Hellbrunn mountain
| Hellbrunn mountain | ||
|---|---|---|
 Hellbrunner Berg from Nonnberg seen from |
||
| height | 515 m above sea level A. | |
| location | Hellbrunn , City of Salzburg | |
| Mountains | Berchtesgaden Alps | |
| Dominance | 1.78 km → Hengstberg | |
| Notch height | 76 m ↓ Anif | |
| Coordinates | 47 ° 45 '34 " N , 13 ° 3' 59" E | |
|
||
| Type | Inselberg | |
| rock | conglomerate | |
| Age of the rock | approx. 300,000 years | |
| particularities | Hellbrunn Palace Park and Zoo | |
The Hellbrunner Berg is the southernmost city mountain in the city of Salzburg . It is entirely located within the palace gardens of Hellbrunn Palace and the Hellbrunn Zoo (Salzburg Zoo).
Location and landscape
The mountain south of the Salzburg city center (where similar city mountains are located on both sides of the river) is almost 1 kilometer long and about 85 meters high Inselberg . It is essentially made up of conglomerate and lies in the alluvial plain of the Salzburg basin next to the Hellbrunn Au der Salzach (500 m from today's regulated bank ( left of the river)). The highest point is 515 m above sea level. A. , the surrounding country is between about 427 m above sea level. A. and 437 m above sea level A. m.
Castle with the water parterre, from the high view of the mountain.
West flank of Hellbrunn Mountain, now used as a zoo
geology
Like Mönchsberg and Rainberg, the mountain consists largely of conglomerate rock , a river gravel deposited and then solidified in the Mindel-Riss interglacial period (area 340,000 to approx. 325,000 years ago).
history
The original name, presumably Romanesque origin, has not been passed down. In the late Middle Ages it was called "Tiergartenberg" after a hunting reserve and "Waldemsberg" by Markus Sittikus von Hohenems , until the current name Hellbrunner Berg prevailed.
The mountain has a settlement history of at least four thousand years, stretching from the Neolithic to the pre-Roman La Tène period. The only finds of the bell beaker culture and the corded ceramic culture were excavated here in the country. A half-cave at the western foot of the mountain served temporarily as emergency accommodation until the Bronze Age . The mountain acquired supraregional importance in the late Hallstatt period. From this time, a number of terrace-like residential podiums - carved out of the existing stone - have been preserved. The wealth of the then prince came from trade and even more from the salt of the Dürrnberg, which was then mined for the first time according to plan.
The Romanesque population persisted in the south of the city of Salzburg until the time of St. Rupert , as evidenced by the many Romanesque place names that have been handed down to this day, such as Morzg, Gneis and Anif. There is no reliable knowledge about the use of the mountain in the early Middle Ages.
Under Markus Sittikus, the mountain became part of the expanded and renewed “zoo”, now as a hunting reserve for red, roe deer, fallow deer and chamois. The game gates existed - even if at times with few animals - until the winter of 1800/01. The French general Jean-Victor Moreau hunted practically all hunted animals within a day. The hunting reserve had finally ceased to exist.
The princely Lusthaus and garden Hellenbrunn, 1/2 hour from Saltzburg , Merian, 1644
The garden prospect of Hellbrun , Danreiter, approx. 1735 (at Goldenstein Castle , Hellbrunner Berg on the right)
The stone theater
This oldest preserved open-air theater north of the Alps was built under Markus Sittikus on the site of a quarry probably required for the construction of Hellbrunn Palace. The idea probably goes back to the chapter "Mine" from the treatise Splendor solis . The contemporary court poet Grisberti (1635–1677) already recognized that this theater was “something very rare, perhaps unique in the whole world”, half cave, half skillfully carved out of the rock. This “nicely accomodated theatrum, which was broken up with special vexation and art, and prepared for the action of the pastorals”, as the chronicler of Markus Sittikus' Stainhauser noted, served the performance of secular and sacred stage works. For a long time there was a plaque stating that on August 31, 1617 the first Italian opera north of the Alps should have taken place. A pastoral "Orfeo" was probably performed in the Carabinieri room of the residence.
From the beginning, the stone theater, together with the Niedere and Hohe Aussicht at the Waldemsschlösschen and the former Belvedere castle in the south, served as a viewing point with a view of the wide Salzach meadows and the Salzach.
The Waldemsschlösschen
According to a legend, it is now generally called “Monthly Palace” because a Bavarian Duke or - more likely - Archduke Maximilian of Austria was supposed to be surprised with the construction that was supposedly completed in a month. This little castle, presumably built in 1615, overlooks the architectural center of the castle garden, which was once highlighted by the artificial strawberry mountain. From 1920 to 1924 the bird museum of Prof. Eduard Paul Tratz was located here , from which today's House of Nature developed. Today a small but extensive folklore museum has been set up in the monthly palace.
The flora and fauna
The griffon vultures resting in the ledges of Hellbrunn Mountain or sailing in front of the wall are particularly impressive . This attraction dates back to the release of aviary animals in 1966. In Salzburg this species was not an original breeding bird. Since around 1980, 1 to 4 pairs of these large scavenging birds of prey have been breeding regularly on the Untersberg. During their flights, individual vultures have regular contact with the 100 or so non-breeding over-summerers from the Hohe Tauern National Park , who come here from Croatian islands. The eagle owl also inhabits the rock faces for a while. The jackdaws , which are becoming increasingly rare nationwide, also nest here in rock caves.
The beech forest on Hellbrunn Mountain is one of the most species-rich mushroom habitats in the city. A total of 311 different types of fungus were found on the plateau of Hellbrunn Mountain, including many wood-degrading species. At first this may not seem entirely explainable, as there is hardly any solid dead wood on the mountain today. 100 years ago it was different. Until around 1900 the Hellbrunn mountain was the central part of the hunting park, so traditionally it was hardly used for forestry purposes. A restoration of the once typical, unspoilt image on Hellbrunn Mountain would mean, above all, that the municipality of Salzburg would largely abandon the use of wood.
literature
- Reinhard Medicus: The Waldemsberg - today called Hellbrunnerberg - in cultural and natural history. In: Bastei - magazine of the Salzburg City Association for the preservation and care of buildings, culture and society, 57th year, 3rd episode, Salzburg 2007.
- Thomas Stöllner : The Hallstatt period and the beginning of the Latène period in the Inn-Salzach region. Salzburg 2002.
Individual evidence
City center: Festungsberg (with Nonnberg ) | Kapuzinerberg (with Bürglstein ) | Mönchsberg (with Rainberg )
Further urban area: Lieferinger Hügel | Hellbrunn Mountain | Morzger Hill | Nussdorf Hill
City frame: Gaisberg (with Kühberg , Rauchbühel ) | Heuberg | Millstone | Plainberg | Söllheimerberg | Untersberg