Villian buck

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Villian buck
Tragosoma depsarium 2.jpg

Villi buck ( Tragosoma depsarium )

Systematics
Order : Beetle (Coleoptera)
Subordination : Polyphaga
Family : Longhorn beetle (Cerambycidae)
Subfamily : Broadbuck (Prioninae)
Genre : Tragosoma
Type : Villian buck
Scientific name
Tragosoma depsarium
( Linnaeus , 1767)

The Zottenbock ( Tragosoma depsarium ) is a beetle from the family of longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae). It is the only one of its kind in Europe and occurs mainly in cool regions of Northern Europe and Siberia as well as in the high altitudes of the Alps and other mountains. All other species of the genus are widespread in the Nearctic , i.e. in North America. The beetle mostly lives in open and cultivated, dry forest areas with older trees. Due to the decrease in coniferous forests with a corresponding proportion of old wood, the numbers of beetles also decrease.

features

Villi buck ( Tragosoma depsarium )

Characteristics of the adults

The villi reaches a body length of 18 to 36 millimeters and is slightly longer and narrower than the sawhorse ( Prionus coriarius ). The body is red-brown, rust-red to dark brown in color. It is flat arched. The throat plate (pronotum) is breitesten about twice as wide as long and about halfway on. The central area, the disc, is uneven and densely hairy. The sides of the pronotum are weakly bordered and clearly punctured; on the sides behind the middle sits a conspicuous thorn. The top of the pronotum is densely hairy yellowish; the sides are pointed and flared backwards. The elytra (elytra) are almost parallel to and about 2.5 times as long as wide together. They are dotted with traces of fine stripes on a shagreened ground; In addition, they have 3 to 4 more clearly protruding fine ribs. The point angle is pointed at the wing seam.

The head is narrower than the pronotum and heavily punctured . The antennae are turned in next to the eyelid and bare. The third antennal segment is extended somewhat, but achieved in comparison to that of the grains Bocks ( Aegosoma scabricorne not) the pronotum base. In the males the antennae clearly protrude above the middle of the elytra, in the females they reach about to the middle. The end link of the jaw button is trimmed. The legs are a little lighter reddish brown than the body; the anterior tibia have no pronounced inner furrow.

Characteristics of the larvae

The larvae of the billy goat reach a maximum length of 50 millimeters. The pleural sclerites on the first to sixth abdominal segment are small and indistinct. The legs are clearly four-limbed; there is no coxa and the femoral ring (trochanter) is reduced. The pronotum has no transverse bars, and as with other prioninae, it is not noticeably rough.

The head capsule is almost square and at the back narrow and deep notched; there are clear stemmas on their sides . The labrum is about as wide as it is long. The front of the forehead is keeled and has 4 keeled teeth, the sides of which are flat and protrude less. The Cardo can move freely and is well developed. Compared to the larva of the Mulmbock ( Ergates faber ), the third antenna segment is somewhat larger and cylindrical, while it is about as long as it is wide. The palpifer has no extension.

distribution

The villus ibex is widespread in the Palearctic and occurs in Central and Northern Europe and in southern Russia in Siberia and neighboring regions as far as the Altai region.

In Northern Europe , the species occurs mainly in the central provinces of Sweden and Finland , but can also be found in the Baltic States . A boreo-alpine distribution is given for the whole of Europe; the beetle is found mainly in the cooler areas of the north and in higher alpine regions. In Central Europe it does not occur below 1000 meters above sea level, especially in the south and southwest in the area of ​​the Alps . It is widespread in Germany in Bavaria and Thuringia , where it was brought in with softwood; it is also found mainly in Austria , Switzerland , the Czech Republic and Slovakia . The species was first detected in Albania in 2007. In the south of the distribution area in the Southern Alps , the Carpathians and the Pyrenees, it lives primarily in the higher subalpine heights, for example in the Pyrenees at altitudes of 1500 to 1800 meters.

There are also records of the species in North America in the literature , although they are representatives of other species.

Way of life

The billy goat lives as a cold-loving, boreoalpine, species mainly in cool coniferous forests and in parks at high altitude. It can occur from June to August, depending on the local climate. During the day, the beetles can be found under loose and rotten bark on deadwood trunks and on old tree stumps or under fungus-covered trunks. They become active in the evening and walk around in their habitats . On humid days, they fly and meet at suitable woods for laying eggs. Flashes of light were also observed, especially in the males. Some of the animals are socialized with the Mulmbock ( Ergastes faber ).

