Mittersill

Borough

Mittersill

coat of arms

Austria map

Basic data

Country:

Austria

State :

Salzburg

Political District :

Zell am See

License plate :

ZE

Surface:

132.02 km²

Coordinates :

47 ° 16 ′ N , 12 ° 28 ′ E Coordinates: 47 ° 16 ′ 0 ″ N , 12 ° 28 ′ 0 ″ E

Height :

790 m above sea level A.

Residents :

5,490 (January 1, 2020)

Postcodes :

5730, 5731

Area code :

06562

Community code :

5 06 13

NUTS region

AT322

UN / LOCODE

AT MLS

Address of the
municipal administration:

Stadtplatz 1
5730 Mittersill

Website:

www.mittersill.at

politics

Mayor :

Wolfgang Viertler (VIERT)

Municipal Council : (2019)
(25 members)

15th

6th

4th

15th 6th 4th

A total of 25 seats

FOURTH : 15
SPÖ : 6
NEOS : 4

Location of Mittersill in the Zell am See district

Mittersill: Felber church and tower; in the background: Pihapper ( 2513 m )

Source: Municipal data from Statistics Austria

Mittersill is a city in the federal state of Salzburg . With 5490 inhabitants (as of January 1, 2020) it is the largest town in Oberpinzgau . Mittersill was the seat and part of the Mittersill judicial district until 2004 and has been part of the Zell am See judicial district since 2005 .

geography

View from Mittersill to Pihapper (left) and Platte (right)

Mittersill is 790 m above sea level. A. at the intersection of the main traffic routes through the Salzach Valley and the north-south connection over the Thurn Pass into the Leukental to Tyrol and Bavaria, or south through the Felbertal and the Felbertauern tunnel to East Tyrol and further towards the Adriatic Sea . Nevertheless, it has been able to retain its charm as a mountain town. Its central location between the Hohe Tauern National Park and the Kitzbühel Alps makes Mittersill a popular holiday destination.

Community structure

In the cadastre , the community consists of seven cadastral communities (area as of December 31, 2019):

Felben (556.77 ha)
Felberthal (8,048.52 ha)
Mittersill Market (137.73 ha)
Mittersill Castle (1,037.69 ha)
Paßthurn (1823.06 ha)
Schattberg (1,139.90 ha)
Spielbichl (454.73 ha)

The municipality is divided into 19 localities (population in brackets as of January 1, 2020):

Arndorf (1)
Burk (920)
Felben (739)
Field stone (79)
Jochberg (16)
Jochbergthurn (90)
Klausen (356)
Laemmerbichl (29)
Loferstein (53)
Mayrhofen (54)
Mittersill (1945)
Oberfelben (138)
Passthurn (77)
Rettenbach (312)
Schattberg (165)
Spielbichl (109)
Thalbach (302)
Unterfelben (42)
Weissenstein (63)

Neighboring communities

Bramberg am Wildkogel ¹	Jochberg ( Kitzbühel District , Tyrol )
Hollersbach in Pinzgau		Stuhlfelden Uttendorf ²
	Matrei in Osttirol ( Lienz district , Tyrol )

¹ Short border in the mountains, the place Bramberg is exactly west of Hollersbach

² Border in the mountains, the place Uttendorf is exactly east behind Stuhlfelden

history

Early history to antiquity

The area around Mittersill was settled at the latest since the Bronze Age (around 2200 BC).
During the Roman era , the Felbertauern was an important Alpine crossing and it is very unlikely that Mittersill was not populated at that time. So was z. B. once a Roman tombstone from the 2nd century. AD can be seen in the masonry of the Felberkirche, which is now in the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna.

