Iuvavum
Iuvavum (or Juvavum ) was the Roman name for today's Salzburg . The Celtic settlement was established around 15 BC. Occupied by the Romans. After the elevation to a municipium in the province of Noricum (later Ufernoricum) under Emperor Claudius , it experienced an economic and cultural heyday. In 171 Iuvavum was completely destroyed by Germanic invaders and only partially rebuilt after decades. The subsequent creeping decline, caused by constant concern about the incursion of Germanic tribes into the city near the border, was only interrupted by a brief re-bloom under Constantine the Great .
location
The importance of Iuvavum lay in its favorable traffic situation at the intersection of two major highways to the south that led over the Radstädter Tauern and Teurnia . A political and administrative district belonged to the Municipium Iuvavum , which was much larger than today's state of Salzburg, which in the west also included the Chiemgau , the Rupertiwinkel and the Inn area and reached as far as the Attersee . About 250 locations (+ waters and room names) are known from the Roman administrative district. About half of it is in the area of today's Salzburg State.
Surname
In the naturalis historia of the elder Pliny (* 23, † 79 AD) and the geography (around 150) of Klaudios Ptolemaios, the name Iuvavum appeared for the first time in the list of five Noric municipalities . It remained in use until the late Middle Ages. In documents seem Iuvavum and especially the adjective Iuvavensis but also much later. The etymology is complicated and there are various hypotheses about it. Essentially, it is probably a pre-Roman substratum word with an older root, i.e. H. it is of Celtic origin and probably goes back to the people of the alums (a Gau of the Vindeliker ) who settled in Flachgau , Tennengau and the Rupertiwinkel . In the Tabula Peutingeriana , the city is referred to as Iuao , which means a junction on the Iuaro River ( Iuvarus = Salzach), where three Roman roads converged. Clemens Hutter is of the opinion that a consecration altar from the 2nd or 3rd century explains the origin of the name. This was found at Residenzplatz and was dedicated to "the best and greatest Iupiter and Iuvavus ". The latter was the Celtic river god of the Salzach (also Igonta ), whose name - Latinized - was transferred to the later Roman city. Since the 8th century, Old High German language forms have gradually been set down in writing, from then on the Roman Iuvavum faded more and more into the background in favor of the German name based on the salt trade. The almost simultaneous appearance of the new river name Salzach and the new city name Salzpurch seems to have aimed at a deliberate break with the Romanesque tradition.
Research history
The remains of the Roman city have been examined at numerous sites, in the left old town as well as at the bridgehead in the right and on the city hills. There is also a lot of evidence in the area, such as the Roman Villa Loig , milestones and the like.
The Ancient moved at the beginning of the 19th century in the center of attention of enlightened citizens and nobles. In 1792 Josef Rosenegger discovered a large Roman burial ground during excavation work for the new park. The Bürglstein quickly became a nationally known attraction. However, Rosenegger soon began to create forgeries. In 1815 a Roman villa was discovered in Loig, a district of Wals-Siezenheim , the main building of which was over 220 meters long. It is one of the largest of all known Roman country houses. The Theseus mosaic found there, originally measuring 6.36 × 5.50 meters, is now in the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna (Antikensammlung). In the same year the geometer Ludwig Grenier uncovered another Roman country house between Glas and Glasenbach .
When the city of Salzburg wanted to erect a memorial to the composer Wolfgang Amadé Mozart in 1841, the remains of two Roman villas were found while the foundation was being excavated. In addition, three mosaic floors one above the other came to light. The top mosaic from the 4th century AD bore an inscription, only partially preserved: "hic habitat felicitas, nihil intret mali" ("Happiness lives here, nothing bad should enter"). Only a few fragments of the mosaic underneath are preserved today, due to its long neglect and subsequent restorations that were not carried out. In its entirety it has been handed down in a colored drawing from the time it was found. Its former characteristics can also be recognized from the drawing. A total of nine plates have been preserved. The Acheloos mosaic is the name given to two hexagons, still preserved in the original, mounted on plates, which were above and below the destroyed central image and show the heads of the Greek river god Acheloos on a white background. Three pictures of athletes, of which only two exist today, were probably added as part of a later restoration and each show two wrestlers or pugilists.
