St. Jakob in Defereggen
|
St. Jakob in Defereggen
|
||
|---|---|---|
| coat of arms | Austria map | |
 |
|
|
| Basic data | ||
| Country: | Austria | |
| State : | Tyrol | |
| Political District : | Lienz | |
| License plate : | LZ | |
| Surface: | 185.96 km² | |
| Coordinates : | 46 ° 55 ′ N , 12 ° 19 ′ E | |
| Height : | 1389 m above sea level A. | |
| Residents : | 834 (January 1, 2020) | |
| Population density : | 4.5 inhabitants per km² | |
| Postal code : | 9963 | |
| Area code : | 04873 | |
| Community code : | 7 07 24 | |
| NUTS region | AT333 | |
| Address of the municipal administration: |
Unterrotte 75 9963 St. Jakob in Defereggen |
|
| Website: | ||
| politics | ||
| Mayor : | Ingo Hafele ( For St. Jakob ) | |
|
Municipal Council : (2016) (11 members) |
||
| Location of St. Jakob in Defereggen in the Lienz district | ||
  |
||
| Source: Municipal data from Statistics Austria | ||
St. Jakob in Defereggen is a municipality in the Austrian state of Tyrol , district of Lienz (East Tyrol). The municipal area includes the rear Defereggental and its side valleys. Large parts of the municipality belong to the Hohe Tauern National Park . The settlement of St. Jakob probably took place only in the 11th century. Until the 15th century, the population lived almost exclusively from agriculture. Mining and peddling contributed to the income of the population in modern times. Politically, today's municipal area was divided between the county of Gorizia or Tyrol and Salzburg for centuries . With 834 inhabitants (as of January 1, 2020) St. Jakob is the main town of the Defereggental today. The second largest municipality in the district in terms of area is the most sparsely populated area in East Tyrol with only 5 inhabitants per km². In economic terms, tourism is the most important source of income for the population. After Matrei in Osttirol, the municipality has the most overnight stays in East Tyrol and is a leader in winter tourism.
geography
location
St. Jakob in Defereggen is located in the north-west of East Tyrol and, with an area of 185.96 km², is the second largest municipality in the Lienz district. With a share of around 123 km² in the Hohe Tauern National Park, two-thirds of the community area is under nature protection. The community includes the western Defereggental , through which the Schwarzach flows, from the Rotte Feistritz to the head of the valley, as well as the adjacent secondary valleys. From an administrative point of view, St. Jakob in Defereggen is divided into five groups. Most of the populated area is to the left of the Schwarzach. The center of the community with the parish church in the Unterrotte is at an altitude of 1389 m above sea level. A. The highest point of the municipality is the Rötspitze with a height of 3496 m above sea level. A.
Community structure
St. Jakob in Defereggen is divided into five groups , which in turn are divided into a total of 34 hamlets, farm groups and farms. In the east of the municipality south of the Schwarzach lies the Rotte Feistritz, which is divided into Unterfeistritz and Oberfeistritz. The rest of the eastern municipality up to the Tögischer Bachl is occupied by the Outer Großrotte. In addition to the hamlets of St. Leonhard (with a late Gothic branch church) and Lacken south of the Schwarzach, Unteregg and Tögisch belong to the Outer Großrotte.
| Population distribution 2001 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Underbody | 366 | ||||
| Oberrotte | 341 | ||||
| Inner large rot | 142 | ||||
| Outer large rot | 121 | ||||
| Feistritz | 39 | ||||
To the west of the Äußere Großrotte between the Trojer Almbach in the west and the Tögischer Bachl in the east lies the Innere Großrotte. The populated area of this part of the municipality lies exclusively north of the Schwarzach and is divided into the parts Oberegg, Eggemair, Erlach, Mairhof and Hirbe. West of the Inner Großrotte is the Unterrotte with the community center. Here you can also find the areas of Unterkirchen, Obkirchen, Eggen, Trojen, Stock Steingarten and Ede as well as sand and pastures south of the Schwarzach. To the west is the Oberrotte, which encompasses most of the populated municipal area. The Oberrotte includes Unterstein, Jesach, Maik, Trogach, Leiten, Grandeggen, Runde, Bruggen, Ladstatt and Erlsbach north of the Schwarzach and the hamlets Grünmoos, Rinderschinken , Egg and Pötsch in the south.
Land use
Due to the high proportion of mountains, settlement and agricultural areas are only available to a small extent in St. Jakob. The largest part of St. Jakob is taken up by alpine pastures, which comprise 50.4% of the municipality area. 28.3% is accounted for by unproductive areas, followed by forests (16.7%) and agricultural areas (4.0%). Water bodies take up 0.3%, building areas, buildings, gardens and green building areas 0.2% of the municipal area.
Neighboring communities
The community of St. Jacob is on the north by the Lasörling Group from the Virgen Valley located communities Prägraten and Virgen separated (from west to east). However, there are no navigable connections to either municipality. In the north-west, west and south-west St. Jakob borders on the Italian national territory. Prettau , Sand in Taufers , Rasen-Antholz , Gsies are the neighboring communities here, although there is only a road connection to Rasen-Antholz via the Staller Sattel . Also Innervillgraten in the South is just across the Puster reach. The strongest connection is through the valley location to the neighboring St. Veit in Defereggen to the east .
Geology and morphology
The subsoil of the valley floor and the lower sunny slope in the municipality of St. Jakob consist of Rieserferner tonalit , which builds up the mountain group of the same name. The rock consists of gray quartz , white feldspar , biotite and short columns of dark green hornblende . The tonalite, a young solidification rock, comes from the phase of the formation of the Alps. The tonalite is covered by rocks of the old crystalline . In the north it is red-brown biotite slate, which is subsequently replaced by silver to gray muscovite slate. This slate forms the sunny slope of Keeseck , Alplesspitze and Seespitze ( Panargenkamm ). Wrapped in these layers of slate is a narrow slate and quartzite zone with dark graphite and bright white marble . This layer partially contains gold , silver , copper and iron and enabled the inhabitants of the Defereggental to earn an income in the mining industry for centuries. The marble layer forms, among other things, the White Ax ( 2767 m ) and runs parallel to the valley to Huben . The shadow slope in the south of the valley is formed by a partly reddish-brown quartz phyllite .
