Hohe Tauern National Park

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Hohe Tauern National Park
Hohe Tauern National Park logo.svg
Hohe Tauern National Park (Austria)
Paris plan pointer b jms.svg
Coordinates: 47 ° 5 ′ 58.3 ″  N , 12 ° 39 ′ 24.6 ″  E
Location: Carinthia , Salzburg , Tyrol , Austria
Next city: Mittersill , Spittal an der Drau , Zell am See , Lienz
Surface: 1856 km²
Founding: 1981
Map of the national park (as of 1992)
Map of the national park (as of 1992)
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The Hohe Tauern National Park is the largest national park in Austria and the Alps as well as the entire Central European area outside of marine protected areas. It covers large parts of the central Alpine main ridge of Austria's Eastern Alps in the area of ​​the Hohe Tauern between the sources of the Isel , Möll , Mur and Salzach and extends over 100 km from east to west and 40 km from north to south. With an area of ​​over 1800 km², it is part of the Austrian federal states of Salzburg , Tyrol and Carinthia .

Characteristic of the Hohe Tauern National Park are extensive glacier fields (around 130 km²), glacial valleys with imposing valley ends, mighty alluvial and moor cones, alpine grass and shrub heaths, but also extensive forests with larch, spruce and stone pine.

The Hohe Tauern National Park has existed since 1981 and was the first of the national parks in Austria .

The national park area

The national park communities and landowners

The area is:

In total there have been around 1000 different landowners in the national park since the beginning. The largest owner is the Austrian Alpine Association  (ÖAV), which has been purchasing land since the First World War , and which today, at 333 km², owns around a quarter of the area. The other pioneer, the Nature Conservation Park Association, sold its 3.5 km² grounds to the State of Salzburg in 2016. The other large single owner is the Republic of Austria , the Austrian Federal Forests  (ÖBF) manage over 20 km², but the public sector's share is comparatively small. A large number of the smaller owners are the region’s farming families, who together own around two thirds of the reserve. 110 farmers are organized in the protection community of landowners in the Hohe Tauern National Park . This ownership constellation, that the majority belongs to a mountain association and active farmers, is a specialty for a national park.

Natural spaces

Some of Austria's highest peaks, Großglockner ( 3798  m above sea level ) and Großvenediger ( 3657  m ), are located in the core zone , in which nature conservation is given absolute priority. The outer zone of the Hohe Tauern National Park is characterized by centuries of human activity and is characterized by species-rich alpine and mountain meadows with characteristic alpine infrastructure (traditional construction methods of alpine buildings, wooden fences, stone walls, etc.) and sacred gems. The central protected area (core zone) is a refuge for countless animal and plant species. The national park also ensures that the populations of endangered species recover.

Grossglockner seen from Kals (south)
size
Core zone Outside zone total
Salzburg 538 267 805
Carinthia 327 113 440
Tyrol 347 264 611
total 1,212 644 1,856
Data in km²; Carinthia: including the Obervellach and Fleißtäler expansion areas
Source: Basic data on the Hohe Tauern National Park

About core and outer zone, three areas are as in Carinthia two, in Salzburg special reserve placed under special protection. 67.28 km² of the core zone in Salzburg belong to the wilderness areas certified by the European Wilderness Society . In August 2019, this area (Sulzbachtäler) was classified by the IUCN as the second area in Austria (after the Dürrenstein wilderness area ) in the category Ib - Wilderness Area .

35% of the park are alpine pastures and cultural landscape areas.

Jungfernsprung in Mölltal

There are

  • over 300 mountain peaks at over 3,000 m above sea level
  • 342 glaciers with a total area of ​​130 km²
  • 279 streams, 57 of which are glacial streams
  • 26 major waterfalls (countless smaller waterfalls)
  • 551 mountain lakes between 35 m² and 27 ha

Well-known sights of the national park are the Krimmler waterfalls , the Umbal waterfalls , the Innergschlöss glacier trail (Matrei in Osttirol) and the Franz-Josefs-Höhe on the Großglockner.