The larvae take at least three years to develop. It takes place in the wood of older fragile trunks and stumps of conifers; the animals pupate in early summer. The forest pine ( Pinus sylvestris ), but also the Rumelian pine ( Pinus peuce ), firs ( Abies ) and larches ( Larix ) were documented as host trees .

A study in Sweden found that the larvae were mainly found in older tree trunks with a tree age of more than 200 years, which were stored in dry and sun-exposed areas. This was mainly attributed to the rapid colonization of the younger logs by brown rot fungi , which inhibit their use by the beetles . In addition, most of the beetle larvae were found in clearings where wood was rejuvenated by tree seedlings, or in pine stands with naturally low tree density. In contrast, the larvae were never found in dense and protected forest areas.

Systematics

Phylogenetic systematics according to Laplante 2017
 Prioninae 

other prioninae


 Tragosoma 


Tragosoma spiculum


   

Tragosoma soror



   

Tragosoma pilosicorne


   

Villus ibex ( T. depsarium )


   

Tragosoma nigripenne


   

Tragosoma harrisii







Template: Klade / Maintenance / Style
Carl von Linné.png
Jean Guillaume Audinet-Serville.png


The billy goat was described by Carl von Linné (painting, left) in 1767 and classified in today's genus Tragosoma by Jean-Guillaume Audinet-Serville (lithograph, right) in 1832 .

The shamrock is a separate species of the longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae) and is classified there in the genus Tragosoma within the Prioninae . The first scientific description comes from Carl von Linné , who described it in 1767 in his Systema naturae as Prionus depsarium . Jean-Guillaume Audinet-Serville described the genus Tragosoma in 1832 and classified the billy goat as the type and only species of the new genus.

According to the current status (2017), there are six species within the genus Tragosoma, the villus goat . In some cases, beetles in North America were also considered to be representatives of the species, but they belong to one of several species that have meanwhile been regarded as independent, such as Tragosoma harrisii and the newly described species Tragosoma soror . The villian buck is thus confirmed as a purely Palearctic species. According to a cladogram on the relationships within the genus, the billy goat is classified in a group with the two species Tragosoma harrisii and Tragosoma nigripenne, which are common in Canada and the United States, and are regarded as their sister species.

The name of the genus is derived from the body shape of the animals, which is reminiscent of a billy goat . Tragosoma is made up of the Greek words "tragos" for "billy goat" and "soma" for "body". The epithet depsarium comes from Latin and means “kneader” or “work through”.

Danger

The billy goat is generally considered to be a very rare species, which Edmund Reitter discovered in 1912. It is considered a jungle relic. In the Red List of Endangered Longhorn Beetles in Bavaria , the species was listed as "critically endangered" as early as 2003 and had this status in Germany in general. For Europe , on the other hand, the species was viewed as not endangered (least concern) in a report by the IUCN in cooperation with the European Union in 2010. According to Kust 2016, the billy goat is "already threatened with extinction in Germany and, according to various specialist authors, is one of the greatest rarities in Central Europe". In Austria the species is only known from 15 localities and also in the Italian South Tyrol there are only a few older records, here the species is considered lost after a last sighting in 1967.

Based on the results of a study in Sweden, it can be assumed that the population suffers from the fragmentation of habitats with old tree populations that are required for development. Due to the decline in these habitats by around 25% in the 10 years prior to the study, a rapid decline in the number of animals was expected. A corresponding decline has also been described for Russia , and the beetle is on the corresponding red lists of endangered species in numerous regions, including in Karelia , Udmurtia , Komi , Chuvashia , Leningradskaya , Kirav , Tyumen , Ivanovo , Kaluga , Moscow , Yaroslavl and Nizhny Novgorod .