Middle Ages to the 18th century

The place was first mentioned in 963 and it was the seat of the bearer of three offices: the waiter , district judge and caretaker as governor of the sovereign. The best-known groom from 1835 to 1842 was Ignaz von Kürsinger , who organized the first ascent of Großvenediger ( 3657 m above sea level ) and was one of the first to climb.
From the 12th to the beginning of the 14th century, the local noble family of the Lords of Felben gained national importance. The hamlet of Felben, where their headquarters, the Felberturm , still stands today, the Felbertal and the Felbertauern still remind of them today.
Mittersill gained further importance as a traffic junction in the 14th century when horse and mule transports with salt , iron or copper increased over the Felber Tauern ( 2481 m ) to South Tyrol and Friuli . From there, wines, fruits, velvet and silk were delivered. Today the Felbertauern tunnel has replaced the pass for the transport of goods, but not for the many hikers and mountaineers who climb through the Felbertal and over the St. Pöltner Hütte ( 2481 m above sea level ) into the mountains of the Venediger and Granatspitz groups .
1308: First documentary mention as "market" in a document from the Lords of Felben . Mittersill is likely to have had market rights before 1300 . In the Middle Ages it was an important trading and transshipment point, mainly because of the brisk middling trade over the Felbertauern, mainly with wine (northward) and salt (southward).
1454: Mittersill already had a school. In the chronicle a man named Sigel was named as "Schuelmaister zu Velm".
In 1495, a massive landslide occurred at the head of the Felbertal , as a result of which the Hintersee was formed. As if by a miracle, there were no fatalities.
In 1635 the plague struck Mittersill, many deaths were to be lamented. Only the Sonnberg was spared the epidemic.
In 1746, almost the entire market fell victim to a major fire. The old parish church was also badly affected.

Chronicle 19th century

1800–1809: French Wars . The Pinzgau rifle and land storm companies fought together with the Tyroleans against the Napoleonic troops , especially on the Strub pass near Lofer . The Felberturm served as a weapons and provisions magazine, and its surroundings as a parade ground.
1834–1842: Ignaz Ritter von Kürsinger , one of the most important caretakers in Mittersill, vigorously built the Salzach dam between Mittersill and Hollersbach (Kürsingerdamm) in order to protect the market somewhat from the constant flooding by the Salzach. Hardly any other place in the region suffered as much from flood disasters as the low-lying Markt Mittersill. They earned him the nickname "Venice of the Pinzgau".
In the second half of the 19th century, Emperor Franz Joseph I visited Mittersill several times , where he stayed at the Bräurup inn and pursued his passion for hunting.
The worst known accident on the mule track over the Felber Tauern occurred in the second half of the 19th century. The cattle dealer Anton Hochfilzer (Meilingerwirt in Mittersill) set out from the Matreier Tauernhaus early in the morning of May 27, 1878 with eight drovers and a herd of approximately 130 cattle to tackle the stage from here over the pass to the Tauernhaus Spital . During the descent above the “Nassfeld” on the Mittersill side in the early evening there was a sudden fall in the weather and four of the men (Vinzenz Riepler from Matrei , Michael Rucker and Josef Wimmer from Virgen and Sebastian Kratzer from Prägraten ) died in the snowstorm . Of the herd of cattle, only a few animals survived the accident. After the disaster, the smell of the cattle carcasses attracted griffon vultures ("white headed vultures ") from regions south of the Alps that had not occurred in the Hohe Tauern until then. Since then, you can observe them every summer as "visitors" in the upper Felbertal.

On Sunday, January 2nd, 1898, the Pinzgaubahn was opened with great celebrations . This narrow-gauge railway from Zell am See to Krimml increased the importance of Mittersill as a traffic junction for passenger and freight traffic enormously and its commissioning was an important milestone in modern history. It is also considered to be the actual beginning of tourism in the upper Pinzgau.

Chronicle 20th century

Center of Mittersill

In 1936 the communities of Mittersill-Markt and Mittersill-Land were merged, with some areas (from Arndorf , Rettenbach , Lämmerbichl and Jochberg ) ceded to Hollersbach .

From 1939 to 1945, when large communities were built all over Austria after the annexation , Hollersbach was completely incorporated into Mittersill.

In 1939, an army test center for cable car construction and light tracked vehicles was established in Mittersill . In 1943 the construction of a cable car over the mountain ridge began, which was supposed to be used for the transport of materials. It also included an 80 meter high wooden cable car pillar and a steel cable car pillar of the same height. The former is likely to have been the tallest cable car pillar ever made of wood. Because of the end of the war, the cable car could no longer be completed. In 1955 the supports were dismantled.

A South Tyrolean settlement (west side of today's Poststrasse) was also built in Mittersill after the Hitler-Mussolini Agreement of 1939 . Most of the South Tyroleans who settled there returned to their homeland in the post-war years and the houses were converted into a "teachers' settlement" by the community.

In the last year of the war were in Mittersill Castle (seat of the "National Institute then Sven Hedin for Inner Asian Studies") housed 1,945 six forced laborers from 24 March 1944 to May 8 as Außenkommando-women's camp of Mauthausen concentration camp were used for cleaning. They were Jehovah's Witnesses who came from the Ravensbrück concentration camp . The surrender of the Wehrmacht and the invasion of the US troops brought the women freedom on May 8, 1945, two of them stayed in Mittersill.

