Salzgraf

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The owner of an office at a salt works was called Salzgraf . Especially in Bavaria and Austria, the term Hallgraf was used synonymously and is mostly associated with the Hallgraf in Hall (later Reichenhall , today: Bad Reichenhall ). However , according to its statutes , the city of Regensburg also had to assign the office of Hallgrave in the 13th century. In addition, there were salt counts mainly in Halle an der Saale , but also in Wieliczka , Schöningen and Bad Sooden-Allendorf , the most famous representative of which was the Salinist Johannes Rhenanus .

Hallgraves in Reichenhall

prehistory

Salinas, Hal (l), Reichenhall

The replacement of the Roman place name “Salinas” in favor of the Germanic word “Hal (l)” introduced by the Bavarians began in the 8th century and took place parallel to the name change in the vicinity of “Iuvavum” to “ Salzburg ” - the parallel name change is For Johannes Lang as the city archivist and city home administrator of Bad Reichenhall, this is a clear indication that Hall and salt did not mean the same thing. The discussion about the meaning of the word Hall has not yet been concluded (→ see also: Hall (place name) ), but it becomes clear for Lang that “the term 'Hall' for a place in the south was first used in Reichenhall, and presumably the meaning in the sense of 'Saline' was only given here ”and thus became the name model for numerous Hall locations such as Hall near Admont , Hall in Tirol , Hallstatt , Hallein , Schwäbisch Hall and Bad Hall . For Lang it is precisely these considerations relating to the name of the name that indicate an apparently "outstanding position, importance and charisma of Hall during the early and high Middle Ages". The change of the place name from “Hall” to “Reichenhall” took place after this heyday during the first half of the 14th century to distinguish it from the other Hall places. (Another name change was only made thanks to an order from the Bavarian Prince Regent Luitpold , according to which the city has been allowed to call itself "Bad Reichenhall" since June 7, 1890.)

Subordinated directly to the Duke as a Regalie

As a regalie , the immediate saltworks area in Reichenhall was already subject to a special jurisdiction directly subordinate to the Duke as sovereign in the late 7th century, despite several shareholders, and all legal cases, including any legal cases with a death penalty, were punished by an instance subordinate to him. The saltworks area thus formed its own legal area to which all shareholders had to subordinate themselves. As long as the Luitpoldinger and Ottonen had made the saltworks their own concern, no count was appointed specifically responsible for it, but assigned to a county in Salzburggau . But the list of shareholders grew longer and more important - at the end of the 10th century, the bishops (and partly also the cathedral chapters) of Passau, Freising, Regensburg, Bamberg, Augsburg, Eichstätt as well as fifteen monasteries and some noble families were involved in the salt works. Reichenhall thus became the most important business location of the Archdiocese of Salzburg . In the 11th century there was an investiture dispute between Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII , as a result of which Henry IV first had to go to Canossa and then take action against a "prince opposition" and an opposing king. He withdrew the duchies from them and took over the duchy of Bavaria himself. But in the bishops of Passau and Salzburg, he had two opponents loyal to the Pope. In particular, the Archbishop of Salzburg, Gebhard , countered him with the expansion of the fortresses of Hohensalzburg , Hohenwerfen , Friesach and, last but not least, with the fortification of a generous fortification on the Kirchberg in Reichenhall as the future "most important military base of the Salzburg archbishops".