supporting documents

  1. ↑ Tragosoma depsarium. Fauna Europaea, accessed June 14, 2020 .
  2. ↑ a b c d e f Edmund Reitter : Fauna Germanica. The beetles of the German Empire. KG Lutz, Stuttgart 1912; P. 4. ( digitized version )
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j "Species: Tragosoma depsarium (Linnaeus 1767) - villi." In: Bernhard Klausnitzer, Ulrich Klausnitzer, Ekkehard Wachmann, Zdeněk Hromádko: Die longhorn beetles Central Europe . Die Neue Brehm-Bücherei 499, Volume 2, 4th edition. VerlagsKG Wolf, Magdeburg 2018, ISBN 978-389432-864-1 ; P. 348
  4. ↑ a b Bernhard Klausnitzer, Ulrich Klausnitzer, Ekkehard Wachmann, Zdeněk Hromádko: The longhorn beetles of Central Europe . Die Neue Brehm-Bücherei 499, Volume 1, 4th edition. VerlagsKG Wolf, Magdeburg 2018, ISBN 978-389432-864-1 ; P. 234
  5. ↑ Tragosoma depsarium on coleonet.de; accessed on June 15, 2020.
  6. ^ Matthias Schaefer : Brohmer - Fauna of Germany. 19th revised edition, Quelle & Meyer Verlag, Wiesbaden 1994, ISBN 3-494-01225-3 ; Pp. 355-356.
  7. ↑ a b c d Bernhard Klausnitzer, Ulrich Klausnitzer, Ekkehard Wachmann, Zdeněk Hromádko: The longhorn beetles of Central Europe . Die Neue Brehm-Bücherei 499, Volume 1, 4th edition. VerlagsKG Wolf, Magdeburg 2018, ISBN 978-389432-864-1 ; Pp. 103-104
  8. ↑ a b E.V. Guskova, GN Kuftina: НАХОДКА РЕДКОГО ЖУКА-УСАЧА TRAGOSOMA DEPSARIUM (LINNAEUS, 1767) (COLEOPTERA, CERAMBYCIDAE) В ГОСУДАРСТВЕМНОМ. [ Record of the rare longhorn beetle Tragosoma depsarium (Linnaeus, 1767) (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae) in the Tigireksky strict nature reserve (Altai Krai). ] Amurian zoological journal VII (2), 2015; Pp. 134-136. ( Full text ).
  9. ↑ a b c Kristaps Vilks: Notes on Recent Observations of Rare Longhorn Beetle Tragosoma depsarium (LINNAEUS, 1767) (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae) in the Sltere National Park, Latvia. Latvijas entomologs 46, 2008; Pp. 76-78. ( Full text ).
  10. ↑ Jiri Foit: A species of longhorn beetle (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) new to the Albanian Fauna - New record of Tragosoma depsarium (L.). Acta entomologica serbica 12 (1), 2007; Pp. 87-89. ( Full text ).
  11. ↑ a b c d e Serge Laplante: Description of a new Nearctic species of Tragosoma Audinet-Serville (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Prioninae), with species validations, new synonymies and a lectotype designation. Insecta Mundi 0578, 2017: pp. 1–17. ( Full text ).
  12. ↑ a b c Klaus Hellrigl: Faunistics of the longhorn beetles of South Tyrol (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). forest observer 5, 2010; Pp. 35, 41. ( full text ).
  13. ^ Karl Wilhelm Harde, František Severa: Der Kosmos Käferführer. The Central European beetle. Franckh-Kosmos Verlag-GmbH & Co, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-440-06959-1 ; P. 262.
  14. ↑ a b c Theo Kust: Entomofaunistische investigations in the wilderness area Dürrenstein. Part 1: Beetles (Coleoptera), hover flies (Diptera: Syrphidae), caddis flies (Trichoptera). Silva Fera 5, April 2016. ( full text ).
  15. ↑ a b Lars-Ove Wikars: Raggbocken (Tragosoma depsarium) gynnas tillfalligt av hyggen men behöver gammelskogen. Entomologisk Tidskrift 124 (1-2), 2003; Pp. 1-12. ( Full text )
  16. ↑ a b Lars-Ove Wikars: Habitat requirements of the pine wood-living beetle Tragosoma depsarium (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) at log, stand, and landscape scale. Ecological Bulletins 51, 2004; Pp. 287-294. {{DOI: 10.2307 / 20113317}}, ( full text )
  17. ^ JG Audinet-Serville: Nouvelle classification de la famille des longicornes. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 1, 1832: 118-201. ( Digitized ; first description: pp. 160–161 ).
  18. ↑ Jürgen Schmidl, Heinz Bußler: Red list of endangered longhorn beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) Bavaria. BayLfU / 166/2003, accessed on June 14, 2020 ( full text )
  19. ↑ A. Nieto, KNA Alexander: European Red List of Saproxylic Beetles. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg 2010; S. 32. ( full text )

literature

  • "Species: Tragosoma depsarium (Linnaeus 1767) - villian goat." In: Bernhard Klausnitzer, Ulrich Klausnitzer, Ekkehard Wachmann, Zdeněk Hromádko: The longhorn beetles of Central Europe . Die Neue Brehm-Bücherei 499, Volume 2, 4th edition. VerlagsKG Wolf, Magdeburg 2018, ISBN 978-389432-864-1 ; P. 348

Web links

Commons : Villagers ( Tragosoma depsarium )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files