Crimine Bigamiae From the vice of double marriage / Sub Praesidio Dn. D. Christiani Thomasii… Solenniter ventilandam PP Georgius Beyer / Lipsiensis, Ad diem XII. November MDCLXXXV. HLQC Georgius, [Lipsiae] 1685 ( 3: 010519N in VD 17th ). See also Stephan Buchholz: Law, Religion and Marriage . Change of orientation and scholarly controversies in the transition from the 17th to the 18th century. Klostermann, Frankfurt / M. 1988, p. 63 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  10. ↑ Christian Thomasius: Christian Thomas opens the student youth in Leipzig in a discourse Which figure should one imitate the Frantzosen in common life and change? to live a college over the gratian's basic rules / sensible / smart and well-behaved . Weidemann, [Leipzig] ( 14: 002031T in VD 17.- [1687]). Cf. on this Rolf Lieberwirth: Christian Thomasius' Leipziger Disputes . In: Scientific journal of the Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg. Social and Linguistic Series . Vol. 3, No. 1 , 1953, p. 155–159, here p. 156 . Uwe Pörksen: German natural science languages . Tübingen 1986, p. 46 ( limited preview in Google Book search). Werner Schneiders: Foreword . In: Christian Thomasius: Kleine Teutsche Schriften , Hildesheim [u. a.] 1994, S. Vf.
  11. ↑ See Richard Hodermann: University lectures in German at the turn of the 17th century. A treatise on the history of language . Gotha 1891. Max Fleischmann: Christian Thomasius and the academic lectures in German . In: Journal of the Savigny Foundation for Legal History, German Department . tape 30 , 1909, pp. 315-317 . Walter Ziesemer: First lecture in German . In: mother tongue . tape 52 , no. 6 , 1937, pp. 225-227 . Werner Schneiders: 300 Years of Enlightenment in Germany . In: Werner Schneiders (Ed.): Christian Thomasius. 1655-1728. Interpretations of work and effect. With a bibliography of the more recent Thomasius literature (=  studies on the eighteenth century ). tape 11 . Meiner, Hamburg 1989, p. 1–20, here p. 1 ( limited preview in Google book search).
  12. ↑ Christian Thomasius: Christian Thomas opened the student youth in Leipzig / In a Discours Of the Deficiencies of the Aristotelian Ethic, and of Other Matters Concerning Ius Publicum / Zwey Collegia About Christian Moral Doctrine and About Ius Publicum . Weidemann, Salfeld, Leipzig / Halle 1688 ( 1: 050386N in VD 17th ).
  13. ↑ See Wilhelm Schrader: History of the Friedrichs University in Halle . First part. Dümmler, Berlin 1894, p. 12 f . ( uni-halle.de [PDF]). Helmut Holzhey; Simone Zurbuchen: Christian Thomasius . In: Helmut Holzhey; Wilhelm Schmidt-Biggemann (Ed.): Outline of the history of philosophy . 17th century philosophy . With the collaboration of Vilem Mudroch. tape 4/2 : The Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. North and East Central Europe . Schwabe, Basel 2001, ISBN 3-7965-1035-3 , p. 1165-1202, here p. 1170 . More recent literature indicates that the research portrayed of Thomasius persecuted in Leipzig is based on the statements of Thomasius himself rather one-sidedly and that no other sources are used to support them. See: Detlef Döring : Christian Thomasius and the University of Leipzig at the end of the 17th century . In: Heiner Lück (Ed.): Christian Thomasius (1655–1728). Scholarly citizen in Leipzig and Halle. Scientific conference of the chair for civil law and legal history at the Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg and the Saxon Academy of Sciences in Leipzig in Leipzig (October 7/8, 2005) on the occasion of the 350th birthday of Christian Thomasius (=  treatises of the Saxon Academy of Sciences in Leipzig, Philological-Historical Class ). tape 81.2 . Hirzel, Stuttgart [a. a.] 2008, ISBN 978-3-7776-1661-2 , pp. 71-97 .
  14. ↑ Melchior von Osse; Christian Thomasius: D. Melchors of Osse Testament against Hertzog Augusto, Elector of Saxony ... 1556. Anitzo completely printed for the first time . To be found in the Rengerische Buchh, Halle im Magdeburgisch 1717, p. 252 ( galegroup.com ).
  15. ↑ See Helmut Holzhey; Simone Zurbuchen: Christian Thomasius . In: Helmut Holzhey; Wilhelm Schmidt-Biggemann (Ed.): Outline of the history of philosophy . 17th century philosophy . With the collaboration of Vilem Mudroch. tape 4/2 : The Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. North and East Central Europe. Schwabe, Basel 2001, ISBN 3-7965-1035-3 , p. 1165-1202, here p. 1170 f .
  16. ↑ Christian Thomasius: Legal Discussion of the Marriage and Conscience Question / Whether two princely persons in the Roman Empire / whose one is Lutheran / the other is the Reformed religion / can heyrath each other with a clear conscience ?: at the instigation of a famous writings Titul: the catch of the noble life through strange faith marriage / to control the truth / designed by Christian Thomas / ICto . Salfeld, Halle 1689 ( 3: 004881C in VD 17th ).
  17. ^ Cf. Max Fleischmann: Christian Thomasius . Niemeyer, Halle (Saale) 1931, p. 31 ff . Helmut Holzhey; Simone Zurbuchen: Christian Thomasius . In: Helmut Holzhey; Wilhelm Schmidt-Biggemann (Ed.): Outline of the history of philosophy . 17th century philosophy . With the collaboration of Vilem Mudroch. tape 4/2 : The Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. North and East Central Europe. Schwabe, Basel 2001, ISBN 3-7965-1035-3 , p. 1165-1202, here p. 1170 f .
