History of the State of Salzburg
The state of Salzburg (also "Salzburger Land") is now a federal state of Austria . Salzburg was first part of Bavaria for a good 600 years, then about 500 years as an independent principality in the state association of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation . From 1805 to 1810 and finally after the Congress of Vienna in 1816, the Province of Salzburg (except for the Rupertigau ) became part of Austria. It has shared its historical development for 200 years.
Prehistory and Antiquity
Salzburg until the Hallstatt period
The presence of people in the area of today's Salzburg can be traced back to the Paleolithic. Finds of bones, stone tools and remains of charcoal from a fireplace in the Schlenken cave ( municipality of Vigaun in Tennengau ) are 40,000 years old. This shows that even at the last intermediate glacial Paleolithic hunter-gatherers roamed the land.
The Mesolithic (14,000–4,500 BC) is documented in Salzburg by device finds from Silex for example in Maxglan (district of the city of Salzburg ), from Dürrnberg , from St. Nikolaus hill near Golling or from a children's grave in Elsbethen ( Flachgau ) indicate the constant presence of people hunting and wandering.
The Neolithic Age (4,500–1,900 BC) is documented by numerous settlement finds. The island mountains in the Salzburg basin (especially on the Rainberg and on the former Grillberg in Elsbethen (today completely dismantled)) became the main settlement areas. But the remains of larger settlements have also been excavated in valleys ( Mattsee , Liefering ). Smaller settlements or places of residence were on Hellbrunner Berg , Georgenberg near Kuchl or Adneter Riedl . But also in the districts "Innergebirg" there are traces of settlement (about the Hohenwerfen, the Götschenberg at Bischofshofen in Pongau , on Biberg in Saalfelden am Steinernen Meer or Postal next Gries im Pinzgau ). Today more than 80 sites from the Neolithic Age are known nationwide.
In the Bronze Age (around 1900–1250 BC) today's state of Salzburg gained supraregional importance. The copper deposits in the Grauwackenzone around Bischofshofen and Mühlbach am Hochkönig made the region the largest copper - bronze producer in the Eastern Alps with far-reaching trade connections. Particularly in the mining areas of the Pongau (in St. Johann im Pongau ), but also the Pinzgau ( Stuhlfelden , Viehhofen ), there was a greater population density. With raw copper and semi-finished goods (. As bronze tire z) brisk trade. The settlement on Rainberg in today's city of Salzburg ( at that time the largest settlement in the region ) was the most important trading center in today's state of Salzburg.
In the Urnfield Period (around 1250–750 BC) with its typical form of burial, Salzburg and Bavaria were part of the northern Alpine urnfield culture. Dwellings, grave outcrops, hoards, consecration and individual finds were excavated from this time. There are rich finds from all districts with the exception of the Lungau. 31 different sites are known from the city alone.
Hallstatt Period and La Tène Period
In the Hallstatt period (from 750 to 450 BC) copper mining became less important compared to the new material iron. The loss of importance, combined with a harsher climate, led to a population decline in the country's mountain regions. The Salzburg Basin - especially the Dürrnberg near Hallein - became the new center through salt mining , which for the first time was operated as an underground mine , just like in Hallstatt in Upper Austria .
The many barrows in Flachgau are particularly noteworthy.
In the 5th century BC The Celtic Hallstatt culture continued to develop during the La Tène period . The salt production on the Dürrnberg led the country to an economic boom that already reached pre-industrial forms. In the Hohe Tauern , gold was won by washing. Presumably, salt was extracted using the lye process as early as the La Tène period. This was the only way to produce perfect blank salt.
The names of two Celtic tribes became known on Salzburg soil : the alums in the area around the Salzburg basin and the Ambisonts in the Inner Mountains, especially in the Saalfelden area, from which the name “Pinzgau” is derived. Many place, water and field names in the state of Salzburg are of Celtic origin: for example Anif , Adnet , Gnigl , Lammer , Enns , Fritzbach , Gastein , Rauris and Iuvavum , a Celtic name in the area of the city of Salzburg. The Celts had lively trade with the Romans in Italy and entered into alliances with them or signed protective treaties.
Since the founding of the city of Aquileia (181 BC) in the province of Veneto on the Adriatic Sea , trade connections between the Celts in the Alpine region and the Romans have intensified. Salt, gold, iron , furs, leather goods and Speik were exported along the old mule tracks, while the Celtic upper class enjoyed olive oil , wine , spices and luxury goods from the trading city on the Mediterranean .
Roman times
With the occupation of the Alpine region in 15 BC The 500-year Roman rule began in the Salzburg region . The Celtic indigenous population was gradually romanized , but they also preserved many Celtic traditions.
Many Celtic hill settlements were abandoned during the Pax Romana . The people settled in the valleys in new Roman places, or had to settle there on behalf of the Roman rulers ( e.g. Ani , Immurium , Vocario , Cucullae, Tarnantum). Under Emperor Claudius (41–54 AD), Norikum, with its capital Virunum on Magdalensberg in Carinthia, received the status of a Roman province . Iuvavum , located in the area of today's city of Salzburg, became a municipal city and administered a district that was larger than today's state of Salzburg and included parts of today's Chiemgau , the Attergau and areas in western Tyrol. The mountain valleys were sparsely populated at that time, and numerous Roman manors were built in the Salzburg basin.
The exact location of the forum as the center of the Roman Iuvavum is unknown; it is assumed between Kaigasse and Domplatz. In what is now Kaigasse there was a large temple and possibly an arch of honor on today's Residenzplatz. Significant finds from Roman times are a fragment of an astronomical water clock (Linzergasse area, 1st century), a statuette of the Genius loci (Old University) and an Acheloos mosaic on Mozartplatz. The largest Roman cemetery was at the foot of the Bürglstein on the Outer Stone .
In Roman times, the two banks of the Salzach were obviously connected by a wooden bridge. The road over the Radstädter Tauern , which led over this bridge, connected Virunum with Iuvavum. After 170 n. Chr. The "Pax Romana" was first through the Marcomanni disturbed -Kriege and their devastation. The population suffered heavily from the chaos of war, intensified by epidemics. Iuvavum was destroyed. As a result, prosperity was largely restored via the renewed Roman road network. Around 200 AD, Emperor Septimius Severus had a path extended over today's Obertauern and further over the Leisnitzhöhe ( east of the Katschberg between today's towns of Sankt Margarethen im Lungau and Rennweg am Katschberg ) to Teurnia . The Noric - Rhaetian pre-Alpine road connected Iuvavum with Augusta Vindelicorum (now Augsburg ) in the west and Ovilava (now Wels ) in the east. In the 3rd and 4th centuries, Norikum was devastated mainly by raids by the Alemanni . Emperor Diocletian (287–305 AD) divided the province into Ufernorikum ( Noricum Ripense ) and inland Noricum ( Noricum Mediterraneum ). The Iuvavum district to the north of the Alps belonged to Ufernoricum, the Lungau already to inland Noricum. From 350 onwards, Christianity spread through the urban centers in the Iuvavum district.
In the 5th century the situation in Norikum became oppressive due to the invasions of the Goths , Vandals , Alans and Huns . The rural population of Norikum undertook a revolt against the increasing tax burden, which was suppressed in 430 and 431 respectively. The work of St. Severin of Noricum (455-482), who also came to Cucullae ( Kuchl ) and Iuvavum, once again prevented the collapse of Roman rule.