On February 21, 1950, during excavation work for the new Sparkasse building in the old town at the corner of Judengasse / Brodgasse, Roman finds were discovered again, including a two-meter-wide alley with stone channels and the remains of two houses with hypocaust heating. During construction work for the new Stuböck building, at the corner of Dreifaltigkeitsgasse / Bergstrasse, other ancient wall remains and a medieval well shaft made of stone conglomerate were observed. On June 19, 1951, during canal construction work in Maxglan, Ganshofstrasse and Gärtnerstrasse, the remains of a Roman house and various utensils were found. During the redesign of the Residenzplatz in Salzburg's old town in summer 2008, Peter Höglinger found a consecration altar that was dedicated to Jupiter. At 1.2 meters high, it was one of the rare finds in terms of size and quality. The altar dates from the 2nd or 3rd century AD.
development
The central area of Salzburg was densely populated in Celtic times. Immediately after they came to power in Noricum around 15 BC. The Romans built a new settlement in the previously uninhabited valley between the city mountains, which was named Iuvavum . Celtic hill settlements existed on the Rainberg , the Kapuzinerberg and the Festungsberg . However, these became 15 BC. Subjugated without a fight during a Roman campaign against the Alpine Celts under Tiberius and Drusus . As a result, the previous residents were forcibly relocated to the valley basin on the banks of the Salzach (see Ambisonten ). In addition to the traffic advantages that Iuvavum offered, the Romans were able to keep the Celts under better control, which reduced the risk of an uprising. In addition, the fortified hilltop settlements were soon no longer necessary after the Roman occupation thanks to the Pax Romana , the long period of peace that the Roman occupation brought with it. The oldest traces of Roman settlement were found at the foot of the fortress mountain. By 30 AD, the settlement area had already extended over the entire area of today's old town. Iuvavum belonged to the Regnum Noricum des Voccio , who supported Caesar in the Roman Civil War. For some time, Noricum was classified as a “tributary principality” within the Roman Empire, so it did not yet have the status of a Roman province . Nevertheless, Iuvavum expanded rapidly in its early phase, to which the favorable location at a traffic junction in the Roman road network and on the banks of the Salzach (Latin Iuvarus , Ivarus ) contributed. Here the transalpine Reichsstraße, starting from Aquileia , merged into an important east-west connection, the Noric-Rhaetian pre-alpine road. Parallel to the development of the city, the surrounding land was reclaimed by manors ( villae rusticae ). In the rapidly growing Iuvavum , there was soon a great need for agricultural products. Claudius (41–54) finally declared Noricum a Roman province, Iuvavum was elevated to an autonomous city ( municipium Claudium Iuvavum ) and was the first urban settlement north of the Alps with the right to self-government. The administrative district belonging to the city comprised the territory of today's federal state of Salzburg - with the exception of the Lungau - the Bavarian areas east of the Inn and parts of the Upper Austrian Innviertel and Attergau.
In 171 AD, Germanic tribes, especially Marcomanni and Quadi , stormed the Roman Limes and devastated large parts of Noricum before they penetrated as far as northern Italy ( Marcomann Wars ). Also Iuvavum was completely destroyed, killed many of its inhabitants or deported. After the final victory of the emperor Marcus Aurelius over the Teutons in 180 AD, the reconstruction of the city began only slowly. Initially, an epidemic brought in from the east delayed the repair work, then, under Emperor Commodus (180-192), an empire-wide economic crisis paralyzed the province. Under Septimius Severus (193-211) Iuvavum could be restored on a larger scale, but no longer reached the dimensions of the old urban area. The city never fully recovered from the ravages of the Marcomannic Wars. Individual parts of the city were given up and finally fell into disrepair.