The valley floor of the rear Defereggental is covered by Quaternary sediments such as gravel, sand and clay. In addition, there are slopes with Quaternary glacial deposits ( moraines ). The surface of the Defereggental was formed by glaciers ("Kees"), which formed a trough valley with steep slopes, but without rugged rocks. In places, moraines formed thick layers of debris on the sunny slopes, flat locations only exist in isolated cases. The relatively flat trough shoulder at a height of around 2,200 meters is already too high for permanent settlement, but is used as an alpine pasture area. In the area of the St. Leonhard branch church, a landslide from the northern flank of the Lepleskofel filled up a cone of debris before the first settlement, which dammed the Schwarzach into a lake. The debris cone was sawed through by the Schwarzach over the centuries, so that today there are moist valley floors in this area.
Rivers and bodies of water
The Obersee (Staller Sattel) and the Oberseitsee (at the foot of the Seespitze ) are the two largest and most famous mountain lakes in the municipality. The determining river in the municipality of St. Jakob in Defereggen is the Schwarzach belonging to the Drau catchment area , which rises in the Schwarzachtal and flows through the entire Defereggental up to the confluence with the Isel . The main tributaries of the Schwarzach in the St. Jakob area flow into the Schwarzach on the right. These are in the unpopulated area of Arventalbach and Patscher Bach and in the populated area of Staller Almbach, Lappbach, Stallerbach and Brugger Almbach. Numerous streams also flow into the Schwarzach on the left, but only the Trojer Almbach and the Tögischer Bachl are significant. All others have a very small catchment area. After the flood disasters in the 1960s, extensive flood protection barriers took place on the Schwarzach. In 2007, regulatory measures were also started in Maria Hilf. Despite the interventions in the river system and the draining of valley meadows, ecologically valuable floodplains were preserved in the area of the Brugger Almbach and the Stallerbach.
Mountains
St. Jakob is located in the area of the Hohe Tauern ( Central Alps ). The municipality is bounded in the south by the Villgratner Mountains , in the north by the Venediger group and in the west by the Rieserferner group . The Deferegger Pfannhorn ( 2820 m ) is one of the most important elevations in the Villgraten Mountains on the St. Jakob side . In the area of the Villgraten Mountains is also the Staller Sattel , which connects St. Jakob with Italy ( Antholz ). In the north, the Panargenkamm and the Lasörling group , both southern foothills of the Venediger group, border the municipality of St. Jakob. In the area of the Panargenkamm between the valley head of the Defereggental and the Trojeralmtal there are several mountains with more than 3,000 meters, whereby only the Seespitze ( 3021 m ) is accessible by a hiking trail. The highest peak of the ridge is the still partially glaciated Keeseck ( 3173 m ). Also in the Lasörling group, which surrounds the Panargen ridge in the north and east, there are numerous mountains over 3,000 meters. Here are the heavily glaciated peaks, the Rötspitze ( 3496 m ) and the Daberspitze ( 3402 m ), the highest mountains in the municipality. St. Jakob is the only municipality in Austria to have a share in the Rieserferner group in the west. The highest elevations in this area are the Hochgall ( 3436 m ), the peak of which lies just beyond the state border in South Tyrol and, together with the Almerhorn ( 2986 m ), forms the end of the valley, as well as the Barmerspitze ( 3200 m ) and the Lenkstein ( 3236 m ), in the area of which the largest glacier in the municipality, the Fleischbachkees, is located.
climate
Despite the considerable altitude, the municipality is climatically favored by the east-west orientation of the Defereggental and the associated prolonged exposure to sunlight. The mean annual temperature in St. Jakob is 3.0 ° C and is subject to strong fluctuations over the course of the year and is characterized by a rapid increase in heat in spring and a rapid decrease in heat in autumn. The mean temperature between February and March and September and October differs by around 5 ° C. The measured temperature extremes are between +32.1 ° C and -29.8 ° C. Due to the east-west orientation of the valley, St. Jakob is in a sheltered location, as the winds in East Tyrol usually blow in a north-south direction or vice versa. A small inner-alpine basin extends from the village out of the valley , in which a cold air lake often forms in winter due to an inversion weather situation. The average amount of precipitation in St. Jakob is 923.6 mm per year and is the average for East Tyrol. The highest amounts of precipitation fall in the summer months between June and August. In St. Jakob there is heavy rain almost every second or third day, but a longer, continuous rainy period is rare. A closed snow cover already forms at the end of October. Sunny-facing slopes are mostly free of snow in mid-March, in the valley and on the north-facing slopes the snow cover remains for two to three weeks longer. No sun falls on the town center for three months in winter. Due to the long snow conditions and low temperatures, the growing season in St. Jakob only lasts five months (May to September). Nevertheless, due to the strong solar radiation in St. Jakob, the Trogach farm group was able to establish one of the highest permanent settlements in East Tyrol (1,712 meters).
|
Average monthly temperatures and precipitation for St. Jakob im Defereggen
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Flora and fauna
Due to the strong sunlight, the steep, south-facing slopes are climatically favored and therefore more used than the shady side. For this reason there are strong differences in vegetation between the northern and southern slopes of the valley. While the spruce forest extends into the valley on the north-facing slopes, the south-facing slopes are characterized by alpine meadows, deciduous trees and larch meadows . The tree line is around 2,000 meters above sea level. In St. Jakob there are still large areas of stone pine and larch forests. In addition to large stone pine stocks in the Patscher and Stalleralmtal valleys, the municipality has the largest closed stone pine forest in the Eastern Alps, the Oberhauser Zirbenwald. In the Obersee area on the Staller Sattel there are also ecologically valuable fens .