The national park is accessed through one of the most frequented crossings in the Alps, the Grossglockner High Alpine Road , which completely crosses and also divides the area. It contains some of the most climbed mountains in the Austrian Alps and is surrounded by areas of the most intensive tourist use ( Ski amadé , Zell am See – Kaprun ) . This makes the national park a world-wide acclaimed experiment in integrating nature conservation concerns and using it as a recreational area, in which ecological objectives and an economic basis are met equally. As a result, the national park is anchored in the consciousness of the local population as well as domestic and foreign visitors: This corresponds to the ideas of modern protection concepts, as expressly recognized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in its classification.

Flora and fauna

Innergschlöss : Alpine pastures in the valley floor, mountain forests, alpine meadows and in the summit regions the glaciers of the Venediger group
Marmot in the Glockner Group

The flora and fauna of this national park are considered to be particularly diverse, because there, due to the great differences in altitude and the location on the main Alpine ridge, different climatic conditions come together in a small area. For example, the living communities on the north and south sides of the Hohe Tauern differ significantly due to this location: the climatically favored and more sunny south side has some heat-loving species that do not occur on the north side, and the altitude levels in the south are significantly higher than in the north . On average, the tree line in the Hohe Tauern is at around 2000  m - 2200  m , but on sunny slopes on the south side it can reach up to 2400  m . However, this altitude is due to extensive clearing of the stone pine forests for the production of timber and pasture land, the natural tree line would be 200 to 300 meters higher. The cleared but once forested areas are now covered by dwarf shrub heaths , especially alpine roses. Pasture farming is still practiced in the national park today. The nival level begins at around 2800  m .

The Hohe Tauern National Park is home to a third of all plant species found in Austria; Around 10,000 animal species are native to the national park, despite extreme conditions with a winter that can last up to eight months a year, combined with extremely short spring and autumn times. Due to the size of the national park, almost all of the alpine flora and fauna are represented, and it contains a number of biotope types that are unique in Austria .

Among larger animals, the chamois , the Alpine ibex , the griffon vulture , whose only (migratory) occurrence in the entire Alpine region is in the national park, the bearded vulture , which has been resettled in the nature reserve since 1986, and the golden eagle are to be highlighted. The brown bear has been extinct in the Hohe Tauern since the middle of the 19th century. The wolf , which was widespread in the Hohe Tauern until the 17th century, was also exterminated towards the end of the 19th century. The marmot was also very rare in the Hohe Tauern around 1800 - the marmot fat was an important component of medicines - but settled again in the 20th century and is now very common. Today the red deer is partly dependent on human feeding in winter, as winter territories in the valleys have been destroyed by urban sprawl and intensive agriculture. Due to the harsh living conditions, the stag does not grow as big there as it does in the lowlands, it also has smaller antlers. Due to excessive animal populations in the mountain forests, browsing damage was also increasing .

The Gamsgrube special protection area below the Fuscherkarkopf is an important botanical refuge . There, due to the movement of limestone mica schist from the surrounding peaks, a drifting sand steppe with up to three meters high sand accumulations was formed, as it hardly occurs outside of the Arctic . The Rudolph saxifrage , which is endemic to the Hohe Tauern , also grows there , and edelweiss can also be found there.

European Protected Area Hohe Tauern and other protected areas in the National Park

The national park also includes the European protected area Hohe Tauern : This means that around 171,000 hectares are designated in accordance with the Habitats Directive (SCI) and the Bird Protection Directive (SPA). In the Carinthian part, this only includes the NP core zone, otherwise also the outer zone, and in all three countries also areas beyond this. Sub- areas: Carinthia (33,447 ha - areas not congruent: 29,496 ha FFH, 29,925 ha VS; 61% in NP; GGB AT2101000 / BSG AT2129000 ), Salzburg (108,400 ha, 74% in NP; GGB + BSG AT3210001 / NP 00001 ) and Tyrol (183,637 ha, 33% in the NP; GGB + BSG AT3301000 ). They comprise a total of 64 protected objects of European importance, that is 30  habitat types (Annex I FFH) , of which 8 are priority, 14  animal and plant species (Annex II FFH) and 20  bird species (Annex I VS) .