  18. ↑ See Wilhelm Schrader: History of the Friedrichs University in Halle . First part. Dümmler, Berlin 1894, p. 15 ( uni-halle.de [PDF]). Helmut Holzhey; Simone Zurbuchen: Christian Thomasius . In: Helmut Holzhey; Wilhelm Schmidt-Biggemann (Ed.): Outline of the history of philosophy . 17th century philosophy . With the collaboration of Vilem Mudroch. tape 4/2 : The Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. North and East Central Europe. Schwabe, Basel 2001, ISBN 3-7965-1035-3 , p. 1165-1202, here p. 1171 . Jan Brademann: Residence city and early modern state: considerations on the constitutional and cultural background for founding a university in Halle . In: Heiner Lück (Ed.): Christian Thomasius (1655–1728). Scholarly citizen in Leipzig and Halle. Scientific conference of the chair for civil law and legal history at the Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg and the Saxon Academy of Sciences in Leipzig in Leipzig (October 7/8, 2005) on the occasion of the 350th birthday of Christian Thomasius (=  treatises of the Saxon Academy of Sciences in Leipzig, Philological-Historical Class ). tape 81.2 . Hirzel, Stuttgart [a. a.] 2008, ISBN 978-3-7776-1661-2 , pp. 117–140, here p. 117 .
  19. ^ Franz Wieacker : History of private law in the modern era with special consideration of German developments. Vandenhoeck u. Ruprecht, Göttingen 2nd edition 1967, pp. 315 and 328.
  20. ↑ Christian Thomasius: Summarischer draft whose basic teachings / the one Studioso Iuris to know / and to learn at universities necessary / according to which D. Christian Thomas. In the future / God willing, Lectiones privatissimas in Halle / will be employed in four different collegiis . Rengerischer Buchladen, Hall 1699 ( 1: 008519U in VD 17th ).
  21. ^ Emmy Rosenfeld: Friedrich Spee von Langenfeld. A voice in the desert. Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin 1958 (= sources and research on the linguistic and cultural history of the Germanic peoples. New series, 2), pp. 344–346.
  22. ↑ In 1705, Peter Goldschmidt , a preacher from Sterup , published his diatribe directed against Thomasius, “Verworffener Hexen- und Zauberer-Advocat, that is, Wolg-founded destruction of the foolish project Hn. Christiani Thomasii ”.
  23. ↑ Martin Schermaier : The determination of the essential error from the glossators to the BGB (= research on the modern history of private law. Volume 29). Böhlau Verlag Wien / Köln / Weimar 2000, section 10, The error law discussion between the theory of explanation, trust and will , p. 537 ff.
  24. ↑ Mehrdad Payandeh : Judicial Generation of Law. Theory, dogmatics and methodology of the effects of prejudices. Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen 2017, ISBN 978-3-16-155034-8 . Pp. 59-61. to: Christian Thomasius: Dissertationem iuridicam inauguralem, de rite formando statu controversiae: An legum iuris Iustinianei sit frequens, an exiguus Usus practicus in foris Germaniae? , 1715. (Core statement: Justinian law is only applicable if it is not prohibited by natural law (law of reason)).
  25. ^ Franz Wieacker: History of private law in the modern era with special consideration of German developments. Vandenhoeck u. Ruprecht, Göttingen 2nd edition 1967, p. 316 f.
  26. ↑ a b Jan Dirk Harke : Roman law. From the classical period to the modern codifications . Beck, Munich 2008, ISBN 978-3-406-57405-4 ( floor plans of the law ), § 3 no. 3.
  27. ↑ See Helmut Holzhey; Simone Zurbuchen: Christian Thomasius . In: Helmut Holzhey; Wilhelm Schmidt-Biggemann (Ed.): Outline of the history of philosophy . 17th century philosophy . With the collaboration of Vilem Mudroch. tape 4/2 : The Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. North and East Central Europe. Schwabe, Basel 2001, ISBN 3-7965-1035-3 , p. 1165-1202, here p. 1171 .
  28. ^ Franz Wieacker: History of private law in the modern era with special consideration of German developments. Vandenhoeck u. Ruprecht, Göttingen 2nd edition 1967, pp. 348-353 (352).
  29. ↑ Stintzing : History of German Law. Edited and continued by Ernst Landsberg . Volume III 2. Oldenbourg, Munich 1880-1910 a. Reprinted by Scientia, Aalen 1978. p. 185 ff.
  30. ↑ Cf. Herbert Jaumann: Investigations into the history of literary criticism between Quintilian and Thomasius . Leiden, New York, Cologne 1995, p. 276-303 .
  31. ↑ Cf. Leander Scholz: The archive of wisdom. Strategies of knowledge around 1700 . Tübingen 2002, p. 43-104 .
  32. ↑ Cf. Norbert Elias: About the process of civilization . tape 2 . Frankfurt / M. 1997, p. 362-380 .
  33. ^ Christian Thomasius: Letter to Friedrich III., Elector of Brandenburg for New Year 1692 . In: Fritz Brüggemann (Ed.): From the early days of the German Enlightenment. Christian Thomasius and Christian Weise . Leipzig 1938, p. 61–79, here p. 62 .
  34. ↑ Cf. Leander Scholz: "Four eyes see more than two" - Christian Thomasius and the doctrine of political wisdom . In: Tobias Nantz, Armin Schäfer (Hrsg.): Kulturtechniken des Barock. Ten attempts . Berlin 2012, p. 159-173 .
personal data
SURNAME Thomasius, Christian
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German lawyer and philosopher
DATE OF BIRTH January 1, 1655
PLACE OF BIRTH Leipzig
DATE OF DEATH September 23, 1728
Place of death Hall