Artist faculty

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Allegorical representation of the artistic faculty (on the back of the base of the monument to Charles IV on the 500th anniversary of Charles University in Prague , by Ernst Hähnel ; Kreuzherrenplatz , Prague )

The artist faculty ( facultas artium , artistarum ) was the fundamental part of the medieval and early modern university and served to impart propaedeutic knowledge in preparation for studying at one of the three "higher faculties " ( theology , law , medicine ) and training as a school teacher . Her name was derived from the artes liberales she taught . The artist faculty changed from the 15th to the 18th century to the philosophy faculty , from which in turn today's humanities , mathematics and natural science faculties emerged.

function

The arts faculty emerged in the 12th century in the course of the emancipation of medieval philosophy from theology. Its development towards an independent faculty was significantly promoted in the 13th century by the conception of an autonomy of philosophy over theology, coined by Thomas Aquinas . However, it was considered the "lower" of the four faculties - established in Central Europe on the model of the Paris University since the 14th century - and formed the common foundation of studies at one of the three "higher" faculties ( facultates superiores ). A successfully completed degree at the artist faculty was also a prerequisite for practicing the teaching profession.

The subject of the course was the seven liberal arts ( Septem Artes Liberales ), which are divided into a trivium ("three-way" with the subjects grammar , rhetoric , dialectics ) and a quadrivium ("four-way" with the subjects arithmetic , geometry , astronomy and music ) subdivided. The study was completed after the trivium with the degree of Bachelor and after the Quadrivium with that of the Magister ; the latter also opened up access to the higher faculties. However, the master’s degree was not a necessary requirement for admission to higher faculties. Corresponding knowledge could also be acquired in an accompanying study at the artist faculty.

The distinction between Bachelor and Magister is first documented in 1215 in the Paris statutes of Robert von Coursons , who, as papal legate, was entrusted with reforming the curriculum at the University of Paris. During the entire Middle Ages, the duration of study was four years for the completion of the bachelor's degree and two to three years for the completion of the master’s degree. In the early modern period, the duration of study for both degrees was gradually reduced to one and a half years each.

At the beginning of their studies, the students of the artist faculty only had to have basic knowledge of Latin , which they usually acquired at the city's Latin schools . They were 16 years old on average. The teachers of the artist faculty were usually also students at one of the upper faculties and did not belong to the actual teaching body of the university, but to the scholars .

development

Initially under the influence of Renaissance humanism and Reformation , then especially in the course of the Enlightenment , the artist faculties gradually changed into philosophical faculties . The use of the term “Faculty of Philosophy” is documented as early as the 14th century, but it was not until the 18th century that “the new name became generally accepted and the original name was definitely replaced”.

In the course of this development, philosophy established itself from dialectics as an academic discipline, while grammar gave rise to classical philologies (Latin, Greek, Hebrew) and later modern linguistics . In addition to rhetoric, poetics emerged as an independent discipline , which developed into literary studies . In addition to philosophy in the narrower sense, the Philosophical Faculty included all philological and historical disciplines; From arithmetic, geometry and astronomy the mathematical and natural sciences developed accordingly. The Faculty of Philosophy retained its propaedeutic function within the university well into the 18th century.