Time of the Great Migration
In 488 the military leader Odoacer , who had deposed the last Roman emperor, ordered the Roman population to withdraw to Italy, but part of the Romanized population nevertheless remained in Norikum. In the first half of the 6th century the Bavarian immigration took place , first in today's Flachgau, the Rupertiwinkel and the Saalfeldner Basin. The Bavarians established peaceful contacts with Salzburg Romania. Early Bavarian place names end with the syllables “-ing”, “-ham” or “-heim” ('like Anthering , Siezenheim ). Salzburg Romania kept its culture for a long time in the area between the old town of Salzburg and over the Lueg Pass in northern Pongau. Romanesque settlement islands in the north of Iuvavum are partly still recognizable today as so-called "Walchen" places (such as Seewalchen , Straßwalchen , Wals ). Towards the end of the 6th century, the Lungau, the Ennspongau , the two Arl valleys, the Gastein and the Rauris valleys were covered by a wave of Slavic settlements. Mountain, field and place names such as Gurpitschek, Granitzl, Göriach , Lessach , Stranach and Weißpriach are of Slavic origin.
Salzburg as part of Bavaria
From St. Rupert to the Archdiocese
In 696 the Franconian missionary Rupert came to Iuvavum via Regensburg , Lauriacum ( Lorch ) and Seekirchen am Wallersee . After his successful work in the Bavarian capital Regensburg ( Castra Regina ), the Bavarian Duke Theodo II sent him to find a suitable city for the establishment of a missionary monastery. Lauriacum an der Enns was on the border with the area of the warlike Avars , which is why Rupert found the town unsuitable for his company. When he moved in the direction of Salzburg, he stayed for a short time in Seekirchen am Wallersee. There he founded a church on Salzburg soil for the first time. The abandoned municipal city of Iuvavum then appeared to Rupert to be the most suitable place for his mission. A Romanoceltic population survived here, presumably living in the area of the Upper Castle (Castrum superius) on the Nonnberg and the Festungsberg, and there was probably also a monastic community here. A collaboration quickly developed between Rupert and the remains of the Salzburg Romanocelts - who had retained their Christianity from the time of Roman antiquity. The Romanoceltic monastery community renewed Rupert and dedicated it to St. Peter. He also had a first church built in the later cathedral district. The fraternization book of St. Peter names six successors of the Salzburg patron Rupert up to 745, five of them with Romanic names. Duke Theodo II furnished the monastery with rich goods in the Salzburggau (today Flachgau , Tennengau , Rupertigau ) and parts of the Berchtesgadner Land, especially with brine springs and salt pans in Reichenhall , which soon gave Iuvavum the new name "Salzburg".
Rupert went to the Pongau in 711 and founded in honor of St. Maximilian the Maximilianszelle in the village of Pongo (today Bischofshofen ). Around 713 Rupert initiated the establishment of a women's monastery on the Salzburg Nonnberg and appointed his niece Erintrudis as the first abbess. Both the Nonnberg monastery and the St. Peter monastery are the oldest still existing monastery communities north of the Alps. Rupert died in 716 or 718, probably in his former hometown of Worms .
In 739 Salzburg - along with Regensburg , Passau , Freising and Säben - was officially elevated to a diocese through the church reform of St. Boniface . Rupert had already fulfilled the essential requirements for an episcopal diocese . 740 the Cella in Bisontia (today Zell am See ) was also founded from Salzburg.
The highly learned Irish missionary Virgil worked in Salzburg between 745 and 784 . St. Boniface met the new head of the church with great skepticism and sued the Pope because Virgil spoke of the spherical shape of the earth and believed in the theory of the antipodes . Nevertheless, Virgil became Bishop of Salzburg in 755. Under his rule, Salzburg became a center of science and culture in Europe (writing school, literature, Tassilokelch , Cutbercht Codex, etc.). In addition, Virgil was from 743 organizer of the mission in Slavic Carantania . Despite some setbacks, the mission churches in Maria Saal and Teurnia (today near Spittal an der Drau ) were founded. Virgil also founded the monasteries Otting ( in Rupertigau ) and Mattsee (in Flachgau). On September 24, 774, Virgil inaugurated the first cathedral of the new diocese in Salzburg. This building was one of the largest of its time, 66 meters long, 33 meters wide, three aisles with an atrium in front of the west facade and a baptistery . During the consecration of the episcopal church, the relics of St. Rupert transferred from Worms to Salzburg. After another ten years of successful activity in the diocese of Salzburg, St. Virgil on November 27, 784.
The archbishopric up to the investiture dispute
Virgil's successor was also an important figure for Salzburg. In 785 Arno (arn = the eagle) became abbot of St. Peter and bishop of Salzburg at the instigation of Charlemagne . With him, the missionary activity of Salzburg expanded beyond Carantania to Lake Balaton in Pannonia (in today's Hungary). After the removal of the last Agilolfinger - the Bavarian Duke Tassilo III. 788 - Charlemagne confirmed all goods lent by Bavaria to the Salzburg Church in 790 in the Notitia Arnonis (the Arnonian list of goods ). On April 20, 798, Pope Leo III. Arno as archbishop, who thus became the spiritual head of Bavaria with the suffragan dioceses of Passau, Regensburg, Freising and Säben . Due to the intensive missionary work and the rich facilities, Salzburg had priority over Regensburg. The Archdiocese of Salzburg with its suffragan bishoprics became the largest archdiocese north of the Alps after the Archdiocese of Mainz . In Lower Pannonia - between the Drava and Danube - the Salzburg missionaries built 30 churches in the following years. The Diocese of Passau evangelized downstream the later Austrian states and Upper Pannonia, while the Patriarchate Aquileia in Friuli Christianized what is now the Slovenian area. In 811 the Drau was established as the border between the Archdiocese of Salzburg and the Patriarchate of Aquileia.
Under the Archbishops Adalram (821–836), Liupram (836–859), Adalwin (859–873) and Theotmar / Dietmar I (873–907), an active Salzburg missionary activity developed in what was then Slavic Lower Pannonia - in today's Vas county and Zala . The Slavic prince Pribina and his son Kocel built a residence in Zalavár (Moosburg) on Lake Balaton with the help of Salzburg craftsmen and artists . The East Franconian King Ludwig the German made a rich donation to the Salzburg Church in 860 to equip the 30 mission churches. The numerous goods in Carinthia, Styria, today's Burgenland , Lower Austria and Hungary remained largely with the Salzburg Metropolitan Association until the early 19th century . The reasons why, at the instigation of Pope Nicholas I, the Byzantine missionaries Kyrill and Method took over the mission in the Slavic principality in Pannonia and so the Salzburg Church lost its sphere of influence even before the arrival of the Magyars are not entirely clear . With the "land grab" by the Magyars, the Salzburg missionary work in the Pannonian region had to be completely given up. In 907 the Archbishop of Salzburg Theotmar / Dietmar I was killed in the Battle of Pressburg - in the battle of the Bavarians against the Magyars ( Hungarian invasions ).
From the 10th century onwards, the Salzburg archbishops were chancellors ("arch chaplain"), first of Bavaria, and later of all of Eastern Franconia. From 1026, during the reign of Archbishop Theotmar / Dietmar II. (1025-1041), the authority of a papal legate was permanently linked to the office of Salzburg archbishops as a special privilege , so that they could make decisions instead of the Pope.
The activities of the Archbishop of Salzburg were increasingly limited to the loss of the mission areas on his own land. From the reign of Archbishop Hartwig (991-1023) began the second cultivation of the country, especially in the mountain regions. Many of the side valleys of the Salzach, Saalach , Enns and Mur were then opened up for agricultural use. In 923 the first church in Pfarr (now Mariapfarr ) was built in Lungau as the mother parish . 996 awarded Emperor Otto III. the city of Salzburg a daily market and the toll and coinage law . In 1002 King Heinrich II handed over an estate with tolls and taverns - later Mauterndorf - to Archbishop Hartwig on condition that it be transferred to the Salzburg Cathedral Chapter after his death . Laufen an der Salzach was first mentioned as a town around 1050 and in the following centuries it developed into a headquarters for salt shipping on the Salzach and Inn .