Appointment of the Hallgraves

Due to its growing population and the associated potential for conflict, the now economically and politically important saltworks town of Reichenhall was raised to an independent county and thus separated from the county in the upper Salzburggau . Apart from upgrading Reichenhall not had the so-called "Hall County" under the direction of a "Hall Count" the practical benefits that "always virulent at the Saline litigation now the competence of Hallgraf Court were under a neutral authority." But recently sat King Henry IV. Order also a sign against "the clear Salzburg influence on the saltworks and the resulting risk of permanent exclusion". In Count Arnold von Dießen , whose possessions lay between the upper Lech, the upper Isar and the Inn near Wasserburg , the king had a devoted follower, whom he declared to be the first responsible for Reichenhall. Arnold is still preses Hallensis in an Ebersberg document drawn up between 1077 and 1180 , d. H. "Reichenhaller Graf" called, whose actual, d. H. "The common name, which is overused in a novel-like form, was only discovered around 1120: Hallgravius (Hallgraf)." While the main line of the Andechs family continued to manage the entire Franconian property and its goods around the Ammersee and Starnberger See , Arnold's father Friedrich had established a side line. But it was only with Arnold that she settled in the Wasserburg am Inn area. With Arnold and his direct descendants, the Counts of Dießen and Wasserburg were, unusually, enfeoffed again and again by the King with the Hallgrafschaft for five successive generations. His son Gebhard I was followed by Engelbert , who introduced himself in 1125 as "Count of Salinas or Hall" ( Salinarum seu Hallensis comes ) and thus refers to the simultaneous use of both place names up to the 12th century. Further notarizations of his person are Engelbertus qui Hallgravio dictus et de Aetele and Engilpendet Halgrave de Atile - i.e. Hallgraf von Attel - and in some documents drawn up between 1116 and 1157 he is passed down as Hallensis comes and as comes de Halla - as Hallgraf in Reichenhall . Of the two sons of Engelbert, Gebhard II received the Hallgrafschaft, while Dietrich II inherited the county of Wasserburg. However, when Gebhard II - mentioned in 1159 as Gebehardus Hallensis comes , 1166 as comes Hallensis de Wazzerburch - entered the monastery of Stift Reichersberg in 1169 , the Hallgrafschaft fell temporarily back into the hands of the Bavarian Duke Heinrich the Lion , but then again in the same year to Dietrich II. and then to his son Konrad (identified in a document from 1217 as Chunradus Hallegravius ​​de Wazzerburch ). In the meantime, the Archbishop of Salzburg Adalbert III. When Reichenhall was almost completely destroyed, especially the salt works were destroyed and attempts were also made to prevent their reconstruction, but "in 1198, Duke Ludwig I was already in Reichenhall again". It was not until 1218 that the Hallgraviate was finally confiscated by Duke Otto I , which ended an approximately 140-year-old era of the Hallgraves, "which has now become an unrealistic myth due to a novel-like exaggeration". The Counts of Wasserburg and Konrad, who had been expelled from the Wasserburg, which was considered invincible years earlier, by the Bavarian Duke in connection with an inheritance dispute, died out in the male line in 1259.

In contradiction to the statements made by Johannes Lang in his story of Bad Reichenhall (2009), but only briefly touching on the subject, is the assessment of Andreas Kraus in History of Bavaria: From the Beginnings to the Present (1988), according to which the Bavarian one as early as 1169 Duke Heinrich the Lion finally took over the Hallgrafschaft (and placed it under the administration of a ministerial?) And thus "came into possession of a central position in the salt trade". To do this, as in Saxony, he would have made use of the right of reversion . However, Kraus also writes that the Duke only stayed seven times during his reign, “each time only for a short time, in total in Bavaria”, thus “largely leaving Bavaria to its own devices” and that the Count Palatine as his deputy did not have the authority to “maintain peace in the duchy enforce ". As a result, Bavaria remained “completely uninvolved” in Heinrich's fall in 1180, and the nobility in particular, including the “mighty Andechser”, were “cool about him”. And Johannes Lang himself quotes in Das Augustinerchorrenstift St. Zeno in Reichenhall (2015) in a note by Birgit Gruber-Groh (1995), according to which it was controversial whether Duke Heinrich the Lion himself held the office of Hallgrave after Gebhard joined the monastery in 1169 or whether the Hallgrafschaft passed into his household .

Official seat of the Hallgraves

The actual residence of the Hallgraves has been the moated castle in Wasserburg am Inn since 1137 , but they also had an official seat in the Reichenhaller area, which is presumably located in the so-called Hallburg, which has been abandoned . The Hallgraves came regularly from Wasserburg to Reichenhall in the “Burg von Hall” to pursue their “legal transactions” there. Although the Hallgrafschaft “probably only” referred to the Salinenort Reichenhall and the profitable court rights to the Saline and the customs duties in Reichenhall, the office seems to have been “particularly desirable and prestigious”.

List or family tree of the Hallgraves in Reichenhall

This list or this family tree follows the presentation by Johannes Lang , u. a. City archivist and city administrator of Bad Reichenhall.

  • Arnold († approx. 1095), Count von Dießen, Hallgraf (first of the Andechser line , who was based in the Wasserburg area) ∞ Adelheid von Sulzbach
    • Gebhard I († approx. 1102), Count von Wasserburg, Hallgraf ∞ Richgard von Spanheim († approx. 1130)
      • Engelbert († 1161), Count von Wasserburg, Hallgraf ∞ Hedwig von Formbach († 1170)
        • Gebhard II., Hallgrave until 1169, then canon in the Reichersberg Abbey ; temporary relapse of the Hallgrafschaft to Duke Heinrich the Lion
        • Dietrich II. († 1206) Count von Wasserburg, Hallgraf from 1169 ∞ Hellrika von Wittelsbach († approx. 1200)
          • Konrad († 1259), Count von Wasserburg, Hallgraf until 1218 ∞ Kunigunde von Hirschberg (extinct in the male line); from 1218 official and final confiscation of the Hallgrafschaft by Duke Otto I.