In 1944, according to Mittersill's city archivist Hannes Wartbichler, 15 women were in the castle (1938 badly damaged by fire) as Jehovah's Witnesses imprisoned in concentration camps, who were the most cost-effective cleaners “assigned from the top” at the institute and survived.

During the Nazi regime there was at least one not insignificant resistance group, the core of which was formed from the research staff of the Army Research Center .

During the Allied occupation of Austria (1945–1955) Mittersill was part of the US zone .

On September 15, 1945 in Mittersill during the night curfew, the composer Anton von Webern was shot, probably accidentally, by a US soldier under circumstances that were not completely clarified. Contemporary witnesses have recorded that he wanted to smoke a cigarette outdoors and was mistakenly mistaken for a sniper.

After the Second World War , many expellees found refuge in Mittersill , the great majority of whom settled here permanently and quickly settled down. Many of them gave the local economy new impetus with the know-how they brought with them, such as B. Family Gärtner (flag production), Franz Germann (tourism development) and v. m.

After Hubert Baron von Pantz founded the legendary and exclusive Sport & Shooting Club Schloss Mittersill in 1948 , the most expensive club in the world at the time, Mittersill quickly became a jet set meeting place. In the 1950s to mid-1960s were the Shah of Persia and Soraya , the Dutch royal family , King Faruq of Egypt, the Duke of Windsor ( Edward VIII ), Aristotle Onassis , Aga Khan , Henry Ford II , Rita Hayworth , Gina Lollobrigida , Clark Gable and many other members of high society in Mittersill.

In 1918 the Arnsteiner family founded a carpentry shop, which later became the well-known ski factory. After his return from the Second World War, Toni Arnsteiner made the first skis and from 1945 specialized more and more from carpentry to ski production. The breakthrough came in 1953 with the new name Blizzard . The Mittersiller Blizzard skis quickly became one of the leading global ski brands.

In 1951 the Werkschulheim Felbertal was founded in Mittersill as a private boarding school, which moved to its current location in Ebenau near Salzburg in 1964 .

Mittersill was the main location and location for the successful film Ferien vom Ich (1963). The homeland comedy with its wonderful landscape shots contributed a lot to the fame of Mittersill as a holiday resort.

In 1964 Mittersill was hit by the worst flood disaster to date. The Felberbach could no longer absorb the enormous amounts of meltwater and rainwater and broke through its western dam on the upper edge of the village. The torrent-like flooding wreaked havoc and was the worst natural disaster of the 20th century.

In 1967 traffic was opened through the 5,304 m long Felbertauern tunnel , which enormously increases the importance of the place as a traffic junction. With it, East Tyrol was connected to the state of Tyrol within Austria and the Felbertauern route was the most important Austrian transit route from Germany to Italy after the Brenner.

In 1968 the Mittersill Arthur Ensmann wrote the lyrics and composed the popular song "Die Alpenrose aus Mittersill". It was sung by his brother, the master baker Erich Ensmann. This song quickly became a folk music hit of its time and is still performed today.

The strong economic upswing in the 1950s, 60s and 70s was not only due to the enormous growth in tourism, to which the commitment of u. a. Matthias Gassner (“Bräu Hias”) and Franz Germann gave important impulses. The growth of the ski factory ( blizzard ), the construction of the Felbertauern tunnel , the oil pipeline and other road construction (e.g. Gerlos Straße B 165) are examples of other important factors.

In 1970 an upper-level grammar school was founded in Mittersill, and the school administration was initially an association founded for this purpose. The first Matura class was class 8 of the 1973/74 school year, which passed the Matura in 1974 in Mittersill. Today the BORG (Federal Upper Level Realgymnasium) Mittersill is a public institution as a municipal institution.

Mittersill has developed into an important mining town since the 1970s, after the largest scheelite deposit in Europe was discovered in the Felbertal . The valuable metal tungsten is extracted from the mineral scheelite . Since 1979, mining has only been carried out underground and without any significant interference in the landscape. The scheelite is processed in Mittersill, the concentrate is then sent from here to Sankt Martin im Sulmtal (Styria) for smelting .

In 1999 the 18-hole golf course of the Mittersill Golf Club was opened with a length of 5720 m and sophisticated greens. This enabled an old plan to be realized that goes back to Hubert Baron von Pantz in 1948.