From the investiture controversy to the establishment of Salzburg
The reign of Archbishop Gebhard (1060-1088) falls during the investiture controversy . Gebhard, former court chaplain and Chancellor of Emperor Heinrich III., Sided with Pope Gregory VII. Founded as archbishop Gebhard 1072 with the Diocese of Gurk in Carinthia, first of the four Salzburg Eigenbistümer , the later should follow (from 1215) Seckau (from 1218) and Lavant (from 1225) Chiemsee. In 1074 the Archbishop founded the Admont Monastery in Styria. He equipped it with large forest areas in the Pongauer Fritztal , which were given as a gift to the Maximilianszelle in "Pongo" (Bischofshofen) in the 8th century. Due to Gebhard's support for the Pope and his opposition to the later German Emperor Heinrich IV , the political situation subsequently became increasingly serious, which is why he began building the three most important castles of the Archdiocese of Salzburg in 1077: the fortresses Hohensalzburg , Hohenwerfen and Petersburg in Friesach , the most important Salzburg city at the time next to the capital. In the same year Gebhard had to leave Salzburg and remain in exile in Swabia and Saxony until 1086 . Gebhard died in Hohenwerfen Castle in 1088. The counter-archbishop Berthold von Moosburg (1085–1106), loyal to the emperor, and Thiemo (1090–1101), loyal to the Pope, were each appointed by the opposing parties in the investiture controversy, which is why they were alternately expellees or rulers.
Archbishop Konrad I. von Abensberg (1106–1147) became the great reorganizer of the archbishopric. He had new castles built in the widely scattered Salzburg possessions ( e.g. Reichenburg on the Save near Brezice / Rann and Ptuj / Pettau on the Drau , illustration on the right) or expanded (such as Hohensalzburg, Hohenwerfen and St. Petersburg) and occupied them with reliable nobles Service men ( ministerials ). In the course of the large-scale Augustinian Canons Reform, 17 monasteries of the archbishopric were reformed or newly founded (e.g. Berchtesgaden , Baumburg , Höglwörth , Bischofshofen , Zell am See , Reichersberg ). In the city of Salzburg, Konrad I expanded the cathedral with a westwork with two mighty towers and relocated the archbishop's residence in the immediate vicinity of the bishop's church. In addition, the first hospitals were founded in the city. With the breakthrough through the Mönchsberg for the Almkanal for the artificial water supply of the city, Konrad achieved a technical masterpiece of the High Middle Ages.
Archbishop Eberhard I enjoyed the highest esteem in Europe and was able to bridge the differences between emperor and pope with great skill. Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa but then imposed in 1166 over the archbishopric of Salzburg under Archbishop Konrad II. Of Babenberg the imperial ban . For Salzburg this was a time of devastation and destruction. The city of Salzburg was on fire. Allegedly it was burned down by the Counts of Plain on behalf of Barbarossa on the night of April 4th to 5th, 1167. On the court day in Salzburghofen ( Freilassing ) 1169, Barbarossa withdrew Archbishop Adalbert III. of Bohemia (1168–1177 and 1183–1200) temporarily ruled the archbishopric. In the period from 1177 to 1183, Konrad III was loyal to the emperor . von Wittelsbach (1177–1183) Archbishop.
Archbishop Konrad began building the magnificent Romanesque cathedral in Salzburg in 1181 after the city fire; his successor Adalbert completed the masterpiece. This cathedral, presumably three-aisled with two side chapels (or five naves) and five towers, was larger than its current early Baroque successor, the Solaris .
With the resumption of salt mining on the Dürrnberg near Hallein in 1190, there was a conflict with the Bavarian dukes over the distribution of rights over all salt pans between Reichenhall , the monastery Berchtesgaden and Dürrnberg. Archbishop Adalbert set Reichenhall on fire and restricted the rights of the Bavarian salt lords. The Archdiocese of Salzburg had owned some brine springs in Reichenhall and Berchtesgaden since the 7th century, but the archbishops were subsequently unable to hold these possessions. With the rediscovery of the Celtic salt mines on the Dürrnberg and the construction of a salt works in Hallein, the archbishopric regained economic dominance over its neighbors in the Central European salt trade .
From becoming a prince-archbishopric
Adalbert's successor, Archbishop Eberhard II of Regensberg (1200–1246) was imperial and a staunch partisan of the Hohenstaufen . He was the last Archbishop of Salzburg who had a decisive influence on the politics of the Holy Roman Empire. At the same time he is considered to be the founder of the state of Salzburg. During his reign he succeeded in building a closed territory from counties , courts and bailiffs within Bavaria. Eberhard II also obtained the establishment of three further dioceses : Diocese Chiemsee (1216), Diocese Seckau (1218) and Diocese Lavant (1226). The diocese Chiemsee was originally supposed to be built on the Herreninsel in the Chiemsee . However, since the monks of the monastery located there reported concerns about the establishment of the diocese with the Pope, the Bishop of Chiemsee was equipped with the then structurally expanded and enlarged Augustinian canon monastery in (bishop's) courtyards (the former Maximilian cell of "Pongo"). The bishops of Chiemsee soon took over the role of auxiliary bishop of the Salzburg archbishops and were thus their deputies. They resided alternately in the city of Salzburg and in their bishopric in (bishop) courts, but not on the island of Herrenchiemsee, which is under Bavarian sovereignty . In 1304 they should find another residence appropriate to their status in the newly built Chiemseehof in the Kaiviertel of the state capital.
In 1213, as part of the state expansion by Archbishop Eberhard II, the entire Lungau came into the possession of church institutions of the State of Salzburg, especially the cathedral chapter. Whenever he had the opportunity, Eberhard II withdrew the bailiwick rights of monasteries or other vassals and transferred them to the Salzburg Church. In 1228 many areas of the Pinzgau that were still missing came to the Archdiocese of Salzburg in this way. Eberhard II was excommunicated by the Pope in 1226 because of his loyalty to the Emperor, despite his extraordinary achievements and the highest reputation in Europe. Under his successors, the territory of Salzburg was expanded through land acquisitions in the Chiemgau (1254), but these could not be integrated into the closed territory. In contrast, the purchase of the Gastein Valley in 1297 was an important step towards a closed state of Salzburg.
During the times of crisis in the Duchy of Austria (the Babenbergs died out and Ottokar II Přemysl came to power ), Pope Urban IV placed the Salzburg Archdiocese under the protection of the King of Bohemia in 1263. Friedrich II. Von Walchen (1270–1284), the first Salzburg man to be appointed archbishop, was a loyal supporter of Rudolf von Habsburg and participated in the struggle of Rudolf against Ottokar by sending troops. In 1278, Rudolf von Habsburg, as a thank you for helping the archbishop, confirmed the blood jurisdiction for the entire archbishopric, which, in addition to the territorial expansion under Eberhard II. The country received the funds necessary for the establishment of the country mainly from the salt mining on the Dürrnberg . Relations between Salzburg and the Habsburgs deteriorated after Rudolf's death, and in 1292 Salzburg supported the unsuccessful uprising of the Styrian nobility in the Landsberger Bund against Duke Albrecht I.
Archbishop Wladislaw von Schlesien transferred the right to transport goods on the Salzach and Inn to 27 aristocratic ship owners (ship owner privilege) until the archbishops bought this right back around 1400. The Laufener population at that time was often active in the Salzach as traveling servants of ship masters.
Radstadt was founded according to plan in 1286 and the original "old market" ( Rastatt , today Altenmarkt im Pongau ), which had already existed as the Ani post office in Roman times , lost its name and its position as the main town in Ennspongau. Radstadt was elevated to the status of a city as early as 1289.
In the atonement letter from the city of Salzburg, which soon became valid for all Salzburg cities between Mühldorf am Inn and Pettau an der Drau, Archbishop Rudolf von Hoheneck settled the dispute between the old-established patricians of the city and the newly immigrated citizens. The atonement is the first written city law of Salzburg.