In the following period Rome suffered from the effects of the imperial crisis of the 3rd century . From that time on, Germanic tribes, especially the Alamanni , represented a constant threat to the provinces on the Rhine and Danube. Around 230 AD a long period of decline began, the cause of which was the repeated incursions of Germanic migrant peoples - especially the Alemanni. At first the villas in the country were abandoned, around 241 AD the Alamanni invaded Noricum and devastated large areas. Also Iuvavum was not spared. The central government, weakened by constant usurpations , could no longer guarantee the security of the border residents, and plundering groups of Germans crossed the Limes with impunity. Only Diocletian was able to change things for the better from 284 onwards. Among other things, he initiated the territorial reduction of the provinces, Noricum was divided along the main Alpine ridge into Noricum ripense (Ufernorikum), to which Iuvavum also belonged, and Noricum mediterraneum (inland Noricum ). Thanks to the military reforms in early late antiquity , especially by Diocletian and Constantine , the Roman Empire was once again comprehensively stabilized and the city experienced a re-bloom under Constantine the Great (306–337).
The end of Roman rule in the Alpine and Danube regions dragged on for a long time. As early as the 4th century AD, there was a sharp decline in population. With the beginning of the Great Migration (from approx. 375) the Roman border guards ( Limitanei ) were less and less able to secure the Noric Limes permanently. Barbarian incursions were soon the order of the day again, and Germanic tribes repeatedly pushed their way across the Danube border and plundered the provinces. The manors in the foothills of the Alps were destroyed and abandoned; Most of its residents are likely to have migrated, provided they survived the attacks. The supply of agricultural goods largely collapsed as a result. Around 400 AD, large areas of the Alpine foothills no longer had any significant settlement. Only a few manors near the city were still inhabited in the 5th century. The residents of Iuvavum finally had to retreat to higher altitudes that were easier to defend. The urban area on the left bank of the Salzach was largely abandoned and most of the remaining population settled on the fortress mountain, which was also guarded by a small garrison. Another late antique refuge has been archaeologically attested to on the Nonnberg . As a result, in the early 5th century the city was largely deserted. The fall of the Western Roman Empire with the deposition of its last emperor Romulus Augustulus in 476 probably had no noticeable effects on the inhabitants of Iuvavum.
When Severin von Noricum came to the Salzach region around 470, the Romansh population of Cucullis ( Kuchl ) had also withdrawn to the Georgenberg. The late antique Vita Sancti Severini , a biography of Saint Severin written by Abbot Eugippius , also provides information about the beginnings of Christianity in Iuvavum . She mentions a church and a monastery that were probably on the outskirts of the ancient city, but were soon abandoned. The takeover of power by the Germanic military leader Odoacer in Ravenna was just one more of the numerous changes in power for the Iuvavens in a politically extremely unstable time and also took place in distant Italy. A more significant turning point, however, was the evacuation of a large part of the Romanesque population from Ufernoricum, which Odoacer initiated in 488 after the destruction of the Rugier Empire on the Danube. In the area of Salzburg, especially between Iuvavum and the Lueg Pass , however, a large number of the novels evidently did not obey this order, but stayed in the country. The former townspeople continued to wait behind their fortifications on the Nonn- und Festungsberg, where they survived the "dark centuries" of the migration of peoples, after which the Roman town was probably largely destroyed. A settlement continuity in the whole of the Salzburg basin up to the Bavarian conquest in the 6th / 7th. Century but well documented, 696 evidences Hl. Rupert finally the Abbey of St. Peter , the Nonnberg and the diocese of Salzburg .
Municipium
Despite years of excavations, little is known about the architectural structures of the ancient city. It is assumed that Iuvavum was originally built according to a previously determined plan and thus the representative buildings of a classic Roman city such as B. owned a forum, thermal baths and a basilica. The streets on the periphery were probably rather irregular. In the center, on the other hand, one suspects a grid-like network of streets divided by two main streets, decumani and cardines . There are so far only a few findings on the type and appearance of the residential buildings, as none of the ancient buildings could be fully exposed. Building remains from the period between the 1st and 4th centuries AD were only recorded marginally or through exploratory cuts, only a few of their rooms could be comprehensively documented. Only the so-called Perystilhaus examined in 1966/1967 on Domplatz , a city villa with a street-side portico in the Tuscany tract of the Old Residence , two houses discovered in 1988/1989 in the courtyard of the Kapitelhaus and a building in the north wing of the New Residence (examined 1998-2000 and 2003 -2004).