Chronicle 21st century

On November 15 and 16, 2002, a foehn storm with top speeds of more than 200 km / h (a hurricane is 120 km / h or more) caused severe damage. Almost the entire "Bürgerwald" above the southern outskirts of the city also fell victim to this hurricane, and large bare areas were created in the high forests above.

In July 2005, Mittersill was flooded to an extent never seen before. As a consequence of this catastrophe, extensive protective measures were taken in the following years (see “ Flood protection ”).

2005: An important impetus for winter sports tourism was the opening of the Hollersbach-Mittersill panorama lift on the Resterkogel ( 1892 m ) at Pass Thurn at the beginning of the 2005/06 ski season. The 8-person single-cable gondola lift with a capacity of 2000 people per hour is also a feeder to the Kitzbühel cable car ski area .

In 2007 the Salzburg National Park Center Hohe Tauern was built in Mittersill . The National Park Visitor Center "National Park Worlds" houses the National Park Worlds, the Science Center Hohe Tauern National Park and the Hohe Tauern National Park Holiday Region.

In a citizens' vote on June 24, 2007, 89% of voters were in favor of Mittersill's city being raised . On August 8, 2008, the town charter was presented to Mittersill.

Population development

The population increased steadily up to the turn of the millennium. Although there was a negative balance of migration from 1991 to 2001 , this was offset by a strongly positive birth balance of +346. In the following ten years the birth balance remained positive at +150, but emigration increased sharply.

Culture and sights

Parish church Mittersill

Anna Church

Information center "National Park Worlds"

Mittersill local history museum

Mittersill: Wasenmoos crucifix

The parish church of St. Leonhard dates from the 13th century and received an onion dome in the baroque era . It has a rococo high altar from the 18th century and a stone sculpture of St. Leonhard from 1420.

The St. Anna Church was built in the 18th century in the Tyrolean Rococo style. It was leased by the evangelical community in the middle of the 20th century and has served as a parish church ever since. Every year on July 26th, Annentag , a Catholic service is held here.

The Mittersill Heimatmuseum is located in the 900 year old Felberturm in the Felben district. The extensive collections deal with the history of the place and region, as well as geology and alpinism

“National Park Worlds” (information center of the Hohe Tauern National Park ): The alpine adventure world, 266 three-thousand meter peaks, over 342 glaciers and one of the most powerful waterfalls in the world can be admired under the roof since the summer of 2007. The new National Park Worlds, the largest and most modern national park center in Europe, is located in Mittersill. You can wander through eight natural spaces and get to know and understand the extraordinary diversity of the largest protected area in the Alps (over 1800 km²).

Filial church St. Nikolaus in the district of Felben: Late Gothic subsidiary church from the 15th century; Interior design in magnificent early baroque and rococo.

The listed Angerkapelle with its statue of the Virgin Mary, also located in the Felben district, is a local pilgrimage destination. Formerly a wooden chapel, it was rebuilt in its present form in 1875 by Anna Meilinger, who was "miraculously" cured of tetanus.

Historic town center

Memorial and grave of Anton von Webern , who tragically died in Mittersill.

Mittersill Castle , not far from the village on the Pass Thurn Straße . Today it is used as a 4-star hotel with a historic-style restaurant.

The Schößwendklamm is an extraordinary natural spectacle and was legally declared a natural monument in 1983 because of its uniqueness and beauty. The gorge is a worthwhile destination in the Felbertal . It is easily accessible through footbridges and offers an impressive impression. Due to its location not far from the road to Hintersee , it can be easily reached from there.

The Hintersee natural monument ( 1313 m ) at the end of the Felbertal valley is a popular destination and starting point for high-alpine mountain hikes. The lake was formed in 1495 by a massive landslide. From the "Gamsblick-Alm" on the back of the lake you can see chamois in the wild with the naked eye.

On the Pinzgauer Lokalbahn route, there are regular trips with the Mh 3 steam locomotive and historic rolling stock to Krimml with a connection to the Krimml Waterfalls .

Sports

Invite you to relax u. a. one: the large outdoor adventure pool, six tennis courts and a few sports halls, bowling, 18-hole golf course and fitness trail. Furthermore, various hobby courses, hunting and shooting sports, hang gliding, paragliding and guided mountain hikes are offered, in winter in addition to the ski swing and courses, tobogganing etc., horse-drawn sleigh and carriage rides .