An Important Bird Area Hohe Tauern National Park is also designated (178,700 ha, IBA AT039 ).

The eastern end of the Salzburg part already belongs to the area of ​​the Biosphere Park Salzburg Langau and Carinthian Nockberge .

The following protected areas are embedded in the national park area:

Adjacent as further buffering and protected area network are (clockwise):

In these areas there are numerous other natural monuments in the vicinity of the national park.

The National Park

As the national park concept intends, the Hohe Tauern National Park is freely accessible to everyone: You will not find prohibition signs - in the confidence that nature and its protection are anchored in the responsibility of each individual. The administrations offer a wide range of excursions and experiences in the midst of the nature of the Hohe Tauern, both to represent the meaning and purpose of this park and to represent the protection of the environment as a whole. Among other things, nature tours, special excursions, trekking tours, snowshoe hikes, lectures, visitor centers and exhibitions are offered.

history

Efforts to place the high alpine region around the highest mountain in the Eastern Alps under special protection go back to the years before 1910. The Society for Friends of Nature "Kosmos", the Dürerbund and the Austrian National Federation for Ornithology and Bird Protection called for the establishment of nature reserves. The Nature Conservation Park Association , based in Stuttgart, was founded in Munich in 1909 and was based at Kosmos-Verlag in Stuttgart. His main task was to secure four typical and original landscapes between the sea and the Alps by establishing four national parks, a large-scale Wadden Sea protected area , a similar protected area Lüneburg Heath , a large protected area of ​​the Bavarian Forest and an Alpine nature reserve in the Hohe Tauern . Initially, areas in the Niedere Tauern were planned in the Alps, but the purchase failed due to the high demands of the local landowners. The five-year lease of January 1, 1912, the 40 hectares of forest from Graf v. Bordeau in the municipality of Schladming was not extended. Together with the Viennese university professor Dr. Adolf Ritter von Guttenberg and the Salzburg attorney and temporary Deputy Governor Dr. August Prinzinger, on the advice of Prinzinger, was able to purchase 11 km² in the Salzburg Stubach Valley and the Amertal from 1913 onwards. The First World War and the subsequent global economic crisis prevented further planned purchases, and before the First World War a long-term lease of adjacent areas owned by Bundeforste was about to be completed. The German- Austrian Alpine Club followed in 1918 with purchases in Carinthia and later in Tyrol, in the Glockner and Venediger areas. In 1919, part of the Hohe Tauern was initially designated as a plant protection area by the State of Salzburg. At the same time, Dr. Heinrich Medicus (Salzburg) took over the presidency for the Austrian part of the nature reserve association. A first draft of a nature reserve Hohe Tauern National Park dates back to 1939, after the establishment of a Tauern Park had been discussed many years before. In 1929, on the other hand, the Salzburg state parliament decided to found a study society to examine a project that provided for the derivation and energetic use of all Tauern streams over a total of 1000 km of slope canals. Two dams were to be built in Kaprunertal (Moserboden, Orglerboden) a third huge step near St. Johann im Pongau. The Association of Nature Conservation Park stated at the time “ that our Alpine Park is being destroyed by the Tauern project and that all of our work is being done in vain, a lot of money being spent in vain. “Dr. Heinrich Medicus, as the then Austrian President of the Association of Nature Conservation Parks, reported in July 1929 that this plan met with massive resistance from the Austrian population and that only the Chamber of Labor supported the plan. The area of ​​the association was not yet directly affected by the following concrete power plant plans, but the pristine valley was already lost with the road construction required for the power plant work through the local cradle forest. To avoid expropriation, the association had to consent in 1940 to swap the areas in the Stubach Valley for similar replacement areas in the Upper and Lower Sulzbachtal. In 1942, as preparatory work for the Salzburg National Park, areas of the Hohe Tauern were protected as an Alpine landscape protection area under the Reich Nature Conservation Act. In 1951, after the Second World War, the Austrian Nature Conservation Association dedicated a memorandum to the national park. From 1948 to 1955, the Naturschutzbund also managed the property of the Association for Nature Conservation Park in the Alps, which had previously been confiscated by the victorious powers as German property. In 1953 the Austrian Alpine Association also vehemently advocated an Alpine national park. In 1958, the State of Salzburg declared the Wildgerlostal, Krimmler Tal, Ober- and Untersulzbachtal, as well as Habachtal, Felbertal, Amertaler Öd and Dorfer Öd to be landscape protection areas. In 1964, the state of Carinthia placed the Schobergruppe and in 1967 the Großglockner with Pasterze and Gamsgrube under landscape protection.