Salzgrafen in Halle on the Saale

In Halle , Salzgraf, also known as Salzgräfe, referred to the manager of the salt works, who also acted as a judge in the event of conflicts of interest among the Pfänner . In Halle, the office of mint master was temporarily incumbent on this official. Until the middle of the 14th century the office was passed on from father to son or among brothers, later the Salzgraf was elected by the city council and confirmed and entrusted with the office by the sovereign, the archbishop of the Archbishopric of Magdeburg . He was assigned three Oberbornmeister, each elected for one year by the city council.

The responsibility of the Salzgrafen was initially limited to the saltworks called “the valley” or “the hall”, while the upper town fell under the jurisdiction of a mayor . With the rise of the pancake from the end of the 12th century, the political importance of the salt count also grew.

Salzgraf were u. a. Hans von Hedersleben , who was executed in 1412 for alleged forging, as well as the lawyers and authors Friedrich Hondorff (in office from 1660 to 1694) and Johann Christoph von Dreyhaupt (between 1731 and 1768). The last salt count was Karl Friedrich Zepernick (* 1751, † 1839), after which the work of salt count was carried out by mining officials on a part-time basis.

List of salt counts in Halle an der Saale

Note: Up to Dreyhaupt after the same, unless otherwise mentioned.

before 1386 (incomplete)

  • Meinfried (around 1145)
  • Jupertus (around 1152)
  • Lutpertus (around 1154)
  • Norbertus (around 1179)
  • Heinrich von Halle (1285)

from 1386

  • Hans von Bischoffswerde (from 1386)
  • Hans von Hedersleben (from 1408)
  • Hans von Schaffstedt (from 1414)
  • Heintze Ragatz (also Heinrich Raytz and Rogetz, from 1418)
  • Herman Waldpach (from 1435)
  • Sebastian Melwitz (from 1437)
  • Christoff Weißschossel (from 1460)
  • Nicolaus von Bodendorff (from 1464)
  • Carl von Einhausen (from 1486)
  • Lic. Ulrich Voigt (from 1495)
  • Hans Zoch (from 1514)
  • Nicolaus Lawe (or Leonis, from 1518)
  • Dr. Erhard Milde (from 1520)
  • Mag. Joseph Tentzer (from 1531)

from 1386 (continued)

  • Mag.Paul Görlitz (from 1536)
  • Dr. Moritz Zoch (from 1570)
  • Dr. Friedrich Rohde (from 1575)
  • Dr. Anthonius Freudeman (from 1581)
  • Mag.Johann Puchbach (from 1588)
  • Dr. Johann Schultze (from 1604)
  • Dr. Caspar Goldstein (from 1610)
  • Dr. Arnold Engelbrecht (from 1619)
  • Caspar von Northausen (from 1631)
  • Dr. Johann Schäffer (from 1634)
  • Dr. Johann Timaeus junior (from 1641)
  • Dr. Michael König (from 1653)
  • Dr. Jakob Unrest (from 1657)
  • Dr. Friedrich Hondorff (from 1660)
  • Christian Gottfried Prenckenhoff (from 1694)
  • Dr. Johann Friedrich Mayer (from 1708)
  • Dr. Johann Franciscus Berndes (from 1722)
  • Johann Christoph von Dreyhaupt (from 1731)
  • Johann Christian Gueinzius (from 1769)
  • Karl Friedrich Zepernick (from 1785)