Economy and Infrastructure

Mining

Tungsten ore ( scheelite ) is mined in Mittersill . In 2016, 61 employees mined 515,000 tons of ore, from which 4,184 tons of tungsten were extracted.

tourism

Winter and summer tourism are an economic factor in the municipality. In both seasons there is a wide range of leisure and sports activities.

education

two kindergartens for children from two years to school entry

Mittersill elementary school , 1st to 4th grade.

New Middle School Mittersill, 5th to 8th grade (until 2013/14: Hauptschule ).

Polytechnic School Mittersill, 9th grade.

BORG Mittersill (Bundesoberstufenrealgymnasium), 9th to 12th grade, completion of full Matura (general higher education entrance qualification).

traffic

A passenger train at Mittersill station

Steam train with locomotive Mh. 3 in Mittersill station

Road: Two old and still important traffic routes cross in Mittersill, the east-west direction through the wide Salzach valley with the north-south connection over the nearby Thurn Pass and the Felber Tauern . The east-west connection is opened up by Mittersiller Straße B 168 to the east and Gerlos Straße B 165 to the west. The north-south direction is accessible through the Pass Thurn Straße B 161 to the north via the Pass Thurn and to the south via the Felbertauernstraße B 108.

Train: The Pinzgauer Lokalbahn runs in an east-west direction, from Zell am See (connection to the ÖBB main railway network) to Vorderkrimml . A customer center for the Pinzgauer local railway was set up at Mittersill station.

Bus: Bus routes to Kitzbühel (connection to the ÖBB main railway network), Zell am See (connection to the ÖBB main railway network), Lienz and Krimml .

Flood protection

The Salzach in Mittersill at normal water levels

The Salzach is particularly prone to flooding in the months of June to September after long rainfalls and subsequent negative weather conditions. In the first weeks of July 2005, a period of rain made the soil soaked, and a low altitude that moved slowly over the Alps to the east caused 50 to 160 liters of rain per square meter to fall up the valley from Mittersill within three days from July 10th. A high snow line also caused a large influx of water. The water level rose within one day from mean to high water and 16 hours later on July 12th after midnight it reached its maximum with a flow of 320 m³ / s, which is the highest measured flow.

A temporary flood dam on Rettenbachstrasse above Mittersill could no longer contain the absorbed water on July 11, 2005 at around 9:30 p.m. On July 12th, around 1.30 a.m., the local area of Mittersill was completely inundated by the masses of water coming from Rettenbach. The Mittersill market square was about 1.5 meters under water. After the tide had subsided, it was found that the damage, at 100 million euros, was almost ten times higher than initially assumed.

Transalpine oil pipeline

The Transalpine Oil Pipeline (also known as the Transalpine Pipeline) from Trieste to Ingolstadt was built in the mid-1960s. The 465 km long oil - pipeline crosses under the Felbertauern in a 7.3 km long tunnel to the main Alpine ridge and crosses towards Mittersill Hahnenkamm -Stollen (6,8 km) at Kitzbuehel . In this way, around 30 million tons of crude oil are transported annually through Mittersill to the large refineries in southern Germany.

Power lines

Two important arteries for electrical energy also lead through Mittersill . This is where the routes of the 380 kV double lines of APG Austrian Power Grid from the Tauern network node to the south and to the west share . They transport the river on the one hand through the Felbertal and over the Felbertauernpass to East Tyrol , on the other hand through the upper Salzach valley , over the Gerlospass and through the Zillertal to North Tyrol .

Health & Social

General public hospital Mittersill
Retirement home (retirement home and nursing home) Mittersill

politics

Image wanted

The community council has a total of 25 members. After the municipal council and mayoral elections, the municipal council had the following distributions:

2004: 11 SPÖ, 8 ÖVP, 5 FPÖ and 1 BLM
2009 : 18 VIERT and 7 SPÖ
2014 : 15 VIERT, 7 SPÖ, 2 GREENS and 1 TEAM

After the municipal council and mayoral elections in Salzburg 2019 , the municipal council has the following distribution:

15 VIERT, 6 SPÖ and 4 NEOS

mayor

1964–1993 Josef Grani (SPÖ)
1973–1993 Walter Reifmüller (SPÖ)
1993-2004 Roman Oberlechner (SPÖ)
since 2004 Wolfgang Viertler (VIERT)

coat of arms

Blazon (coat of arms description):

"A shield divided by white and red , in the upper half of which a black chamois grows out of the dividing line."