With the recognition of the borders of the state of Salzburg in the Rupertiwinkel area by Duke Heinrich XIII. Landshut marked the beginning of the last phase of the replacement of the Archdiocese of Salzburg from Bavaria: In 1275, Salzburg's western border with Chiemgau was confirmed by the Duke of Landshut. During the reign of Friedrich III. von Leibnitz , Salzburg took part in the battle of Mühldorf am Inn on the side of the Habsburgs against the motherland of Bavaria in 1322 . The victory believed to be certain did not materialize. For Salzburg this meant great human and financial losses. The important trading center Tittmoning was temporarily lost to Bavaria until the town, elevated to a town in 1234, could be bought again. At the urging of the Salzburg nobility, the archbishop issued the first Salzburg state order in 1328, which replaced the Bavarian state peace law that had been in effect until then. With this step, the Archdiocese finally separated from the motherland of Bavaria. Salzburg became a largely independent state within the Holy Roman Empire.
Salzburg as a spiritual principality in the Roman-German Empire
The prince-archbishopric to the Igelbund
From the second third of the 14th century the mining industry of the Prince Archdiocese of Salzburg was greatly expanded. The breakdown of arsenic in the Lungau ( Ramingstein , Rotgülden bei Muhr ) was used for medical care at the time, but also for the production of stimulants. In the Gastein and Rauris valleys, underground mining for silver and gold, which had previously been extracted using the washing process, gradually began . Hofgastein in particular became the residence of many important trade families in the state of Salzburg. These additional sources of income led to an economic boom in the archdiocese. In 1342, Archbishop Heinrich von Pirnbrunn (1338–1343) issued the first mining regulations for the Gastein Valley, which also mentioned the province of Salzburg for the first time . A locust plague in 1340 and the great plague epidemic between 1348 and 1350 led to a large decimation of the population due to hunger and disease. In the city of Mühldorf am Inn alone , 1,400 people died within two years.
Under Archbishop Pilgrim II of Puchheim , the Archdiocese of Salzburg reached its greatest territorial expansion: in addition to today's Flachgau , Rupertigau (with Laufen, Lebenau , Tittmoning, Tettelham, Halmberg, Raschenberg and Stauffenegg), Tennengau , Pongau , Pinzgau and Lungau , that was enough Salzburg territory over the Felber Tauern to Matrei in East Tyrol and to possessions in the Virgental . The Virgental was important for mastering the important Alpine pass. The areas around the courts of Zell am Ziller and Kropfsberg in the Zillertal and Inntal - where the border between Norikum and Raetia was already in Roman times - belonged to the Archdiocese of Salzburg since the 8th century. West of Kitzbühel , the Itter nursing court was part of the Salzburg church. The isolated "Bavarian" possessions of Salzburg in Chiemgau, Isengau and on the Inn (such as Mühldorf am Inn or Gars ) could not be united with the main territory of Salzburg .
On the Danube in the Wachau , the towns of Arnsdorf , Wölbling and Traismauer supplied Salzburg with excellent wine. The estates in today's Styria ( Haus im Ennstal , Gröbming , Baierdorf, Neumarkt , Deutschlandsberg , Straßgang , Leibnitz and Arnfels ) and in Carinthia ( Friesach , Althofen , Hüttenberg , Taggenbrunn , Reisberg, Lichtenberg, Maria Saal , St. Andrä , Stein, Löschental and Lavamünd ) were formed from the remaining donations from the 9th century in the course of the missionary work of Salzburg in Carantania and Pannonia. The Stall, Sachsenburg and Lengberg estates in the Upper Carinthian Drau and Mölltal and the territory around the city of Gmünd up to the top of the Katschberg pass , via which Rauchenkatsch was connected to the Lungau, were attempts by the Archdiocese of Salzburg to secure the passes to the south. Farthest away from the metropolis of Salzburg were the possessions in Lower Styria , Pettau an der Drau and Rann an der Save , which have been important since ancient times, with the surrounding castles Lichtenwald (today Sevnica ), Reichenburg (today Brestanica ) and Pischätz . Some of these foreign possessions of the Archdiocese of Salzburg were lost to the Habsburgs in the course of the late Middle Ages .
In 1368, during the reign of Archbishop Pilgrim II of Puchheim, many parts of the Salzburg city charter , which arose at different times, were recorded in writing. This Salzburg city charter also applied to all Salzburg cities, of which, however, apart from Hallein and Radstadt, today in Slovenia (Ptuj / Pettau), in Bavaria (Laufen, Tittmoning, Mühldorf am Inn) or other Austrian federal states (Gmünd in Carinthia, Friesach ) lie. For the closed territory of Salzburg, most of the central locations were satisfied with land law and market law . From 1400 onwards, the Salzburg archbishops' claims to power increased. The sovereigns bought the shipping rights in Laufen again, there were initial disputes between the ruling archbishops and the nobility as well as the citizens of the Salzburg cities, who allied themselves in the " Igelbund ", but whose demands were not recognized by the Salzburg princes.
From the hedgehog association to the peasant war
In 1462, the oppressive taxes levied by Archbishop Burkhard von Weißpriach (1461–1466) caused the first peasant riots in the Salzburger Gebirgsgau . The settlement between Archbishop Burkhard and the farmers was mediated by Duke Ludwig of Bavaria , who raised the leader of the uprisings, Ulrich Dienstl, to the position of carer in Goldegg . In the following year (1463) Dienstl suppressed the surveys himself in his new role. But tensions remained. The fortresses of the archbishops, especially the Hohensalzburg fortress, were considerably expanded. Archbishop Bernhard von Rohr (1466–1482) allied himself - like many Austrian cities and counties - with the Hungarian King Matthias Corvinus against Emperor Friedrich III. Corvinus resided in Vienna until 1490 , while Emperor Friedrich had moved his residence to Linz . Many Salzburg locations north of the Lueg Pass were occupied by imperial troops. The citizens of Salzburg took the side of Frederick, who in the Salzburg Council Letter (1481) granted them special rights that the archbishops had repeatedly denied. Corvinus penetrated through Styria to Carinthia, but also into the Lungau. There were armed conflicts with the Ottomans , which Corvinus was able to defeat in 1478.
In green the Bavarian imperial circle , to which Salzburg belonged
After Corvinus' death in 1490, the Hungarians evacuated the inner Austrian crown lands and the Lungau. In 1490 the towns of Pettau and Rann in Lower Styria went to the Habsburgs and were finally lost to Salzburg. The vice domains Friesach in Carinthia and Leibnitz in Styria, however, could be bought back by Archbishop Friedrich V von Schaunberg (1489-1494). In 1493, the German King Maximilian I succeeded Emperor Friedrich III. If Maximilian I was called the “Last Knight ”, this name also applied to Archbishop Leonhard von Keutschach (1495–1519). The archbishop rearranged the disrupted state finances, tightened the administration and led the country to an economic boom. But he was also responsible for the revocation of the citizenship privileges granted in 1481, whereby he took the Salzburg councilors prisoner. He was also responsible for the expulsion of the last Jews from Salzburg. He moved his residence to the Hohensalzburg Fortress, where he owes the furnishing of the magnificent prince's rooms. For a short time - between 1506 and 1565 - the Mondseeland expanded the Salzburg territory.
With the division of initially six, later ten imperial circles , into which Emperor Maximilian I divided most of the territories of the Holy Roman Empire from 1500 , Salzburg fell under the Bavarian Empire, according to its history . The circle existed until 1806, the year of the end of the empire.