During the city's heyday, between the 1st and 2nd centuries AD, around 4,000 people lived there. Its population consisted mainly of native Celts, who were quickly Romanized, of discharged soldiers (veterans) and of immigrants from the south. Iuvavum had some spacious squares and a representative temple in honor of the god Asklepios on today's Kaigasse (near the hotel Kasererbräu). The well-equipped houses in the area around today's cathedral were laid out with high-quality mosaic floors, some of them had hypocaust heating and multi-room bathing facilities. An amphora that was discovered on Mozartplatz contained the remains of 24 different marine fish and some types of crustacean. Large quantities of oyster shells found in the area of the old town indicate good and regular long-distance trade connections. From today's bishop's residence to the St. Blasius Citizens' Hospital, there was an extensive artisan quarter in which, among other things, clay dishes, bricks and mosaics were produced. It had long been known that the area of the Furtwängler Park was a craft district in Roman times. Its residents at the time lived directly at their workplace. Remnants of residential buildings with underfloor and wall heating were also uncovered there, along with workshops and fireplaces. Judging by the remains found, mainly metal, leather and clay were processed. The fortress mountain may have been secured by a fort or a fort even then. In the course of extensive excavations, a wall from the time of Emperor Aurelian was uncovered.
Monument protection
In Furtwänglerpark which Kaigasse which Franziskanergasse and the Max Reinhardt Square , for example, finds are under monument protection provided (Municipium Iuvavum) .
literature
- Heinz Dopsch , Robert Hoffmann: History of the City of Salzburg . Verlag Anton Pustet, Salzburg / Munich 1996, ISBN 3-7025-0340-4 , pp. 28-71.
- Johann Baptist Keune : Iuvavum . In: Paulys Realencyclopadie der classischen Antiquity Science (RE). Volume X, 2, Stuttgart 1919, Sp. 1349-1355.
- Wilfried K. Kovasckovics: Roman houses in Iuvavum / Salzburg. In: Peter Scherrer (Ed.): Domus, the house in the cities of the Roman Danube provinces. Files of the 3rd international symposium on Roman cities in Noricum and Pannonia (= Austrian Archaeological Institute, special publications. Volume 44). Vienna 2008, ISBN 978-3-900305-52-9 , pp. 31-52.
- Clemens Hutter: Iuvavum - Everyday Life in Roman Salzburg, Verlag Anton Pustet, Salzburg, 2012.
Web links
Remarks
- ↑ Hutter 2012, p. 23, De Gruyter, naming research, 2nd part , Dopsch, 1996, p. 17.
- ↑ Hutter 2012, p. 24, die naturalis historia 3,146, designates Iuvavum as oppidum Claudium ; on this Dopsch, Hoffmann, History of the City of Salzburg. Pp. 40-42.
- ^ Salzburg history culture
- ↑ On this Dopsch, Hoffmann, History of the City of Salzburg. Pp. 39-40. This is also the general brief overview of the Celtic urban system in Alexander Demandt , Die Kelten , Munich 2007, pp. 68–72, here p. 70.
- ↑ a b Fritz Moosleitner: The time of Roman rule. In: EuRegio Salzburg-Berchtesgadner Land-Traunstein (ed.): Home with history and future . Trostberg 2004, pp. 12-17.
- ^ Eugippius, Vita sancti Severini 13-14. In addition Dopsch / Hoffmann: History of the City of Salzburg. Pp. 66-68.
- ^ Juvavum (The Catholic encyclopedia)
- ↑ Wilfried K. Kovascovics: 2008, pp. 32-33.
Coordinates: 47 ° 47 '54.3 " N , 13 ° 2' 46.9" E