In the municipality of St. Jakob there are numerous mammals that are characteristic of the Alps, such as the mountain ptarmigan , chamois and marmot , but also red deer and roe deer . There are also good populations of capercaillie and black grouse in the pristine valleys . Thanks to extensive protective measures, the populations of golden eagles have also recovered in the national park region . Other striking birds are the Nutcracker , Ring Ouzel , black woodpecker , pygmy owl , dipper and gray wagtail .
history
First settlement
During excavations at the Hirschbichl ( 2143 m ) in 1987, a projectile point made of rock crystal as well as small blades, triangular chips and lamellae made of flint were discovered. The artefacts are the oldest secured finds in East Tyrol for the time being and come from the 7th / 6th centuries. Millennium BC BC ( Mesolithic ). While the site is interpreted as a seasonal resting place for hunters, permanent settlement in the rearmost Defereggental took place much later. Since Celtic and Romanesque place names are almost completely missing, neither Celts nor Romans are likely to have established permanent settlements here. The farmers of the Virgental, who had built the settlement of Burg at that time, probably used the rear Defereggental as summer pasture. After the fall of the Roman Empire and the Battle of Aguntum in 610 between Bavaria and the Slavs , the Slavs penetrated the valleys of East Tyrol. It is not clear whether the Slavs, like in neighboring St. Veit, also established permanent settlements in today's municipality of St. Jakob. Only the two place names Feistritz (from bystrica = wild stream) and Jesach (from jes = ash or jasje = treeless area) prove the presence of the Slavs. At the end of the 8th century, the Bavarians subjugated the Slavic settlers. Due to the sparse settlements in the Defereggen Valley, the Bavarians found enough free settlement space, which enabled peaceful occupation. At the same time, Christianization began and the Slavic language was gradually displaced.
St. Jakob in the High and Late Middle Ages
The immigration of Bavarian settlers came from two directions. From Virgen the settlers advanced via St. Veit to St. Jakob, from the south they used the crossings of the Antholz Valley ( Staller Sattel ) and Reintals ( Klammljoch ). Due to the course of settlement, parts of Jesach belonged to Matrei secularly in the 19th century. Large alpine pastures are still owned by South Tyrolean farmers. The alpine lakes were used for fishing in the High Middle Ages, as evidenced by a dugout canoe from around 1070 found in the Obersee. The first documentary mention of a permanent settlement is with the mention of the Troyen court from 1163. The Görzer Urbar , which was created around 1299/1300, contains the existence of several permanent settlements. For the Gorizia part of St. Jakob, the directory covers twelve farms, nine of which are Schwaigh farms . For the Salzburg part in the east, five courtyards can be closed for this time. Altogether around 1300 around 100 people should have lived in the innermost Defereggental. The establishment of Schwaighöfen in St. Jakob extended into the 14th century. The majority of the rural population was subject to the free pen law , which placed a heavy burden on the population with high taxes.
The rear Defereggental was divided between the rulers of Gorizia and Salzburg since the High Middle Ages . In 1212 the rule of Matrei with the eastern Deferregental (Großrotte, St. Veit and Hopfgarten) was legally assigned to the Archdiocese of Salzburg. The area west of the Trojer Almbach up to the Seebach, like the enclaves Feistritz and Görtschach in the Defereggental in Salzburg, was under the rule of Görz with its seat in Bruck Castle . The administration was carried out by the court and maintenance office Virgen ( Rabenstein Castle ). The area to the north around the Jagdhausalm was under the Taufers ( Brixen ) court until 1918 . For the remote area of the Virgen nurse, an instructor (Niederrichter) was appointed in St. Jakob, who in turn appointed a court assessor (Schörgen) and a Rottmann as tax collector for each group . The basic rule exercised next to their rulers predominantly ecclesiastical institutions.
Church foundations at the turn of the modern era
Today's parish of St. Jakob was also ecclesiastically divided. The area west of the Trojer Almbach was under the parish of Matrei with the Vicariate of St. Veit, founded in 1313 . The eastern area was looked after by the parish of Virgen. At the beginning of the 14th century there were two churches in Defereggental, the Vicariate Church of St. Veit and the wooden Jakobskapelle at the exit of the Trojerklamm. After 1450, the Görzer Bauhütte replaced the Jakobskapelle with a late Gothic , brick tower church. The building, consecrated in 1516, became the seat of a vicar in 1548. The newly established cemetery saved the population from having to transport the deceased to Virgen. In the Großrotte, too, the construction of the branch church of the Vicariate of St. Vitus began after 1450. The pilgrimage church of St. Leonhard became the richest church in the Defereggental due to its function.
The development of mining in the 16th and 17th centuries
After the death of Count Leonhard von Görz, the Görz possessions fell to Maximilian I in 1500 , who incorporated them into the County of Tyrol in February 1501. Maximilian only retained the sovereignty and in 1501 sold the county to Michael von Wolkenstein-Rodenegg . In 1653, after the previous owners went bankrupt , the Haller Damenstift acquired the Lienz district court.
At the end of the 15th century there was a purely rural social structure in the Innerste Defereggental. Due to the strong population growth, the farmers increased the development of new agricultural areas. This process was completed by 1550, but the first farm divisions reduced the size of the farm. At the end of the 15th century, mining began. Gradually ore mines were built on the northern edge of the Panargen range, north of the Trojenalm (Blindis), on the Tögischer Bachl, and near the Blindis and Jesacher alpine pastures. Copper , lead , gold and silver were dug in the pits . The family structures, characterized by community ownership and marriage restrictions ( Mithauserei ), gradually began to break open due to the additional source of income and the associated marriage opportunities. The population is estimated to have grown from 350 to 600 between 1550 and 1614. At the height of mining in 1617, the “Glaureter Trades” applied for the construction of a smelter in St. Jakob. The ore had previously been transported to Unterpeischlach via a specially constructed road . There was also a smelter in beef ham, around which a small mining settlement was grouped. Since the landlords demanded disproportionately high taxes and cheap American metals were imported, a clear downturn in mining began in the middle of the 17th century.