Personalities

Sons and daughters of the church

Frieda Lamberger (* 1910), Mittersill native writer
Toni Arnsteiner (1925–2013), Mittersill ski manufacturer, founder of the global ski brand Blizzard Sport GmbH
Jungwirth Gustav, sen. (1931-2003), ski pioneer
Ingrid Stahmer (* 1942), politician
Rainer Volkmann (* 1942), German-Austrian politician of the SPD
Stephan Aschböck (* 1956), jazz keyboardist
Kurt Feuersinger (* 1957), soccer player and coach
Waltraud Langer (* 1961), journalist and television presenter
Georg Wimmer (* 1961), journalist
Walter Bacher (* 1962), Austrian politician of the SPÖ
Kurt Scharr (* 1970), historian and geographer in Innsbruck
Christoph Dreier (* 1981), ski racer
Sara De Blue (* 1990), singer and songwriter
David Wöhrer (* 1990), racing cyclist
Johanna Ernst (* 1992), sport climber

People related to the community

Ignaz von Kürsinger (1795–1861), 1834–1842 carer in Mittersill, first climber of Großvenediger in 1841 , after him the high alpine Kürsingerhütte in Obersulzbachtal and the Kürsingerdamm in the local area along the Salzach were named.
Anton Webern (1883–1945), Austrian composer, died in Mittersill
Stephen Lawhead (born 1950), writer

panorama

and display information about the image

Northern view of Mittersill, in the background the Felbertal and the Hohe Tauern

to the left of the Felbertal the Mittersiller Zwölferkogel ( 2446 m above sea level ), behind it the Schratwand ( 2785 m above sea level ) (both Granatspitz group ).

in the middle of the valley of the Hochgasser ( 2922 m above sea level ), to the left behind the Teufelspitz ( 2848 m above sea level ), in front of it the Hörndl ( 2852 m above sea level ) (also all in the Granatspitz group).

to the right of the Felbertal the peaks of the Felber Tauernkogel, which belong to the Venediger group (at the very back, 2988 m ), in front of it the Pihapper ( 2513 m ) and in front the Platte (Mittersill) ( 1787 m ).

Web links

Commons : Mittersill - collection of images, videos and audio files

50613 - Mittersill. Community data, Statistics Austria .
Community website
Mittersill . In: Salzburger Nachrichten : Salzburgwiki .
Mittersill gigapixel panorama (2,680 megapixels)

Individual evidence

↑ District Courts Regulation Salzburg Federal Law Gazette II No. 287/2002

↑ Regionalinformation , bev.gv.at (1,094 kB); accessed on January 10, 2020.

↑ Statistics Austria: Population on January 1st, 2020 by locality (area status on January 1st, 2020) , ( CSV )

↑ ^a ^b Chronik Mittersill , mittersill.at, Chronik

^ Cattle drive accident of 1878

↑ " Mittersill community (rural community). This community consists of 4 villages and 14 Rotten, namely: Arndorf, Burs (village), Feldstein, Felm (village), Jochbergthurn, Klausen (village), Lämmerbichl, Loferstein, Mayerhofen, Oberfelm, Unterfelm, Passthurn, Reitlehen (village ), Rettenbach, Schattberg, Spielbichl, Thalbach and Weißenstein . In the same rayon lies the old Mittersill Castle with the administrative offices of the District and Tax Office, and in Felmthal the Hintersee . ”Aimé von Wouwermans: Trade and Industry Schematism for the Duchy of Salzburg. Verlag L. Taube, 1866, p. 109, col. 1 ( Google eBook, full view ).

↑ Heinz Dopsch, Hans Spatzenegger: “History of Salzburg: City and Country. Modern times and contemporary history ”. Volume 2, 2nd edition. Universitätsverlag Pustet, 1988, ISBN 3-7025-0197-5 , footnote 34, p. 1358.

↑ Chronicle of FF-Hollersbach from 1938 to 1945 ( Memento from December 13, 2013 in the Internet Archive ), ff-hollersbach.at

↑ Description on skyscraperpage.com

↑ Heide Gsell: “The Bible Students in Mauthausen Concentration Camp.” In: Andreas Baumgartner, Ingrid Bauz, Jean-Marie Winkler (eds.): “Between Mother Cross and Gas Chamber. Perpetrators and fellow travelers or resistance and persecution? ”Vienna, 2008, edition mauthausen.