From the peasant war to the first Protestant expulsions
Leonhard von Keutschach rebuilt the road over the Radstädter Tauern Pass, which was last expanded in Roman antiquity and gradually deteriorated into a mule track for transporting pack animals, for wagon traffic during the Middle Ages . This investment reopened the Archbishopric of Salzburg to intensive traffic on a north-south connection through the Eastern Alps . Under Archbishop Matthäus Lang von Wellenburg (1519–1540), who ruled the Archdiocese of Salzburg for the first time with absolute power, the conflicts with the peasants "inner mountains" and the citizens of Salzburg's cities were joined by the appearance of the Anabaptists and the teachings of Martin Luther . 43 Anabaptists were under the reign of Lang in the Archdiocese of Salzburg executed , but always appeared new preacher in the country. The archbishop curtailed the rights of the citizens more and more drastically and issued extensive city and police regulations.
The execution of two Pongau peasant sons, who were accused of turning away from the Catholic faith, triggered the Great Salzburg Peasants' War in 1525 , which was initially organized by the trades in Gastein and Rauris . The population of the city of Salzburg also allied themselves with the rebels ( trades and farmers ). Archbishop Matthäus Lang von Wellenburg and his entourage had to flee to the Hohensalzburg Fortress. The castle was besieged by the rebels for 14 weeks. The archbishop was ready to abdicate as a secular prince, but in the end he was able to buy the help of the Swabian League . On August 31, 1525 an armistice was brokered between the conflicting parties and - as part of the agreement with the Swabian Federation, Duke Ernst of Bavaria was elected coadjutor of the archbishopric. Meanwhile, companions of the Tyrolean farmer's leader Michael Gaismair mobilized the Pinzgau farmers to support the Habsburg-Austrian troops, who - coming via Styria and with the consent of the Archbishop - had to cross the Salzburger Gebirgsgaue in order to be able to intervene in Tyrol. During the siege of Radstadt, the rebels showed initial success in May and June 1526, but after a defeat near Zell am See , Gaismair had to lead his troops to Veneto . The decisive battle at Radstadt on July 2nd was lost for the Salzburg farmers. Many of them were convicted and executed in a criminal court. Archbishop Lang compensated for the financial losses with strict austerity measures.
At that time, mining in the state of Salzburg became more and more important economically. Already before 1400 the mining of gold and silver had started in the Rauris valley (Kolm-Saigurn) and in the Gastein valley . In the Lungau (municipality of Muhr , Schellgaden and Rotgülden) already before 1300. A rich gold discovery was made in 1630 in what was then the Zillertal in Salzburg . Between 1500 and 1700, copper mining in Hüttschlag was also economically important for the State of Salzburg.
Due to the increasing production of gold and silver, a road was built into the Gastein Valley in 1534. At that time, gold mining was the second main source of income in the country alongside salt. In 1557, for example, 830 kilograms of gold were extracted in the province of Salzburg, more than 10% of the world gold production at that time came from the Rauris Valley. During this time, however, the richest Gastein trades, Christoph Weitmoser , the great organizer of the infrastructure for the promotion of the precious metal, died. Weitmoser had the rafting facilities built on the Salzach (for example in Lend ), which supplied the very large quantities of wood for smelting the gold for the blast furnaces. Due to the exhaustion of the easily accessible ore veins , the ruthless exploitation after the death of Christoph Weitmoser and the growing wage costs for the miners (Hofgastein was the second largest settlement in the Archdiocese of Salzburg at the time), gold mining quickly began to decline. In 1567 371 kg were extracted, in 1597 127 kg and in 1615 only 25 kg of gold.
The arduous access to the Grossarl Valley and to the copper mining sites, which are gaining in importance there, was alleviated by the construction of a driveway over the Liechtenstein Gorge, where a path was blasted into the rocks for the first time.
During this time, the doctor and natural scientist Theophrastus Paracelsus , who was staying in the archbishopric, prepared an initial report on the thermal springs in Gastein. After Archbishop Lang's death in 1540, the cathedral chapter elected Ernst, Duke of Bavaria, as the new prince and administrator of Salzburg . Since this capable prince did not accept the higher spiritual ordinations by the Pope in order not to lose the right of succession as a Bavarian duke, he was deposed in 1554.
In 1564 and 1565, Hans Stainer and Wilhelm Egger, two peasant leaders from Bischofshofen , attempted another peasant uprising in Pongau. Only a few peasants joined, however, and the two leaders were quickly arrested and executed. Their descendants or heirs on their farms had to perform the “blood ram service” until 1811, a service of atonement in which every year two rams, covered with a red cloth as a symbol for the archbishop's coat, were sent to the court of the Salzburg prince in addition to the usual tithe had to be brought. In 1571 Archbishop Johann Jakob von Kuen-Belasy moved his residence to Mühldorf until 1582 when the plague raged in Salzburg.
The heyday of the archbishopric and the expulsion of the Protestants
Under the reign of Prince Archbishop Wolf Dietrich von Raitenau (1587–1612) there were major political and cultural upheavals in the Archdiocese of Salzburg. In 1588, most of the city's Protestant-minded citizens were expelled and more extensive counter-Reformation measures were planned against supporters of Luther's teaching in the rural areas of the archbishopric . For this purpose, the archbishop brought the Capuchins into the country in 1594 . On today's Kapuzinerberg (formerly: "Imberg") a regular monastery was built for the Order of Brothers. Capuchin monasteries were founded in Werfen , Radstadt and Tamsweg to control the religious attitudes of the population in the mountain regions. The Protestant efforts of the miners on the Dürrnberg were met there with the construction of the early baroque pilgrimage church.
Wolf Dietrich von Raitenau ruled as prince of the archbishopric with absolute power. He disempowered the estates, introduced a strict civil service and centralized the administration of the country by amalgamating the land registry offices and nursing courts . His structural measures were an expression of his sole rule: Wolf Dietrich had 100 town houses demolished for the new building of the residence in order to let the Salzburg Cathedral and the old and new residence shine in the light of open spaces. In 1597 and 1598 the old Chiemseehof and the large Romanesque cathedral caught fire, which further improved the possibilities for architectural redesign of Salzburg. In the course of the construction of the Residenzplatz, the cathedral cemetery in the old town was abandoned in 1603. Wolf Dietrich had his mausoleum , the Gabriel Chapel, built in the newly designed Sebastian cemetery on the right bank of the Salzach . Between 1605 and 1607 the New Residence (where the new Salzburg Museum was opened in 2007 ) and today's Mirabell Palace were built for Wolf Dietrich's secret wife Salome Alt and her children. In order to separate Salzburg politically from its neighbors, the cathedral chapter decided in 1606 ("Eternal Statute", which could also be observed) never to elect a Bavarian prince or an Austrian archduke as archbishop of Salzburg. From 1610 the bishops of Chiemsee - as auxiliary bishops and deputies of the Salzburg archbishop - regularly resided in the metropolis in the newly built Chiemseehof. In 1611 Wolf Dietrich came into conflict with the Duchy of Bavaria because of the salt trade and had the prince provost of Berchtesgaden occupied. When the Bavarians invaded the city of Salzburg, the archbishop fled with his family over the Radstädter Tauern, but was captured and imprisoned in the Nonnberg monastery . Wolf Dietrich resigned himself and spent the rest of his life in solitary confinement at the Hohensalzburg Fortress .
His successor Markus Sittikus von Hohenems (1612–1619) was elected by the cathedral chapter during the Bavarian occupation. In 1614 the foundation stone of today's Salzburg Cathedral was laid according to plans by Santino Solari . Wolf Dietrich's plans to design the cathedral according to Vincenzo Scamozzi were dropped. Solari was also the builder of the lavish Hellbrunn Palace including its palace garden with the water features , the monthly palace , the stone theater and the sacred garden around the Anifer Alterbach and the surrounding landscape garden with the central Hellbrunner Allee . In 1616 the first performances of operas outside of Italy took place there and in the residence .
Between 1619 and 1653, Archbishop Paris Count Lodron , one of the most important regional princes, ruled the Archdiocese of Salzburg. Through his political skill and military precautions, he managed to keep the Archdiocese of Salzburg out of the turmoil of the Thirty Years' War .