The expulsion of the Deferegger Protestants
The Protestant teachings reached the Defereggental around 1600 through sedentary miners or the peddler trade . There may also have been continuity in the evangelical faith since the early Reformation . In 1666 it was reported to the Archdiocese of Salzburg that not all residents of the Defereggental were orthodox. From 1680 interviews and interrogations followed. After the arrest of a suspected leader, 70 farmers moved to Matrei in 1684 and applied for permission to continue their apprenticeship or leave the country. The Archbishop of Salzburg, Max Gandolf von Kuenburg , then called on the population to return to the Catholic faith or to prepare for deportation. The first expulsions took place as early as December 1684. A total of almost 1,000 people were forced to leave the Defereggental, with 51 people from the Tyrolean area of St. Jakob and 90 people from the Salzburg area. Most of the children had to be left behind, and the Protestants were allowed to sell the property. The expelled people settled mainly in the area of what is now the German federal states of Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg , the children who were left behind were partially kidnapped from the Defereggental by their parents.
The peddler era 1680 to 1850
With the decline of mining, more and more valley dwellers got into the peddler trade . The new line of business finally dissolved the family structures, as the extended families could not bear the capital risk of trade. In addition to the dissolution of close family ties, the end of housework led to a strong fragmentation of the property. The trade in whetstones, cloth, puke (blankets) or carpets led the peddlers through large parts of Europe. At harvest time and mowing, the traders returned to their farms.
The centuries-old political structures were also permanently changed by the coalition wars. Austria's defeats against Napoléon Bonaparte in the battles of Austerlitz (1805) and Wagram (1809) led to the cession of Tyrol to Bavaria. The riflemen of the Defereggental took part in the fighting for the Lienzer Klause and Ainet in 1809 , but in December the final occupation of East Tyrol by French troops took place. Numerous East Tyroleans, including the Virgen cooperator Martin Unterkircher from St. Jakob , were executed. The Defereggental was combined into one municipality (Maierie) in 1810, which was attached to the newly created Illyrian provinces in 1811 . The French rule ended in 1813, and Emperor Franz I ordered the unification of the former Salzburg territory with Tyrol. This finally ended the division of Tyrol between two countries. In 1817 the Defereggental was subdivided into three parishes based on the vicariate areas, with Großrotte falling to the parish of St. Jakob in 1818. This increase in population made a new building of the Jakobskirche necessary in the years 1827/30.
The revolution of 1848 led to the liberation of the peasants and basic relief. With the spread of standing shops, the peddler trade was also increasingly restricted. The trading companies initially switched their offerings to watches and straw hats, after which they themselves set up shops in larger cities. In Domzale ( Krain ), several Deferegger hat factories settled. As a result, numerous Defereggers migrated and brought their families to join them. The decline in population up to 1920 enabled the remaining inhabitants to create viable farms.
St. Jakob between 1914 and 1945
Military service during the First World War cost the lives of 59 residents of St. Jakob. With the redrawing of the state border between South and East Tyrol, the area north of the Seebach with the Jagdhausalm was added to the municipality of St. Jakob. The beginning of the upswing in tourism was supported by the state and municipality through investments in the infrastructure. The Talstrasse had already been rebuilt before the First World War, and in 1925 the first power station went into operation. The number of overnight stays fell during the Great Depression from 1929, but recovered in the 1930s. Economic difficulties such as foreclosures formed the basis for the increased Nazi activity in the region from 1931/1932. At the beginning of 1933 St. Jakob was one of the communities with the highest number of NSDAP members, who continued their agitation even after the NSDAP was banned. After the assassination of Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss , the corporate state exploited the assassination as a heroic death. The murdered chancellor is still shown in the ceiling fresco of the parish church. After Austria was " annexed " to the German Reich, the co-ordination and integration of the population into the National Socialist sub-organizations also took place in St. Jakob. The job creation program created numerous jobs, especially in the construction and armaments industries, and the municipal debt relief freed St. Jakob from a heavy burden of debt. In 1938 the National Socialist People's Welfare established a rest home for mothers in the Forellenhof, and from the end of 1940 there was also a workmaids camp in the community . 53 residents did not return from being called up for military service. Most of them died on the Eastern Front.
St. Jakob from 1946
After the end of the Second World War, the boom in tourism brought about a major economic change. The importance of agriculture as a central source of income declined. Numerous farms created additional income by renting out holiday homes. The development of the community was hardly slowed down by the flood disaster in East Tyrol in 1965/66. However, the severe damage resulted in extensive flood protection measures. St. Jakob experienced the strongest development spurt with the opening of the Brunnalm Bergbahnen in 1966. The number of overnight stays could be increased through several infrastructure measures ( Felbertauerntunnel , Staller Sattel) and made St. Jakob rise to become the second most popular tourist community in East Tyrol. After the Hohe Tauern National Park was founded in 1991, the community increasingly invested in soft tourism . The "House of Water", an educational facility of the national park built in 2003, and the water adventure trail are signs of this development.
population
Population structure
|
Population development
data according to Statistics Austria u. Frick: St. Jakob 
|
In 2006, 980 people lived in the parish of St. Jakob in Defereggen. According to the 2001 census, 96.5 percent of the population had Austrian citizenship (Tyrol: 90.6 percent). 95.0 percent of the population (Tyrol: 83.4 percent), 1.2 percent were Protestant , and only 1.8 percent without religious beliefs were affiliated with the Roman Catholic Church . The age structure of St. Jakob in 2001 was roughly the national average. In 2001, 18.7 percent of the population were younger than 15 years (Tyrol: 18.4 percent) and 60.8 percent between 15 and 59 years old (Tyrol: 63.0 percent). The proportion of residents over the age of 59 was 20.5 percent, above the national average of 18.6 percent. The gender distribution was almost even with 50.5 percent men and 49.5 percent women. According to marital status, 48.8 percent of the population were single, 43.5 percent married, 5.6 percent widowed and 2.2 percent divorced. The strong deviation of the divorce rate from the national average of 4.8 percent is particularly striking.