After the European year of nature conservation in  1970, the federal states of Carinthia, Salzburg and Tyrol reached the Heiligenblut Agreement on October 21, 1971 to establish a national park. Carinthia declared parts of it a national park in 1981 and Salzburg in 1983. The East Tyrolean part was mainly controversial because of a power plant project that included the Umballfalls, it was only included in the National Park in 1991. In the three-country agreement of 1994, the "cooperation in matters of protection and promotion of the Hohe Tauern National Park" was laid down.

The extensions went as follows:

  • 1981: 186 km² Glockner and Schober group in Carinthia
  • 1983: 667 km² Reichenspitz, Venediger, Granatspitz, Glockner and Goldberg groups in Salzburg
  • 1986: 186 km² Ankogel group in Carinthia
  • 1991: 137 km² Ankogel group in Salzburg
  • 1992: 610 km² Lasörling, Rieserferner, Venediger, Granatspitz, Glockner and Schober groups in Tyrol
  • 2011: 021 km² large and small Fleißtal in Carinthia

This means that around 53% of the originally planned park area in Carinthia, 70% in Salzburg and around 86% in East Tyrol are integrated into Austria's largest national park.

On February 11, 2003 the park was submitted to the UNESCO World Heritage Commission, where it is entered in the tentative list in the category natural (natural heritage) according to criteria VII – X (“contains outstanding natural spectacles, extraordinary examples of geological history, extraordinary examples ecological processes, and highly significant habitats ”).

Only in 2006, 15 years after filing, the park of which was the World Conservation Union  (World Conservation Union, IUCN Category II ) recognized. In its criteria, this also has the condition that three quarters of the area must be uncultivated, which was not the case here in the ancient high mountain cultivated land with extensive peasant property. Extensive decommissioning programs were therefore necessary. In addition, the establishment of the national park centers and more extensive visitor management changed the IUCN's opinion, which takes the educational mandate seriously. Until then, the national park, like Austria's mountains as a whole, was organized more on the basis of free space for alpinists. When awarding the certificate, the IUCN then emphasized the successful combination of natural and cultural areas.

In 2016, the pioneer, the Naturschutzpark Verein, left the park and handed over its grounds to the State of Salzburg.

administration

The three state administrations are:

  • Carinthia National Park Administration in Großkirchheim ⊙! 546.9719445512.8938895
  • National Park Administration Tyrol, Secretariat of the National Park Council in the National Park House Matrei i. O. ⊙! 547.0005565512.5408335
  • Salzburg National Park Administration in the Mittersill National Park Center ⊙! 547.2788895512.4780565

Educational institutions

In a national park, education plays a major role alongside visitor management. In the Hohe Tauern National Park there are facilities for this in each of the federal states involved, in which visitors are guided by national park rangers.

  • Carinthia: Mallnitz Visitor Center (Mallnitz ⊙ )
  • Salzburg: National Park Worlds (Mittersill ⊙ ), Science Center Hohe Tauern National Park (Mittersill ⊙ ), Klausnerhaus National Park Workshop (Hollersbach ⊙ ), House of Kings (Rauris ⊙ )
  • Tyrol: National Park House (Matrei in Osttirol ⊙ ) and Kesslerstadel (Matrei ⊙ ), House of Water (St. Jakob in Defereggen ⊙ )

  • National Park Center BIOS in Mallnitz

  • Information center “National Park Worlds” in Mittersill

  • "House of Water" in St. Jakob in Defereggen

The Hohe Tauern National Park Academy organizes events such as seminars, workshops and conferences for adults. These serve, for example, for the internal training of national park rangers, further training for teachers, information and a discussion platform for hunters and nature conservationists.

