Henry XIII. (Bavaria)

Heinrich von Wittelsbach (born November 19, 1235 , † February 3, 1290 in Burghausen ) from the House of Wittelsbach was named Heinrich XIII. from 1253 Duke of Bavaria and the Palatinate , from 1255 as Heinrich I Duke of Lower Bavaria , with which he founded the Wittelsbach-Lower Bavaria house line . From 1276 to 1278 he was also governor in the Duchy of Austria , before the rule of the Habsburgs began there.

Life

Early years and beginning of government

Henry XIII. was a son of Duke Otto II and the Welfin Agnes von Braunschweig. In 1247 he was betrothed to Elizabeth of Hungary , the daughter of King Belas IV .

In 1253 he tried, the second-born, with the help of his father-in-law to win the Duchy of Styria for himself, but was prevented from doing so by Ottokar II Přemysl of Bohemia .

After the death of his father, Heinrich took over the government of Bavaria and the Palatinate together with his brother Ludwig II in November 1253 . Although it violated current imperial law, they divided the land in 1255 , formally a division of use, but in fact a real division . Heinrich got the larger, richer and more fertile Lower Bavaria and thus renounced the Palatinate, which together with Upper Bavaria belonged to Ludwig's dominion. From 1255 he initiated the first major expansion of Burghausen Castle , which served him and subsequent dukes of Lower Bavaria together with Trausnitz Castle in Landshut as his residence, and which was later to be expanded to become the longest castle in Europe. A number of structural elements from his time are still preserved today at Burghausen Castle, such as the inner castle chapel, which is one of the most impressive early Gothic monuments in the region.

Duke of Lower Bavaria

With the division of the country, Heinrich also suffered the displeasure of the bishops of his part of the country, Passau , Regensburg and Salzburg , who at the same time belonged to the newly created Bohemian-Austrian monarchy of Ottokar of Bohemia. Therefore, the Passau bishop Otto von Lonsdorf concluded with Ottokar II in 1257 a protection and defensive alliance against the Bavarian dukes. In August 1257 the Bohemian king invaded Lower Bavaria and advanced to Altfraunhofen south of the royal seat of Landshut. With the support of his brother Heinrich Ottokar was able to fight back in 1258 near Mühldorf am Inn . The unity between the brothers did not last, however; later there were constant quarrels and wars between them.

Another war between Heinrich and Ottokar arose in 1257 over the Salzburg dispute between Philipp of Carinthia and Ulrich von Seckau , in which his brother also opposed him, and Heinrich lost his sovereignty over the Archbishopric of Salzburg and the Abbey of Passau. In 1262 and 1263 Heinrich then moved twice against Salzburg , but was repulsed. However, in 1262 he destroyed the Salzburg castles of Kirchberg , Vager and Amerang in the area of ​​today's Bad Reichenhall , which were subsequently not rebuilt. A third attack in 1264 was successful and it entered Salzburg. Soon after, the Pope ordered him to retreat. In 1266 he turned against Passau and sacked the city. With the recognition of the borders of the state of Salzburg in the area of ​​today's Rupertiwinkel by Duke Heinrich XIII. the last phase of the separation of the Archdiocese of Salzburg from Bavaria began: In 1275, Salzburg's western border with the Chiemgau was confirmed by the Lower Bavarian Duke.

In the further conflicts between the Habsburg King Rudolf I , the Bohemian Přemyslid and the Hungarian Arpads over claims to the Babenberg inheritance, Heinrich then changed fronts several times. In the 1260s he was part of his family-in-law (Bela IV., Stephan V. ) against Ottokar. In July 1271, shortly after the battles on the Leitha, he invaded Bohemian Austria above the Enns and plundered there. In the Peace Treaty of Pressburg (July 3), Stephan V finally renounced his successor and died soon afterwards.

In 1273 Rudolf von Habsburg was elected king and his arguments with Ottokar von Böhmen began. Heinrich turned against the Habsburgs, his brother had become a party member of Rudolf and also his son-in-law as the husband of his eldest daughter Mathilde . Also Ladislaus IV. , His nephew by marriage as the new king of Hungary, turned to Rudolf Heinrich and withdrew support. Heinrich, on the other hand, signed a protective and defensive alliance with Ottokar in January 1273, and in October 1274 they met in Písek to discuss the opposition to the new king. They refused to pay homage to Rudolf. At the Reichstag in Nuremberg in November 1274, like other imperial princes, they were asked to do so. As early as May 1275, at the Reichstag in Augsburg , the Babenberg fiefs were revoked from Ottokar (revindication policy), and in June 1275 the imperial ban was imposed on Ottokar when he had not issued it. Heinrich, however, passed over to Rudolf's side, since Rudolf had offered him the wedding between his second oldest daughter Katharina and Heinrich's son Otto, enriched with the lease from Austria ob der Enns (today's Upper Austria) as a dowry and a "hand ointment" of 40,000 silver marks, and assured the right to vote. On May 29, 1276, Rudolf also established a peace treaty between Ludwig and Heinrich, with King Ottokar losing his most important ally.