Population development
Since the first modern census in Austria-Hungary took place in 1869 , the data on the population figures cannot be easily compared. So in 1847 the legal population was counted, i.e. those persons who held the right of home in St. Jakob . It also counted people who had emigrated long before. Nevertheless, the population should have been around 1,300 by the middle of the 19th century. Reports from the middle of the 18th century complained of a severe overpopulation of the Defereggental, which resulted from the inflow of money through the traveling trade. As a result, however, as in the majority of the mountain valleys in Tyrol, there was a strong migration. The residents of the Defereggental were also involved in the expansion of the straw hat industry of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy. Emigration and the peddler trade are also reflected in the gender distribution. Until 1890, significantly less than 40% of the population present was male. The population bottomed out in the 1920s when the population dropped below 800 people. After that, the community of St. Jakob recorded gradual growth, which was greatly increased by the tourism boom in the 1960s. The population has stagnated since the 1970s and fell back below 1,000 after 2001. The decline in population occurs despite the positive birth balance due to the strongly negative migration balance .
politics
The municipal council, as the highest body of the municipality, has 11 seats and is elected every six years in the course of Tyrol-wide municipal council elections. Simultaneously the mayor in a direct-dial determines which is the absence of an absolute majority for one candidate in a runoff election is coming. Ingo Hafele has been the acting mayor since 2016. The long-time mayor Hubert Jesacher is his deputy.
In the municipal council elections in St. Jakob traditionally different lists , mostly related to the ÖVP , compete. These lists differ mainly in their focus on different professional groups and often reflect the collective structure of the ÖVP. In St. Jakob, however, the FPÖ also plays a strong role. The former mayor Gerald Hauser is currently a member of the National Council, his grandfather was mayor of the community for twelve years.
In 2004, Hubert Jesacher's list of mayors emerged as the winner. With 49.1 percent and seven mandates, she achieved the absolute majority of mandates. Jesacher, who started with the List of Tyrolean Farmers' Association in 1998 , was able to double the percentage of votes on his list. In the direct mayor election, Jesacher narrowly prevailed against his competitor Gerald Hauser with 54.8 percent. With his list for St. Jakob - Gerald Hauser, he won four mandates and was able to maintain his mandate status. The common list for tourism and business lost over eight percent and thus one of three mandates. In the municipal council elections in 2010 , however, the mayor Hubert Jesacher, who has been in office since 1998, lost his mandate majority and the mayor's chair. With 35.0 percent, the mayor list Hubert Jesacher lost 2 of its previous 7 mandates and only provided five councilors. Jesacher himself also failed to be re-elected as mayor with 38.9 percent. Gerald Hauser (FPÖ) won the direct mayoral election with 50.4%, whereby his list We with Gerald Hauser rose to the strongest list with 42.0 percent and six mandates. The New List St. Jakob also entered the municipal council with 13.7 percent or two mandates. The entrepreneur or future list, on the other hand, failed when it entered the municipal council. In the 2016 elections, Für St. Jakob emerged as the strongest list with 38.15%. The list We mir Gerald Hauser achieved 33.54%. 28.31% went to the general citizen list “wir St. Jakober” . In the election of the mayor, Gerald Hauser received the most votes (37.07%) ahead of Ingo Hafele (32.07%) and Hubert Jesacher (30.86%). Ingo Hafele won the second ballot with 61.62%.
Due to the rural and Catholic population, the ÖVP is traditionally deeply rooted in St. Jakob. In the state elections in 2003 , it still achieved 84.6 percent of the vote. As a result, Hauser made enormous gains with the FPÖ . With the FPÖ he was able to achieve 43.8 percent and thus the relative majority in the 2008 state elections . The FPÖ did not succeed in this in any other municipality. In the state elections in 2013 , the FPÖ lost again significantly.
coat of arms
The municipal coat of arms was awarded in 1975 by the Tyrolean state government. The coat of arms shows " In green a silver shell, covered with the black mining symbols Schlägl and Eisen, in the head of the shield a whole and two half overturned silver tips ". The main field of the municipal coat of arms with the mountain cut stands for the Staller Sattel, over which Bavarian settlers populated the high valley. The scallop symbolizes Saint James . James is not only the namesake of the parish church, as the patron saint of traveling traders and hat makers, he also represents two formerly important professions. The mining symbol stands for the equally important mining in the Defereggental in the early modern period.
Economy and Infrastructure
Workplaces and employees
The workplace census carried out as part of the census in 2001 revealed 101 workplaces with 403 employees (excluding agriculture) in St. Jakob, 81 percent of which were employees. Compared to 1991, the number of workplaces had increased by 8 units (8.6 percent). The employment figures had risen sharply between 1991 and 2001 by 59.9 percent. The most important branch of the economy in the municipality is the hotel and restaurant sector, which in 2001 comprised around 62 percent of the businesses and 58 percent of the employees in the municipality. In terms of the share of employees, this is followed by transport (14 percent of employees), trade and education. The company sizes of the companies in St. Jakob are very small, only three companies have more than 20 employees (two hotels and one transport company). Since the St. Jakob mountain railways enable extensive winter tourism, there are better employment opportunities and a lower number of commuters in the community than in neighboring Virgental, for example. In St. Jakob, 43 percent of the employed population commute to work from the community (Virgen 72 percent). 63 percent of out-commuters found work in the Lienz district, primarily in the district capital Lienz. Around 20 employees each commuted to North Tyrol, other federal states or abroad. At the same time, 138 in-commuters found work in St. Jakob in 2001. 36 percent of this group came from the neighboring community of St. Veit .