He founded the University of Salzburg (which also bears his name) and completed the early Baroque Solari Cathedral , the first of its kind north of the Alps. While the city of Salzburg was previously only protected by a long outdated and weak simple city wall and the two city mountains, the river and the moors, Paris Lodron from Salzburg now had a fortress city built. In the unprotected north-east of the Neustadt on the right bank of the Salzach, i.e. in the arch from Mirabell Palace to Linzergasse, five mighty bastions including extensive fore works (" horn works ") were built - also by Santino Solari - and the Mönchsberg as well as the Kapuzinerberg and its Franziskischlössl and one the mountain Wall surrounding almost all sides and fortified with other bastions. In the Peace of Westphalia of 1648, at the end of the Thirty Years War, the Prince Archbishopric of Salzburg was recognized as a sovereign principality within the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation.
The reign of Archbishop Guidobald von Thun (1654–1668) is connected with the construction of the two towers on the cathedral and the Residenzbrunnen on the largest square in the old town .
During the reign of Archbishop Cardinal Max Gandolph Graf Kuenberg (1668–1687), the Archdiocese of Salzburg - still shaped by the spirit of the Counter-Reformation - experienced the climax of the cruel sorcerer and witch trials with 133 executions. In addition, the sovereign ordered the expulsion of Protestant farmers from the Defereggental near Matrei in East Tyrol , which at that time belonged to the Archdiocese of Salzburg, as well as the expulsion of Protestant miners on the Dürrnberg. From 1687 to 1709 Archbishop Johann Ernst Graf von Thun took over the reign of the archbishopric. At that time, iron ore mining near Tenneck and in Flachau im Pongau reached its peak. The first early industrial manufacturers could not survive in the country despite subsidy measures apart from the brass production in Oberalm and in the Ebenau . In addition to agriculture and forestry, mining - above all salt mining on the Dürrnberg - remained the most important economic activity in the state. During the reign of Johann Ernst von Thun, Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach became the court architect of the archbishop, who redesigned the Mirabell Gardens (1690), but above all the Kollegienkirche (1694–1707), the St. Johannsspital (1695–1704), the castle Kleßheim (1694–1709) and the Ursuline Church (completed in 1707). At the time of Archbishop Franz Anton Prince Harrach (1709–1727) the city of Salzburg had around 14,300 inhabitants. The last time the plague occurred in the province of Salzburg was between 1713 and 1715 in northern Flachgau.
Prince Archbishop Leopold Anton von Firmian ruled the Archdiocese of Salzburg from 1727 to 1740. During his reign in 1731–1732 in the course of the Counter Reformation, 22,000 Salzburg residents - mostly from Pongau and Pinzgau - were expelled from the country. Two thirds of all farms in the two mountain regions remained orphaned, which meant the greatest loss of population that Salzburg had ever experienced and was in contradiction to the Peace of Westphalia of 1648. Many exiles found admission in some free imperial cities and in the Netherlands . 15,000 Salzburg residents were accepted by King Friedrich Wilhelm of Prussia , who settled them in East Prussia , others emigrated to North America and participated in the establishment of the Georgia colony .
The prince-archbishopric after the Protestant emigration
In 1732 the two horse ponds in the old town were brought into their present form. Archbishop Firmian also had Kleßheim Palace completed and Leopoldskron Palace built in the south of the city . In 1743, Archbishop Leopold Mozart , who had come to Salzburg as a student from Augsburg in 1737 , hired him in the prince-archbishop's court orchestra. The water-powered mechanical theater in the water features in Hellbrunn went into operation in 1748/50. At the same time, the city of Salzburg received its first city lighting ( two pitch pans and five lanterns ).
On January 27, 1756, the most famous Salzburg citizen saw the light of day: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart . However, he only spent a third of his short life in the city of Salzburg, especially his early childhood and youth. He lived in Vienna for ten years , and the rest of the time he traveled mainly in Italy, Germany, Paris , London , the Netherlands and Prague .
Archbishop Sigismund III. Count Schrattenbach 1753–1771 was a sponsor of WA Mozart, who advocated his father's travels with his “child prodigy” - sometimes with the entire family. In Salzburg he felt increasingly cramped after these many trips and was unable to realize his musical ideas, especially regarding the opera in the small royal seat of Salzburg with its increasingly extremely economical administration. During his reign, the so-called Sigmundstor was knocked down through the Mönchsberg for 20,000 guilders , one of the rare tunnels of this time in Europe. Between 1770 and 1772, people in half of Europe - including the Archdiocese of Salzburg - suffered from famine due to bad harvests due to the weather.
The last Archbishop of Salzburg to rule between 1772 and 1803 was Hieronymus Graf von Colloredo . Colloredo, a leading representative of the Enlightenment in southern Germany, carried out extensive reforms in the church system, in the cultural and social areas and in the school system. The primary goal for Colloredo was also the elimination of the high debt burden of the archdiocese. The progressive spirit attracted scientists, writers and musicians from the German-speaking area to Salzburg. In the spirit of Josephinism , Colloredo opened a teachers' seminar and the first general schools for the citizens of Salzburg.
At that time the city of Salzburg had about 16,000 inhabitants. Mozart left the archbishopric in 1781 due to various conflicts with his sovereign and then earned his living as a freelance artist in Vienna. Again and again there were severe storms that led to floods (1775 in Bischofshofen with 16 deaths) and mudslides . Between 1794 and 1800, between Lend and Taxenbach, due to mudslides and between Niedernsill and Mittersill lakes, which only emptied after years. Colloredo also initiated a revival of gold mining in the Gastein and Rauris valleys.
The time of Napoleon
The Electorate of Salzburg
The spirit of the French Revolution and the reshaping of Europe by Napoléon Bonaparte had a particular impact on the Archbishopric of Salzburg . On December 15, 1800, the French army entered Salzburg and took control of the archbishopric in the battle of the Walserfeld in Wals-Siezenheim outside the gates of the city of Salzburg. Between 1803 and 1816, the state of Salzburg experienced its most drastic political upheavals, which brought the country into a severe crisis, up to and after the main conclusion of the Reichsdeputation . Archbishop Hieronymus Graf von Colloredo fled to Vienna from the approaching French troops as early as 1800. Although he remained Archbishop of Salzburg until his death in 1812, he never returned to his archbishopric. On February 11, 1803 he ceded the rule as Prince Regent. The state of Salzburg, together with the provost of Berchtesgaden , the benefices of the bishopric of Passau and the rule of the diocese of Eichstätt as the electorate of Salzburg, in exchange with the grand duchy of Tuscany, the compensation for Grand Duke / Elector Ferdinand III . He took possession of this newly created political structure on April 29, 1803, left the functioning administration of the lands and through very sensitive reforms created a secularized , secular principality within the Holy Roman Empire. The town of Mühldorf am Inn fell to Bavaria in 1803 as a property that was not connected to the territory.
Salzburg between Austria and Bavaria
In the course of the occupation of the Habsburg Empire during the Napoleonic coalition wars , Elector Ferdinand left the country. Marshal Bernadotte and Marshal Ney dissolved the Electorate of Salzburg with a crew of 60,000 men. Through the resolutions of the Peace of Pressburg in 1805, the country came to Austria as the Duchy of Salzburg together with Berchtesgaden . Passau and Eichstätt were awarded to Bavaria. At that time, Salzburg lost its state independence and suffered severe economic damage due to the high contribution payments for the French Empire. In 1806 the Chiemsee diocese was dissolved and gold mining was nationalized.