Science and Research

A fundamental task of a national park is the scientific recording and evaluation of the protected area, another is the research into the effects of changes caused by climate change, extinction / displacement and immigration of animals and plants as well as human influences.

Writing literature

Documentation on the occurrence and ecology of plants, animals and cultural assets is an essential contribution to science.

  • There are scientific publications in the black series on the Hohe Tauern National Park on the subjects of flora, fauna (vertebrates), geology, alpine pastures, bodies of water and butterflies.
  • The series Scientific Communications from the Hohe Tauern National Park (1993–2001), for example, describes the climatic history of the Hohe Tauern and provides a bibliographical overview.

Resettlement projects and monitoring

Bearded vulture in flight at the Niedersachsenhaus
  • The bearded vulture has been resettled in the Hohe Tauern as part of an Alpine-wide project since 1986.
  • The original trout (native river trout originating from the Danube ) is successfully stocked in the mountain streams of the Hohe Tauern National Park.
  • The migration behavior of the alpine ibex is studied through the use of a transmitter .
  • The golden eagle monitoring has been providing information on the population, lifestyle and eating habits as well as the breeding success of these birds of prey since 2003.

Problem areas

The lower airspace above the national park is closed to helicopter flights . There are exceptions for air rescue , which is stipulated in the respective national laws. However, there are difficulties for air rescue on the East Tyrolean side, as the permit here is limited to emergency flights, practice flights, such as those required by mountain rescue due to the difficult conditions, are prohibited. This restriction also applies to the armed forces .

literature

  • Hans Peter Graner: Hohe Tauern National Park . Brandstätter, Vienna 2004, ISBN 3-85498-346-8 .
  • Eberhard Stüber: Experience the Hohe Tauern National Park . Tyrolia, Innsbruck 1996, ISBN 3-7022-2045-3 .
  • Wolfgang Retter, Roland Floimair: Hohe Tauern National Park. Meet the origins . Anton Pustet, Salzburg 1999, ISBN 3-7025-0291-2 .
  • Roland Floimair, Wolfgang Retter: Hohe Tauern National Park - The Salzburg share . Druckhaus-Nonntal-Bücherdienst, Salzburg 1984.
  • Roland Floimair, Wolfgang Retter, Peter Haßlacher: Hohe Tauern National Park - The Tyrolean Part (a project) . Druckhaus-Nonntal-Bücherdienst, Salzburg 1985.
  • Roland Floimair, Wolfgang Retter, Erwin Graze: The Hohe Tauern National Park - The Carinthian Part . Druckhaus-Nonntal-Bücherdienst, Salzburg 1985.

Filmography

  • The treasure of the Hohe Tauern. (Alternative title: Hohe Tauern National Park. ) Documentary film, Austria, 2008, 47 min., Script and director: Franz Hafner, production: Interspot Film, ORF Universum, series: Our Alps, summary from ORF, summary from ARD .

Web links

Commons : Hohe Tauern National Park  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Visitor Centers:

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ National park communities ( Memento of the original dated November 4, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , hohetauern.at @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.hohetauern.at
  2. ↑ Hohe Tauern National Park - Mission statement. Introduction. National Park Council, August 10, 1995 (on hohetauern.at).
  3. ↑ a b Alpine Club and Hohe Tauern National Park: The long way to the protected area. alpenverein.at (accessed February 24, 2017).
  4. ↑ a b c d Hohe Tauern National Park: Valleys for sale. Anton Kaindl in: Salzbuerger Nachrichten , December 23, 2014;
    In the Hohe Tauern National Park, Salzburg is using Chance for wilderness areas. On salzburg24.at , June 16, 2016.
  5. ↑ a b Farmers shape the national park. Gudrun Dürnberger on mein district.at , June 17, 2015.
  6. ^ H. Mattersberger: Basic data on the Hohe Tauern National Park . Ed .: Association of the Secretariat of the Hohe Tauern National Park Council, Hohe Tauern National Park. October 2011 ( hohetauern.at [PDF]).
  7. ↑ Hohe Tauern Wilderness receives IUCN 1b Wilderness status . In: wilderness-society.org of August 27, 2019, accessed on September 6, 2019.
  8. ↑ On the implementation of the national park idea in agriculture, tourism and education . Results of a study project in the Hohe Tauern National Park region. In: Ingo Mose, Ulli Vilsmaier, Department of Geography and Geology at the University of Salzburg (Ed.): Salzburger Geographische Material . Issue 29. Self-published, Salzburg 2004 ( annual reports & series , uni-salzburg.at).
  9. ↑ Lit. Graner: Hohe Tauern National Park . 2004, p. 67-68, 86 .
  10. ↑ The big five. (No longer available online.) Hohe Tauern National Park, archived from the original on April 21, 2011 ; Retrieved November 21, 2010 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.hohetauern.at
  11. ↑ brown bear. (No longer available online.) Hohe Tauern National Park, formerly the original ; Retrieved November 21, 2010 .  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.hohetauern.at  
  12. ↑ Wolf. Hohe Tauern National Park, accessed on November 21, 2010 .
  13. ↑ Groundhog. (No longer available online.) Hohe Tauern National Park, formerly the original ; Retrieved November 21, 2010 .  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.hohetauern.at  
  14. ↑ Lit. Graner: Hohe Tauern National Park . 2004, p. 73, 85 .
  15. ↑ Lit. Graner: Hohe Tauern National Park . 2004, p. 104 .
  16. ↑ Rudolph Steinbrech. (No longer available online.) Hohe Tauern National Park, archived from the original on October 16, 2014 ; Retrieved November 21, 2010 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.hohetauern.at
  17. ↑ a b Other protected areas in the Hohe Tauern National Park (total, Carinthia, Salzburg, Tyrol). (PDF, Lebensministerium.at)
  18. ^ Hermann Stotter: History and dates of the Hohe Tauern National Park, Tirol. Ecology versus economy - the victory of reason . Historical review - origin in Tyrol. Ed .: Hohe Tauern National Park, Tirol. ( pdf , hohetauern.at). pdf ( Memento of the original from September 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.hohetauern.at
  19. ↑ Act on the establishment of national parks and biosphere parks (Carinthian National Park and Biosphere Park Act) K-NBG. LGBl. No. 55/1983, last amended by law LGBl. No. 25/2007 (PDF, hohetauern.at)
  20. ↑ a b Law of October 19, 1983 on the establishment of the Hohe Tauern National Park in the State of Salzburg (S-NPG) LGBl. No. 106/1983 (hohetauern.at, pdf)
  21. ↑ a b Law of 9 October 1991 on the establishment of the Hohe Tauern National Park in Tyrol (Tyrolean National Park Act Hohe Tauern) LGBl. No. 103/1991 37th issue (PDF, hohetauern.at)
  22. ↑ Agreement according to Art. 15 a B-VG between the federal government and the states of Carinthia, Salzburg and Tyrol on cooperation in matters relating to the protection and promotion of the Hohe Tauern National Park, Federal Law Gazette No. 570/1994 178th item (PDF, hohetauern. at); in accordance with Art. 15a of the Federal Constitutional Act on agreements between the Federation and the Länder
  23. ↑ Stutter: History and dates Hohe Tauern National Park, Tyrol . S. 4/5 .
  24. ^ Ordinance of the state government of November 4, 1986 on the Hohe Tauern National Park. LGBl. No. 74/1986 (ris.bka)
  25. ↑ Peter Haßlacher: Hohe Tauern National Park - 20 years after Heiligenblut: Tyrolean portion finally fixed. In: Natur und Land 77th Jg. (1991), 4/5, pp. 101-102, PDF on ZOBODAT
  26. ^ National Park "Hohe Tauern". In: World Heritage Convention: Tentative Lists. UNESCO, February 11, 2003, p. 1645 , accessed on November 13, 2010 (English, original text of the criteria see The Criteria for Selection , translations in the text wikipedia).
  27. ↑ Hohe Tauern National Park finally recognized. ORF Salzburg, September 15, 2006.
  28. ↑ No training flights, mountain rescuers are enough. ORF-Tirol, April 28, 2015, accessed on April 29, 2015.