Agriculture and Forestry
| Livestock between 1952 and 2006 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1953 | 1983 | 1991 | 2006 | |
| Cattle owner | 130 | 57 | 53 | |
| Horses | 55 | 22nd | 13 | 17th |
| Bovine | 697 | 613 | 498 | 409 |
| Pigs | 245 | 107 | 92 | 18th |
| Sheep | 170 | 20th | 71 | 307 |
| Goats | 178 | - | 2 | |
| Chicken | 920 | 229 | 140 | 84 |
In 1999 there were 75 agricultural and forestry operations in St. Jakob, cultivating a total of 13,997 hectares. Only 7 farms were run as full-time business , 46 farms as part-time business . 22 companies were owned by legal entities. Compared with 1995, the number of farms continued to decline, particularly in the field of part-time farmers, while the number of farms in full-time employment remained the same. Overall, the number of farms fell by 14 percent between 1995 and 1999, while the cultivated area remained almost unchanged. The number of farms continued to decrease up to 2007 and this year it was 49 units, including four agricultural communities (excluding farms operated by legal entities). According to estimates by the District Chamber of Agriculture, the number of holdings will decrease by a few more over the next few years, particularly due to age or health reasons. The reasonably manageable areas will most likely not fall fallow. Agriculture (grain, potatoes, etc.), which was formerly mainly used for personal provision, has now practically completely disappeared. In 2007 only 0.03 hectares were still used for growing potatoes. All other agricultural areas are used as pastures or hay meadows. The farms live mainly from cattle breeding and forest use. Tourism serves as a sideline. Only five alpine pastures are managed by the locals, eight alpine pastures are fed by owners from South Tyrol and Oberlienz. Most of the community's forest is owned by agricultural communities, but they only process a small portion of the income in the local sawmill.
tourism
St. Jakob was rarely visited by strangers until the middle of the 19th century. The first modest tourist approaches only developed through Deferegger emigrants who visited their hometown with friends or acquaintances. The tourist development began at the turn of the century. In 1900 the Barmen Alpine Club section built the Barmer Hut . As a result, the Barmer Heim next to the trading house was bought and expanded. Due to the poor accessibility and the expansion of the narrow and stony valley road lasted until the beginning of the First World War, tourism was initially limited to local visitors and alpinists who only stayed a few days in St. Jakob. After the First World War, tourism developed into an important source of income for the community of St. Jakob. The number of overnight stays was already significantly higher in the 1920s than in the neighboring communities and could be increased to over 20,000 overnight stays per year through the establishment of a regular bus connection to Lienz and the construction of the Reichenberger Hütte in 1926. In the interwar period, tourism was still limited to the summer season, 80 percent of the visitors were natives. After the Second World War, the number of overnight stays in the 1930s was already exceeded in 1950/1951. Due to the economic miracle and the construction of the Felbertauernstrasse in 1967, the number of overnight stays could be increased further. In the tourism year 1968/1969 the number of overnight stays was already 145,555. After the Brunnalm lifts were built in 1966, St. Jakob was also able to position itself as a winter sports resort and the opening of the Staller Saddle in 1974 opened St. Jakob to Italy. Tourism developed more and more to the main livelihood of the population. The winter sports resort at the Staller Sattel (sports and recreation center Obersee) planned in the 1970s with around 5,000 guest beds was never realized due to an avalanche in the planned construction area.
St. Jakob was able to continuously increase the number of overnight stays to 368,270 overnight stays by 1991. Since then, the number of overnight stays has been continuously reduced. In summer 2005 there were 107,252 overnight stays in St. Jakob. 71 percent of the summer guests came from abroad, 52 percent of the total overnight stays by guests from Germany and 11% by guests from Italy . In the summer of 2000, 123,812 overnight stays were still booked in St. Jakob (−13.4 percent). The number of overnight stays in winter tourism fell even more sharply. In 2005/2006 St. Jakob booked 155,862 overnight stays, a decrease of 19 percent compared to the 2000/2001 season. In 2005 St. Jakob had a total of 2,575 guest beds and is thus the municipality with the highest number of beds and overnight stays in East Tyrol after Matrei in East Tyrol. Today the community of St. Jakob is organized together with the East Tyrolean national park communities in the Tourist Association of the Hohe Tauern National Park National Park East Tyrol . The main attractions are the hiking network and the St. Jakob mountain railways, which have a cable car , two chair lifts and four drag lifts. In 2004 exploratory drilling began in the community to develop a thermal and medicinal water source for the construction of a thermal bath. However, the project was not completed until 2007.
Transport and infrastructure
The municipality is opened up to traffic via Defereggentalstraße (L25), which, starting from Huben (municipality of Matrei), connects the Defereggen municipalities of Hopfgarten, St. Veit and St. Jakob with the Staller Sattel and the Italian state border. The Defereggentalstraße has a connection to the Felbertauernstraße (B 108) in Huben . Virgen can be reached by public transport using the ÖBB-Postbus GmbH buses . Line 4414 connects the community up to six times a day to the district capital Lienz (travel time to the center: 59 minutes). The line runs from the Lienz train station via Huben to the Mariahilf district. In summer, the line goes up to the Staller Sattel twice a day. The closest connection to the rail network is in Lienz, around 41 kilometers south-east.
Unlike the neighboring and surrounding communities, St. Jakob has not joined one of the wastewater associations, but operates its own sewage treatment plant in the Feistritz an der Schwarzach district, which was put into operation in 1993. Most of the local sewer network was built between 1976 and 1986. In 2001 the connection of the districts Feistritz, St. Leonhard, Ausserberg and Pötsch to the local sewer network was completed. With the exception of the Vorderladstatt and the Hinterladstatt as well as Erlsbach, all districts and 89% of the objects producing wastewater (2002) of St. Jakob are connected to the network. The waste that arises in the community is disposed of by the Waste Management Association of East Tyrol (AWVO). The community's water supply is provided by the recently completely renewed community water line and the “Wose” spring, west of Grünmoos, which was built in 1959/60. The power supply was established in 1924 by the St. Jakob lighting cooperative, which commissioned a power plant on the Trojerbach in 1925. The power plant was soon replaced by a three-phase power plant at the exit of the gorge and supplemented by a plant on the Bruggeralmbach. Since the cooperative was unable to meet the electricity needs of tourism businesses (hotels, lifts), the supply area was given to TIWAG in 1975. A biomass district heating plant has been supplying the town center with district heating since 1994 .
education
A school building of its own was first built in 1888 next to the parish church. The students had previously been taught in the Unterrain tavern and then in the trading house. The current school building was opened in 1978 and, in addition to a four-class elementary school, also houses a secondary school where the children of St. Jakob and St. Veit are taught. To attend secondary schools, students have to commute from St. Jakob to the district capital Lienz. The elementary school in Mariahilf was closed in 1977. The community kindergarten has existed since 1976.