After Napoleon's victory over Austria in the Battle of Wagram in 1809, Salzburg was separated from Austria. Again the former prince archbishopric came under French administration for two years. Like Andreas Hofer in Tyrol , people in the Salzburger Gebirgsgau also resisted Napoléon. In September 1809, Joseph Struber , landlord in Stegenwald, organized the fighting against the Bavarian-French troops at the Lueg Pass and thus prevented the occupiers from occupying the Pongau. Even Peter Sieberer from Pfarrwerfen , Anton Wallner from Matrei, Kaspar Steger from Altenmarkt im Pongau and Jacob Strucker from Lofer fought at strategic points in Pinzgau and Pongau. A plan to separate the parts of the country in the mountains from Salzburggau and the metropolis and thus divide the state of Salzburg between Austria and Bavaria was not implemented.
On September 12, 1810, the French administration was dissolved and the state of Salzburg became part of Bavaria. Salzburg was the largest part of the then Salzachkreis , which also included Kitzbühel , Traunstein and Ried im Innkreis . Mühldorf am Inn remained in the Isarkkreis and Matrei in East Tyrol came in 1811 - after belonging to Salzburg for centuries - to the northernmost Illyrian province , the prefecture of Villach . The council and the university were dissolved. Many formerly state-owned properties in town and country passed into private hands. The Bavarian Crown Prince Ludwig resided permanently in Mirabell Palace. As part of Bavaria and thus of the Rhine Confederation , the fortress buildings of the city of Salzburg were now primarily directed against Austria. Ludwig's second son Otto , who later became King of Greece, was born in Salzburg in 1815.
Through the resolutions of the Congress of Vienna in 1814/1815, which sealed the end of the Napoleonic era and in which Metternich was referred to as the “coachman of Europe” who steered the development, the State of Salzburg finally came to 1835 with the Treaty of Munich on May 1, 1816 from Franz I ruled the Austrian Empire. The Habsburg Monarchy had repeatedly tried to strengthen the territorial connection between its possessions Austria ob der Enns (today Upper Austria) in the north and the duchies of Styria and Carinthia in the south. Bavaria could not politically enforce its wishes for the integration of Salzburg in Bavaria. Only the former prince-archbishop's possessions to the left of the Salzach - Waging am See , Tittmoning, Laufen , Staufeneck and Teisendorf -, i.e. the Rupertiwinkel and the prince-provost of Berchtesgaden with Reichenhall , were granted to Bavaria. On March 18, 1829, the Saline Convention was agreed in which the Austrian Emperor granted the neighboring state, in addition to a few other rights, the rights to the Saalforsten in Salzburg's Pinzgau region.
Salzburg in the Austrian Empire
The Upper Austrian Salzburg District
1816 / 1818–1822, Count Leopold Maximilian von Firmian , then Prince Archbishop of Vienna , was the ecclesiastical administrator of the country; secular rule was exercised by the imperial government, which was dominated by Metternich . For the time being, Salzburg did not become an independent part of the empire, but as the Salzburg district the fifth district of the Archduchy of Austria ob der Enns with its administrative seat in Linz . After the loss of the state's position of power for centuries in southern Germany, this led to a crisis that resulted in massive economic losses and a drastic population decline in the entire Salzach district. In addition, there was a devastating fire in the right bank of the city of Salzburg in 1818, which destroyed 93 buildings. Over 1000 people lost their belongings . The Christmas carol " Silent Night, Holy Night " by Joseph Mohr and Franz Xaver Gruber , which was heard for the first time in the St. Nikolaus Church in Oberndorf in 1818, corresponds to the elegiac mood in the country at the time.
With Archbishop Augustin Gruber (1823–1835) Salzburg got an archbishop again as clerical pastor. ( Archbishop Rohracher did not give up the title of Prince Archbishop until 1951.) The spirit of romanticism made Salzburg a popular travel destination of its time in its deep sleep. In 1826 the first ascent of the Hochkönig took place . A year later, the copper deposits on Mitterberg near Mühlbach am Hochkönig were rediscovered in a very fabulous way . The painter Johann Michael Sattler (1786–1847) went on a journey from 1829 with a special panorama picture of the city of Salzburg and its surrounding area and in this way supported the romantic glorification of the city of Salzburg. In the course of the rise in tourism, a thermal water pipe from Badgastein to Bad Hofgastein was built in the Gastein Valley . In 1833 the government ordered all antiquities to be handed over to the museum to be founded in Linz. In response to this, the forerunner of today's Salzburg Museum , from 1850 onwards the Salzburg Museum Carolino Augusteum, was founded.
Archbishop Friedrich Johannes Jacob Cölestin von Schwarzenberg (1836–1850), a passionate mountaineer and nature lover, contributed a lot to the development of the Salzburg mountains. On September 3, 1841, the highest mountain in the country - the Großvenediger (3674 m) - was climbed for the first time in the form of an expedition (in 1828 Archduke Johann and 16 men failed shortly before the summit). Ignaz von Kürsinger as organizer, Josef Lasser and Anton von Ruthner took part in the first ascent , a total of 40 men, 26 of whom reached the summit. The successful expedition was understood as an "appeal to the ruling house" to "give the subordinate state of Salzburg more independence."
Historical interests also became part of the citizens' thirst for education, which celebrated the discovery of the Roman mosaic floors in Loig near Salzburg (municipality of Wals-Siezenheim) and the bronze helmet on Pass Lueg from the Hallstatt period. In 1842, after the death of Constanze Nissen , the widow of W. A. Mozart, who had taken care of her first husband's estate all her life, the Mozart monument by Ludwig von Schwanthaler was unveiled in the city of Salzburg .
The crown land of Salzburg
In 1848, in the course of the revolution in Austria , Salzburg again established its own regional administration, but the country was still ruled by the district chiefs. Hardly anything was felt in Salzburg from the unrest of the year of the revolution. The widow of Emperor Franz I - Caroline Augusta - withdrew to the quiet, almost forgotten state of Salzburg after the political upheavals, and resided in the city from 1848 to 1872, to which she became a great benefactress.
In 1849 the telegraph line Vienna – Salzburg – Munich went into operation. It was one of the first in the Austrian-Bavarian region. Although the restored Duchy of Salzburg was finally elevated to crown land of the Austrian Empire in 1850 , the administration of the country remained partially in Linz for the time being. At that time there were 146,000 inhabitants in the state of Salzburg, 17,000 of them in the city of Salzburg. Cardinal Maximilian Josef von Tarnóczy was Archbishop of Salzburg from 1850–1876 and resided in Mirabell Palace until 1865 .
With the Imperial Constitution of 1861 , now known as the February Patent, all Crown Lands received their own provincial parliaments , including Salzburg. The so-called state committee acted as the executive committee of the state parliament for autonomous state affairs . The chairman of the state parliament and state committee, appointed by the emperor from among the members , bore the title of state governor. As the representative of the emperor and the central government in Vienna, he was opposed to the kk provincial chief , who in Salzburg did not bear the title of governor, but of provincial president and whose authority was not referred to as a governor, as in other crown lands, but as the provincial government.
From the so-called December Constitution of 1867 onwards, the Austrian half of the now dual monarchy Austria-Hungary became definitely a constitutional state, in which elected representatives were gradually established. From 1907 all adult male citizens were entitled to vote in the House of Representatives of the Reichsrat , the entire Austrian parliament. Of the 516 MPs to be elected, seven were to be elected in the Duchy of Salzburg. This took place in 1907 and 1911. The respective Salzburg Prince Archbishop had been a member of the manor of the Reichsrat since 1861 by virtue of his office .
Up until the First World War , which began in 1914, the country experienced a steady economic upswing. A project that was particularly important for Austria as a whole was the state-built Tauernbahn , a new crossing of the main Alpine ridge from the Salzach Valley to the Drautal, which connects southern Germany and Salzburg with the main port of the monarchy. Trieste , should simplify greatly. Construction began in 1901, and traffic to Badgastein began in 1905 . In 1909, Emperor Franz Joseph I opened the line that now ran through the Tauern tunnel to Spittal an der Drau in Carinthia , where the Tauern Railway was connected to the railway network of the southern Kronland.