See also

literature

Remarks

  1. ↑ Urbarium antiquissimum ducatus Baiuwariae , published by Maximilian Prokop von Freyberg: Collection of historical writings and documents, drawn from manuscripts. Volume 5, Stuttgart 1836, p. 154 ( digitized version ).
  2. ^ Claudia Märtl , Jörg Leuschner, Karl Heinrich Kaufhold : The economic and social history of the Braunschweig country from the Middle Ages to the present. Volume 2: Early Modern Era. Olms, Hildesheim 2008, p. 399.
  3. ^ Hans-Henning Walter: The German saltworks in the 16th century. Travel reports by Johannes Rhenanus (around 1528–1589) from the Allendorf salt marshes. Bergakademie Freiberg, Freiberg 1989.
  4. ↑ a b c d Johannes Lang : History of Bad Reichenhall . P. 89
  5. ↑ Johannes Lang: History of Bad Reichenhall . P. 87
  6. ↑ Johannes Lang: History of Bad Reichenhall . P. 88
  7. ^ A b c Johannes Lang: History of Bad Reichenhall . P. 100
  8. ^ A b Johannes Lang: History of Bad Reichenhall . P. 102
  9. ^ A b c Johannes Lang: History of Bad Reichenhall . P. 103
  10. ↑ Johannes Lang: History of Bad Reichenhall . P. 101
  11. ↑ a b c d e Johannes Lang: History of Bad Reichenhall . P. 104
  12. ↑ Johannes Lang: History of Bad Reichenhall . P. 104 with note 13; Tertulina Burkard: Landgerichte Wasserburg and Inn (HAB, Teil Altbayern, No. 15), Munich 1965, p. 70 ff., Identifies Arnold, who was repeatedly documented as a witness in the Laufen and Reichenhall area between 1041 and 1101 with the Count of Dießen; ditto Wilhelm Störmer: Early nobility. Studies on the leadership class in the Franconian-German Empire from the 8th to 11th century in: Monographs on the history of the Middle Ages . Volume 6 / II, Stuttgart 1973, p. 293 ff .; Followed by Wanderwitz, Dopsch, Alois Schütz (1993), Ludwig Holzfurtner (1994)
  13. ↑ Johannes Lang: History of Bad Reichenhall . P. 104 with note 15; Anni Jungmann-Wilhelmi: The Hallgraf . Passau 1955
  14. ↑ Johannes Lang: History of Bad Reichenhall . P. 104 with note 16; Wittmann / Muffat: Donation books . P. 245 No. VIII
  15. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Johannes Lang: History of Bad Reichenhall . P. 106
  16. ↑ Johannes Lang: History of Bad Reichenhall . P. 104 with note 17; Schütz: Andechs-Meranier (see note 13) p. 48
  17. ↑ Johannes Lang: History of Bad Reichenhall . P. 104 with note 18; SUB II, p. 339, No. 236. Störmer: Early Adel. (as note 13) p. 294, assumes that only Engelbert can be regarded as the first representative of the Hallgrafen von Wasserburg.
  18. ↑ Certificate: Monumenta Boica VI (Google data) Num. L circa An. 1130 (the transcription is incorrect) in the European document archive Monasterium.net .
  19. ^ For example St. Pölten, Augustiner Chorherren (976-1668) 1157 in the European document archive Monasterium.net .
  20. ↑ Upper Austrian document book, secular part (540-1399) 1159 in the European document archive Monasterium.net .
  21. ↑ Kremsmünster, Stiftsarchiv Urkunden (777-1894) 1217 VI 14 in the European document archive Monasterium.net .
  22. ↑ a b The family tree of Arnold, shortened here to the Hallgraves, was created after Franz Tyroller, Elisabeth Noichl, Ludwig Holzfurtner, Aloys Schütz in: Johannes Lang: Geschichte von Bad Reichenhall . P. 105
  23. ^ Wilhelm Störmer : Review by Johannes Lang: History of Bad Reichenhall. In: Journal for Bavarian State History . February 21, 2013. PDF file with 4 pages, p. 2 ( online )
  24. ↑ a b Andreas Kraus: History of Bavaria: From the beginnings to the present. P. 89.
  25. ↑ a b Andreas Kraus : History of Bavaria: From the beginnings to the present. 2nd, unchanged edition. Beck, Munich 1988, p. 88.
  26. ↑ Andreas Kraus: History of Bavaria: From the beginnings to the present. P. 87.
  27. ↑ Andreas Kraus: History of Bavaria: From the beginnings to the present. P. 90.
  28. ↑ Johannes Lang: The Augustinian Canons of St. Zeno in Reichenhall. Berlin 2015, p. 471 with note 20; Birgit Gruber-Groh: Bad Reichenhall. Kallmünz 1995, p. 88 f.
  29. ^ Neither Jürgen Dendorfer : The Counts of Sulzbach. In: Ferdinand Kramer, Wilhelm Störmer (ed.): High medieval noble families in old Bavaria, Franconia and Swabia. Munich 2005, pp. 179-212. ( online ) still Heinz Dopsch : Counts of Sulzbach, Kastl and Habsberg. In: Walter Brugger (Ed.): History of Berchtesgaden. Pen - market - land. Vol. 1, p. 214 show in their family trees of the Sulzbacher an Adelheid that would have been connected with Arnold.
  30. ↑ Johann Christoph v. Dreyhaupt: sex registers of both the noblest noble families with knights' estates in Saal-Creyse, etc. E. Schneider, Halle a. P. 1750, p. 61
  31. ^ Gustav Hertzberg: History of the city of Halle on the Saale . Vol. 1, Verlag der Buchhandlung des orphanage, Halle a. P. 1889, p. 62
  32. ↑ Johann Christoph v. Dreyhaupt: sex registers of both the noblest noble families with knights' estates in Saal-Creyse, etc. E. Schneider, Halle a. P. 1750, p. 56