Security and Healthcare
St. Jakob is one of the few communities in East Tyrol that has its own police station . Since 1984 there has been a Red Cross office in the community that looks after the communities of St. Jakob and St. Veit. The volunteer fire brigade was founded in 1901 and had 72 active members in 2006. There is a local office of the Austrian Mountain Rescue Service in the community for the rescue of mountain victims . A general practitioner is available in the community to provide health care and, as a district doctor, also looks after the neighboring community of St. Veit. To visit a specialist, however, you have to go to Matrei or the district capital Lienz with the district hospital.
Culture and sights
Attractions
The most famous sight of St. Jakob is the Jagdhausalm . The small alpine settlement at the entrance to the Arvental consists of 15 stone houses and a chapel and is also known as Little Tibet because of its appearance. Despite the altitude of 2,009 meters, there were Schwaighöfe here in the 13th century , which were managed all year round. The area originally belonged to the Taufers court and is still owned by South Tyrolean farmers who drive around 330 young cattle to the alpine pastures every year in mid-June.
Because the parish once belonged to several parish areas, there are two larger churches. The parish church of St. James the Elder goes back to a wooden chapel, which was replaced in the second half of the 15th century by a late Gothic, brick tower church. Due to the growth of the community, a new building was erected instead of the late Gothic church from 1827 to 1830. The Vorarlberg master builder Simon Moosbrugger originally planned a classical representative building with a double tower facade. Due to capital and construction problems, however, the towers could not be completed and the parish church only received a massive roof turret , which was raised by a lantern. The interior of the parish church is dedicated to the glorification of Christ as King (frescoes by Johann Baptist Oberkofler ).
In the Outer Großrotte there is the branch church of St. Leonhard , which was built in the second half of the 15th century and was originally under the vicariate of St. Vitus. The late Gothic building was baroque in the 18th century and regothicized in the 19th century. From 1954 to 1960 all late Gothic features were uncovered during a renovation. In addition to the two parish churches, there is a larger chapel in the Oberrotte with the Maria-Hilf chapel. The chapel, which was almost completely renovated in 1785, has a simple interior with an image of the Virgin Mary surrounded by a halo as well as glass windows with the motifs of images of grace from the surrounding Marian shrines.
Several institutions still bear witness to the former importance of mining. The trading house in the main town of the municipality was built in 1627 and served as an operating and administrative building for the mining company. The building, also known as the trading house or Knappenhaus, is adorned with a sundial on the outside and is now used as an administration and residential building. A local initiative also conserved the remains of the ore processing plant in the "Blindis". A tunnel in the Tögisch valley is also still accessible. Another attraction is the "archaeological valley museum zeitreise defereggen". The most imposing exhibit is an approx. 1,000 year old dugout tree made of stone pine, which was found a few years ago in Obersee on the Staller Sattel.
Culture and customs
The St. Jakober Parade is organized every year by the St. Nicholas and Krampus Association. Here is Nicholas of traditional figures with hand-carved masks (angels, bride and groom, Litterin and Lotter, Spielmann, etc.) and various Krampus accompanies. The St. Jakob music band was founded in 1908, but goes back to the "music band" founded in 1854, which was formed to support the church choir. The St. Jakob rifle company is also one of the traditional associations . Members of the music band also play in popular groups such as the Deferegger Adler or the Deferegger Tanzlmusik . There is also a folk dance and Schuhplattler group in St. Jakob. The St. Jakob home theater was revived in 2001 and plays a production every year. The repertoire mainly included peasant pieces and works by Jack Popplewell .
Sports
There are two sports clubs in St. Jakob, the winter sports club and the summer sports club St. Jakob in Defereggen. Both clubs are members of the General Sports Association of Austria (ASVÖ) and offer alpine skiing, Nordic skiing and snowboarding as well as soccer, tennis and volleyball. The most successful active athlete from St. Jakob was the ski racer Mario Scheiber . The former ski racer and World Cup winner Ida Ladstätter also comes from the community. The football club St. Jakob in Defereggen takes part in the championships of the Carinthian League due to the distance to North Tyrol like all East Tyrolean clubs and plays its games on the sports field in the Inner Großrotte. In the 2012/13 season the football club plays in the 2nd class A, which is also affectionately known as the Glacier League. In 2015/16, the football club was promoted to 1st class.
Personalities
Sons and daughters of the church
- Johann Santner (1840–1912), alpinist
- Franz Unterkircher (1904–1989), art historian
- Therese Lukasser (* 1932), politician ( ÖVP ) and teacher
- Gerald Hauser (* 1961), politician ( FPÖ )
- Ida Ladstätter (* 1965), ski racer
Personalities associated with the community
- Mario Scheiber (* 1983), ski racer
literature
- Heinz Kröll, Gert Stemberger: Defereggen - a landscape in Tyrol . Schendl Verlag, Vienna 1983, ISBN 3-85268-084-0 .
- Reinhold Frick: St. Jakob in Defereggen. Wagner, Innsbruck 1970, ( Contributions to Alpine Economic and Social Research 104, ISSN 0522-6260 ).
- Catholic Tyrolean Teachers' Association (Ed.): District Studies East Tyrol . loewenzahn Verlag, Innsbruck et al. 2001, ISBN 3-7066-2267-X .
- Martin Kofler: East Tyrol. From the First World War to the present. Studienverlag, Innsbruck et al. 2005, ISBN 3-7065-1876-7 .
- Simon Kurzthaler: History - Art - Culture. Encounters in the Hohe Tauern National Park region. Edition Löwenzahn, Innsbruck 1997, ISBN 3-7066-2148-7 .
- Hans Ladstätter: Chronicle of St. Jakob in Defereggen. Innsbruck 1977 (Tiroler Landesarchiv (Ed.): Ortschroniken 31, ZDB -ID 1183354-3 ).