Salzburg as an Austrian state and as "Reichsgau"
The state after the First World War
The federal state of Salzburg emerged from the crown land of Salzburg in 1918 as part of the Republic of Austria. Tourism, which was already important before, received a further boost after the end of the First World War with the Salzburg Festival . The economic development programs of Governor Franz Rehrl , Governor of Salzburg from 1922 to 1938, helped the economy affected by crises. However, tourism was hit hard after 1934 by the blockade policy of the German Reich ( thousand-mark barrier ).
The "Reichsgau" in the National Socialist era
On March 12, 1938, German troops marched into Salzburg as part of the "Anschluss" of Austria. The National Socialists met with broad approval in Salzburg. On April 30, 1938, a book burning took place in Salzburg . It was staged by the SS man, teacher and writer Karl Springenschmid and was the only one on Austrian territory. With the law on the establishment of the administration in the Ostmark in 1939, the Reichsgau Salzburg was founded, which existed until 1945. In the cultural field, Joseph Goebbels took over the reorientation of the Salzburg Festival under “folkish principles”, the successful production of Jedermann at Salzburg Domplatz was discontinued because the author Hugo von Hofmannsthal and director Max Reinhardt had Jewish ancestors. The festival hall was equipped with a driver's box, the Faistauer foyer was destroyed. The Salzburg City Theater was renamed the State Theater, and from 1940 the scope of the festival was dramatically restricted due to the war.
The federal state of Salzburg provided numerous perpetrators as well as victims of National Socialism . The perpetrators included the conductor Herbert von Karajan , the art thief Kajetan Mühlmann , the politician Leopold Schaschko , the mountaineer Rudolf Schwarzgruber , the poet Karl Heinrich Waggerl , the Gauleiter Anton Wintersteiger , the psychiatrist Heinrich Wolfer and the physicist Mario Zippermayr .
On the victim side there were numerous Jews, resistance fighters, deserters, homosexuals and disabled people who were murdered in the Hartheim killing center as part of the T4 campaign , but also Jehovah's Witnesses , such as the brothers Johann and Matthias Nobis , who were sentenced to death for refusing to do military service and in Berlin were executed. The most prominent victim was Franz Rehrl , the Salzburg governor from 1922 to 1938, who returned to Salzburg from imprisonment in 1945 and died in 1947. Resistance fighter Agnes Primocic from Hallein was one of the most important survivors . The Stolpersteine in the state of Salzburg , relocated by the Cologne artist Gunter Demnig in Hallein , Salzburg and St. Johann im Pongau, commemorate the Salzburg victims of National Socialism .
During the Second World War , both the city of Salzburg and the industrial plants in Hallein were heavily bombed . In May 1945, Salzburg was liberated by American troops .
The state after the Second World War
On 23/24 On September 9th and October 9th, 1945 country conferences took place in Salzburg, in which the western federal states declared their accession to the Republic of Austria under the provisional government of Karl Renner . The federal state of Salzburg became part of the Republic of Austria again. In 1955, the State Treaty marked the end of the occupation . The continued success of tourism and the Salzburg Festival brought Salzburg and the Salzburger Land a secure prosperity after the end of the war. The elevation of the Mozarteum to a university and the re-establishment of the University of Salzburg in 1962 intensified intellectual and artistic life in the city of Salzburg. The Salzburg region also benefited from the emergence of universities of applied sciences since the 1990s. When Austria joined the EU on January 1, 1995, the state of Salzburg became part of the European Union , one of the consequences was the dismantling of border controls with Bavaria. On 1 January 1997, the old town of Salzburg was in the World Heritage list of UNESCO included.
literature
- Gerhard Ammerer and Alfred Stefan Weiss (eds.): The secularization of Salzburg in 1803. Requirements - events - consequences . Lang Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2005, ISBN 3-631-51918-4 .
- Josef Brettenthaler: Salzburg's synchronicity. World events, Germany, Europe, Austria, Salzburg city and country . Verlag Winter, Salzburg 2002, ISBN 3-85380-055-6 .
- Heinz Dopsch u. Hans Spatzenegger : History of Salzburg , A. Pustet University Press, Salzburg 1984 ISBN 3-7025-0197-5 .
- Heinz Dopsch: A Brief History of Salzburg - City and Country . Verlag Pustet, Salzburg 2001, ISBN 3-7025-0441-9 .
- Fritz Koller, Hermann Rumschöttel: Bavaria and Salzburg in the 19th and 20th centuries, from the Salzach district to the EUregio . Samson Verlag 2006. ISBN 3-921635-98-5 .
- Franz Ortner: Salzburg's bishops in the history of the country (696-2005) . Lang Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2005, ISBN 3-631-53654-2 .
- Friederike Zaisberger : History of Salzburg . Verlag für Geschichte und Politik, Vienna 1998, ISBN 3-486-56351-3 .
Web links
Individual evidence
- ^ Heinz Dopsch, Hans Spatzenegger: History of Salzburg . Salzburg 1984, p. 17 f.
- ^ Josef Brettenthaler: Salzburgs Synchronik - Weltgeschehen, Germany, Europe, Austria, Salzburg city and country . Salzburg 2002, p. 11.
- ^ Heinz Dopsch, Hans Spatzenegger: History of Salzburg . Salzburg 1984, p. 20 f.
- ^ Heinz Dopsch, Hans Spatzenegger: History of Salzburg . Salzburg 1984, p. 46.
- ^ Georg Rohrgger: Die Kelten Österreich , A&M Vlg, Salzburg, 2003, ISBN 3-902397-62-4
- ^ H. Lange: Roman terracottas from Salzburg, series of publications of the Salzburg Museum Carolino Augusteum No. 9, Salzburg 1990.
- ↑ Heinz Klackl: The Almkanal - its use then and now . Self-published by Salzburg, 2002.
- ↑ Karl Zinnburg: Salzach Schiffer Schiffer and protecting Laufen-Oberndorf . Winter publishing house, Salzburg 1977.
- ^ City of Salzburg: History in pictures and documents, treasures from the Salzburg city archive . 2002, ISBN 3-901014-76-4
- ↑ Mozart biography
- ↑ From the exhibition "The Hohen Tauern" in the Salzburg Museum , quoted in: Hedwig Kainberger: Patriotisches Bergsteiger , in: Salzburger Nachrichten daily , Salzburg, July 14, 2012, Supplement from Stadt und Land , pp. 18/19
- ^ Imperial Constitution 1861, RGBl. No. 20/1861 (= p. 69); see attached state regulations
- ↑ § 6 of the law of January 26, 1907, RGBl. No. 15/1907 (= p. 57)
- ^ Stolpersteine Salzburg, An art project for Europe by Gunter Demnig , accessed on April 26, 2016.
- ^ Österreichisches Bundesdenkmalamt : Restoration of the Faistauer foyer in the Salzburg Festival Hall - presentation of more original Faistauer paintings than before , Work in Progress 2006, accessed on April 26, 2016.
- ^ Walter Reschreiter , Johannes Hofinger and Christina Nöbauer : (Un) worth living: Nazi euthanasia in [in] the state of Salzburg. Recovered life stories of victims of racial hygiene. Exhibition in the State of Salzburg 2007 (book accompanying the exhibition in the Celtic Museum Hallein, Oct. 22nd - Nov. 21st, 2006, and in Goldegg Castle , Feb. 22nd - April 1st, 2007), Edition Tandem, 2007 ISBN 978-3-9501570 -8-6
- ^ Johannes Hofinger: National Socialism in Salzburg. Victim. Perpetrator. Opponent. National Socialism in the Austrian Federal States, Volume 5, Innsbruck: Studien Verlag 2016. ISBN 978-3-7065-5211-0