Rudolf marched against Ottokar across the Danube, where he met with Heinrich's contingent, and in October 1276 forced Austria to be returned to the Empire. Heinrich was appointed vicar (governor) in Austria on November 21, 1276, and remained in office until June 1278. But then he moves back to Ottokar's camp, presumably because the agreed marriage of the children was delayed; the Lower Bavaria therefore fought in the battle of Dürnkrut and Jedenspeigen (August 26, 1278) under the Bohemian flag. In 1279 Rudolf also occupied Upper Austria. Nevertheless, Rudolf Heinrich seems to have forgiven the betrayal, as he generally pursued a policy of reconciliation towards the imperial princes after Dürnkrut. In 1279 Otto and Katharina made a marriage covenant in Vienna, although the lease in Upper Austria was no longer applicable and the dowry was reduced to 3,000 marks.

In May 1281 Rudolf enfeoffed his son Albrecht with Austria, which finally ended Heinrich's prospects in the east and he remained as duke of a territory that was only tolerated in the empire.His sons - like him and his brother - had to assume the inheritance in joint regency.

In 1289 Heinrich lost the electoral vote of Bavaria to the Kingdom of Bohemia under Wenceslaus II , also because of a lack of support from his brother Ludwig, which meant that Bavaria finally lost its significant influence in imperial politics.

Heinrich died in 1290 and was buried in the Seligenthal monastery .

Dynastic meaning

Heinrich was the founder of the Lower Bavarian line of the Wittelsbach family, which briefly came to power in Hungary, died out in 1340 and was inherited by the descendants of his Upper Bavarian brother Ludwig.

family

In 1250 he married Elisabeth of Hungary (* 1236, † 1271), the daughter of Béla IV. Venerabilis , King of Hungary and Croatia, Duke of Styria, from the family of Árpáden and Maria Laskaris of Nicaea , daughter of the Byzantine emperor Theodoros I . with her he had seven children:

• Elisabeth (1258–1314) died as a nun in Seligenthal Abbey
• Otto III. (1261–1312) ⚭ 1279 in Vienna with Katharina von Habsburg (1256? –1282), daughter of Rudolf I.
• Heinrich (1262-1280)
• Sophie (1264–1284) ⚭ 1277 in Landshut with Poppo VIII von Henneberg (1279–1291)
• Katharina (1267–1310) ⚭ 1277 with Friedrich Tuta , Margrave of Lusatia
• Ludwig III. (1269–1296), single and died childless
• Stephan I (1271–1310) ⚭ 1297 with Jutta (Judith) von Schweidnitz (1285 / 87–1320), daughter of Duke Bolko I.

Individual evidence

1. ^ Sigmund Ritter von Riezler :  Heinrich XIII., Duke of Baiern . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 11, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1880, pp. 466-470.
2. ^ ^{A b c} Kurt Reindel :  Heinrich XIII., Duke of Bavaria. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 8, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1969, ISBN 3-428-00189-3 , p. 344 f. ( Digitized version ).
3. ↑ ^{a b c} Marion Wagner (arrangement): Duke Heinrich XIII. of Bavaria (Heinrich I as Duke of Lower Bavaria). In: phil.uni-passau.de. August 17, 2004, accessed October 21, 2011 .  
4. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i} The duchies of Austria, Styria and Carinthia 1270-1280. (No longer available online.) In: primanocte.at. Medieval Association Prima Nocte, archived from the original on July 16, 2012 ; Retrieved October 21, 2011 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
5. ↑ See list of margraves and dukes of Austria in the Middle Ages
6. ↑ Johann Loserth:  Rudolf I . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 29, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1889, pp. 487f.
7. ↑ see stained glass window from Seligenthal Abbey in the Bavarian National Museum

predecessor	Office	successor
Otto II.	Duke of Bavaria 1253–1255	-
Otto II.	Count Palatine of the Rhine 1253–1255	Ludwig II.
-	Duke of Lower Bavaria 1255–1290	Otto III. , Ludwig III. and Stephan I.
Ottokar Přemysl (Duke)	Governor in Austria 1276–1278	Albrecht (I) (imperial administrator, then duke)