- Diether Stonjek: Socio- economic change and settlement landscape of an alpine valley. Inner Defereggen in East Tyrol. Self-published by the Institute for Geography and Regional Geography, Münster 1971, ( Westphalian geographical studies 23, ISSN 0943-1721 ), (At the same time: Münster, Univ., Diss., 1967).
- Heinz Kröll: St. Jakob in Defereggen. Valley and people around 1900. The photographic work of the carpenter Josef Ladstätter, commonly known as Kofler Sepp . Christian Brandtstätter Verlag, Vienna 1989, ISBN 3-85447-333-8 .
- Heinz Kröll: Defereggen with brush and pen . Published by the Defereggental holiday region, 2002.
- Gabriel Singer / Walter Mauerhofer: Loss of Home, The Story of the Displaced Defereggers, 2017
- Erich Heinzle: Tourism in St. Jakob in Defereggen and the surrounding area. Self-published, 2010
- Heinz Kröll / Carmen Brugger (eds.): Defereggen in East Tyrol: Josef Schett. Photographer, postcard publisher and contemporary witness. Chronicler of life in a Tyrolean mountain valley. Recordings from 1920 to 1970. An album. Published by FPÖ Bildungsinstitut, 2015
Web links
- 70724 - St. Jakob in Defereggen. Community data, Statistics Austria .
- Official homepage of the community of St. Jakob in Defereggen
- Hohe Tauern National Park: excursion report Hinteres Defereggental (PDF; 2.8 MB)
- Official homepage of the valley museum "Zeitreise Defereggen"
Individual evidence
The study Socio-Economic Change and Settlement Landscape in an Alpine Valley served as the main literature in the history chapter. Innerstes Defereggen in Osttirol by Diether Stonjek, the chronicle of St. Jakob in Defereggen by Hans Ladstätter and the book Osttirol. From the First World War to the present by Martin Kofler.
- ↑ a b c d e f Regional Studies East Tyrol pp. 353–358
- ↑ a b c d e municipality data St. Jakob in Defereggen VZ 2001 (Statistics Austria)
- ↑ Frick: St. Jakob p. 11
- ↑ Stonjek: Socio- economic change p. 8 ff.
- ↑ Frick: St. Jakob p. 13 f.
- ↑ Hohe Tauern National Park: Excursion report Hinteres Defereggental ( Memento from September 27, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Harald Stadler: On the settlement history of the Hohe Tauern from the first appearance of humans to the beginning of modern times . ( Memento of the original from September 27, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Kurt Nicolussi, Thomas Reitmaier: A high medieval dugout canoe from the Obersee, municipality of St. Jakob / Defereggen (East Tyrol) and the use of alpine high mountain lakes for fishing in Tyrol. In: Nachrichtenblatt Arbeitskreis Unterwasserarchäologie Vol. 9, S. 12-16 ( Memento from September 28, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Erwin Madrutter: The Deferegger Protestants. Diploma thesis Vienna 2002
- ↑ ERHA: The peddler trade: From traveling merchant to manufacturer (17th – 19th centuries). (No longer available online.) In: Defereggental. Office of the Tyrolean Provincial Government, 2007, formerly the original ; Retrieved January 30, 2011 . ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Josef Thonhauser: East Tyrol in 1809 . Innsbruck, Munich 1968
- ↑ Statistics Austria
- ↑ State Statistics Tyrol (VZ 2001) (PDF; 4.1 MB)
- ↑ Frick: St. Jakob pp. 28–31
- ↑ State of Tyrol (election service) Local council election 2016 Shortlisted mayor 2016 Local council election 2010 Local council election 2004 Local council election 1998 Mayor election 1998
- ↑ Land Tirol (Wahlservice) Landtag election 2003
- ↑ Tyrol (Optional Service) state election in 2008
- ↑ Tyrol (Optional Service) state election in 2013
- ↑ a b Written communication from the Lienz Chamber of Agriculture
- ↑ Frick: St. Jakob 102-109
- ^ Office of the Tyrolean Provincial Government, Provincial Statistics Tyrol Tourism Statistics Summer 2005 (PDF; 827 kB), Summer 2000 (PDF; 343 kB), Winter 2005/06 (PDF; 423 kB), Winter 2000/01 (PDF; 283 kB)
- ↑ State of Tyrol, wastewater disposal in the Lienz district ( Memento from September 22, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 7.2 MB)
- ↑ Simon Kurzthaler: History - Art - Culture. Encounters in the Hohe Tauern National Park region. Innsbruck 1997, ISBN 3-7066-2148-7 , pp. 163-167
Abfaltersbach | Ainet | Amlach | Anras | Assling | Ausservillgraten | Dölsach | Gaimberg | Heinfels | Hopfgarten in Defereggen | Innervillgraten | Iselsberg-Stronach | Kals am Großglockner | Kartitsch | Lavant | Leisach | Lienz | Matrei i. O. | Nikolsdorf | Nussdorf-Debant | Oberlienz | Obertilliach | Prägraten am Großvenediger | St. Jakob in Defereggen | St. Johann im Walde | St. Veit in Defereggen | Schlaiten | Sillian | Streets | Thurn | Tristach | Untertilliach | Virgen
Salzburg:
Krimml |
Wald im Pinzgau |
Neukirchen am Großvenediger |
Bramberg am Wildkogel |
Hollersbach im Pinzgau |
Mittersill |
Uttendorf |
Kaprun |
Fusch an der Großglocknerstrasse |
Rauris |
Bad Gastein |
Hüttschlag |
Muhr |
Carinthia:
Malta |
Mallnitz |
Obervellach |
Heiligenblut am Großglockner |
Großkirchheim |
Mörtschach |
Winklern |
Tyrol:
Iselsberg-Stronach |
Dölsach |
Nussdorf-Debant |
Kals am Großglockner |
Matrei in East Tyrol |
Virgen |
Prägraten am Großvenediger |
Hopfgarten in Defereggen |
St. Veit in Defereggen |
St. Jakob in Defereggen
(clockwise)