See also

literature

  • Laurence Brockliss: Curriculum . In: Walter Rüegg (Hrsg.): History of the University in Europe . tape 2 : From the Reformation to the French Revolution 1500-1800 . Beck, Munich 1996, ISBN 3-406-36953-7 , pp. 451-494 ( Google Books ).
  • Notker Hammerstein : On the rank of science. To the advancement of the Philosophical Faculty . In: Armin Kohnle , Frank Engehausen (ed.): Between science and politics. Studies on German university history. Festschrift for Eike Wolgast for his 65th birthday . Steiner, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-515-07546-1 , pp. 86-96 ( Google Books ).
  • Notker Hammerstein: Universities . In: Notker Hammerstein, Ulrich Herrmann (Hrsg.): Handbuch der deutschen Bildungsgeschichte . Volume II: 18th century. From the late 17th century to the reorganization of Germany around 1800 . Beck, Munich 2005, ISBN 978-3-406-32464-2 , pp. 369-400 ( Google Books ).
  • Immanuel Kant : The dispute between the faculties . Nicolovius, Königsberg 1798. urn : nbn: de: gbv: 9-g-1198828
  • Eberhard Kessel : On the history of the philosophy faculty . In: Studium generale . tape 16 , no. 2 , 1963, p. 118-124 .
  • Martin Kintzinger : The artists in the dispute between the faculties. The benefits of science between medieval and modern . In: Yearbook for University History . tape 4 , 2001, ZDB -ID 1431358-3 , p. 177-194 .
  • Gordon Leff: Die artes liberales. 1. The trivium and the three philosophies . In: Walter Rüegg (Hrsg.): History of the University in Europe . tape 1 : Middle Ages . Beck, Munich 1993, ISBN 3-406-36952-9 , pp. 289-302 ( Google Books ).
  • Rainer A. Müller : On the structure and changes in the artistic and philosophical faculties at the beginning of the 16th century . In: Rainer Christoph Schwinges (ed.): Artists and Philosophers. History of science and impact of a faculty from the 13th to the 19th century (=  publications of the Society for the History of Universities and Science ). tape 1 . Schwabe, Basel 1999, ISBN 3-7965-1126-0 , p. 143-159 .
  • John North: The artes liberales. 2. The quadrivium . In: Walter Rüegg (Hrsg.): History of the University in Europe . tape 1 : Middle Ages . Beck, Munich 1993, ISBN 3-406-36952-9 , pp. 303-320 ( Google Books ).
  • Olaf Pedersen: Tradition and Innovation . In: Walter Rüegg (Hrsg.): History of the University in Europe . tape 2 : From the Reformation to the French Revolution 1500-1800 . Beck, Munich 1996, ISBN 3-406-36953-7 , pp. 363-390 ( Google Books ).
  • Jan Pinborg: Discussions about the philosophy of science at the artist faculty . In: Albert Zimmermann (ed.): The disputes at the Paris University in the XIII. Century (=  Miscellanea mediaevalia ). tape 10 . Gruyter, Berlin [a. a.] 1976, ISBN 3-11-005986-X , p. 240–268, here p. 240 f . (Gudrun Vuillemin-Diem arranged for the printing).
  • Arno Seifert : The higher education system. Universities and high schools . In: Notker Hammerstein (Hrsg.): Handbuch der deutschen Bildungsgeschichte . Volume I: 15th to 17th centuries. From the Renaissance and the Reformation to the end of the religious battles . Beck, Munich 1996, ISBN 978-3-406-32463-5 , pp. 197-374 ( Google Books ).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Martin Kintzinger: The artists in the dispute between the faculties. On the benefits of science between the Middle Ages and the modern age . In: Yearbook for University History . tape 4 , 2001, ZDB -ID 1431358-3 , p. 177–194, here p. 178 f .
  2. ↑ Jan Pinborg: Discussions about the philosophy of science at the artist faculty . In: Albert Zimmermann (ed.): The disputes at the Paris University in the XIII. Century (=  Miscellanea mediaevalia ). tape 10 . Gruyter, Berlin [a. a.] 1976, ISBN 3-11-005986-X , p. 240–268, here p. 240 f . (Gudrun Vuillemin-Diem arranged for the printing).
  3. ↑ Martin Kintzinger: The artists in the dispute between the faculties. On the benefits of science between the Middle Ages and the modern age . In: Yearbook for University History . tape 4 , 2001, ZDB -ID 1431358-3 , p. 177–194, here p. 183 . Arno Seifert: The higher education system. Universities and high schools . In: Notker Hammerstein (Hrsg.): Handbuch der deutschen Bildungsgeschichte . Volume I: 15th to 17th centuries. From the Renaissance and the Reformation to the end of the religious battles . Beck, Munich 1996, ISBN 978-3-406-32463-5 , pp. 197–374, here p. 204 .
  4. ↑ a b c Eberhard Kessel: On the history of the philosophy faculty . In: Studium generale . tape 16 , no. 2 , 1963, p. 118–124, here p. 119 .
  5. ^ Rainer A. Müller: On the structure and change of the artistic and philosophical faculty at the beginning of the 16th century . In: Rainer Christoph Schwinges (ed.): Artists and Philosophers. History of science and impact of a faculty from the 13th to the 19th century (=  publications of the Society for the History of Universities and Science ). tape 1 . Schwabe, Basel 1999, ISBN 3-7965-1126-0 , p. 143–159, here p. 152 f .
  6. ^ Arno Seifert: The higher school system. Universities and high schools . In: Notker Hammerstein (Hrsg.): Handbuch der deutschen Bildungsgeschichte . Volume I: 15th to 17th centuries. From the Renaissance and the Reformation to the end of the religious battles . Beck, Munich 1996, ISBN 978-3-406-32463-5 , pp. 197–374, here p. 205 .
  7. ↑ Gordon Leff: Die artes liberales. 1. The trivium and the three philosophies . In: Walter Rüegg (Hrsg.): History of the University in Europe . tape 1 : Middle Ages . Beck, Munich 1993, ISBN 3-406-36952-9 , pp. 289-302, here p. 294 .
  8. ^ A b Rainer A. Müller: On the structure and change of the artistic and philosophical faculty at the beginning of the 16th century . In: Rainer Christoph Schwinges (ed.): Artists and Philosophers. History of science and impact of a faculty from the 13th to the 19th century (=  publications of the Society for the History of Universities and Science ). tape 1 . Schwabe, Basel 1999, ISBN 3-7965-1126-0 , p. 143–159, here p. 152 .
  9. ^ Rainer A. Müller: On the structure and change of the artistic and philosophical faculty at the beginning of the 16th century . In: Rainer Christoph Schwinges (ed.): Artists and Philosophers. History of science and impact of a faculty from the 13th to the 19th century (=  publications of the Society for the History of Universities and Science ). tape 1 . Schwabe, Basel 1999, ISBN 3-7965-1126-0 , p. 143–159, here p. 145 .
  10. ↑ Eberhard Kessel: On the history of the philosophy faculty . In: Studium generale . tape 16 , no. 2 , 1963, p. 118–124, here p. 119 ff .
  11. ^ Notker Hammerstein: Universities . In: Notker Hammerstein, Ulrich Herrmann (Hrsg.): Handbuch der deutschen Bildungsgeschichte . Volume II: 18th century. From the late 17th century to the reorganization of Germany around 1800 . Beck, Munich 2005, ISBN 978-3-406-32464-2 , pp. 369-400, here p. 381 .