Herd protection
Herd protection is a combination of protective measures for grazing animals kept in herds against various threats. In Europe, this is combined with protection from large carnivores such as wolves , lynxes and brown bears and is therefore part of wolf management . In addition, however, it should also protect against theft and other types of attacks on grazing animals by humans.
Classification and definition
In wolf areas with loyal wolf pairs or wolf packs, but also in areas with single wolves passing through, many grazing animal keepers make use of various protective measures. The responsibility for this has been transferred to the grazing animal owners. You are obliged to provide basic protection against wolfs. To inform pasture pet owners about Wolf occurrences which require herd protection measures is one of the tasks of the wolf monitoring . Grazing animal keepers are sometimes surprised by attacks on their animals unprepared, after which the perpetrator has to be determined using the standardized detection methods , since different predators can come into question.
In Germany, herd protection measures are subsidized to varying degrees by the federal states . Compensation payments are only made in the event of damage if the recommended protective measures are fully in place. A regulation known as cross compliance is used here. There are compulsory and voluntary measures. The regulations of the federal states are in the respective wolf management plans. According to NABU, herd protection should enable humans and wolves to coexist with little conflict. Applications for financial support for preventive measures for cattle are approved if a wolf attack has already been officially established and in certain designated areas.
For biotopes in nature reserves such as dry grass or heathland , which are protected from encroachment by grazing, financial support is also provided for protective devices.
Conventional fencing and night pens
Conventional low pasture fences made of wood or wire for free range husbandry are no obstacle for wolves. Even open stables do not offer sufficient protection for grazing animals. The conventional fences only serve to prevent the grazing animals from leaving the pasture or the stable building. Night pens are used to prevent grazing animals from moving away at night. You cannot protect the sheep from wolves jumping into the night pen. In wolf areas, the only alternative to the combined herd protection measures recommended for species-appropriate open and free-range husbandry are closed stalls without free-range husbandry.
Sheepfold
Night pen during the day
Night pen in the evening
closed sheepfold
Herd of suckler cows outdoors
Cows in stable housing
Electric fences
The recommended electric fences have to penetrate the purpose, wolves in each test, in a pasture coupling, the touch current-carrying wires or strands to enable a painful but harmless to health electrical shock in the form of a short electric pulse and thereby a sustained Vergrämungseffekt effect. They are operated with an electrical direct voltage of 2500 to 5000 volts ( high voltage ) and should give off an impulse energy of at least one joule when touched . The lowest electrical conductor of the fence must not be more than 20 centimeters from the ground. A sufficient electrical voltage of the fence is only guaranteed if its current-carrying components do not come into contact with the vegetation. In particular, the regular mowing of the lowest electrical conductor requires considerable additional maintenance.
It is recommended to attach a live broadband wire over the electric fence . It can be declared as extended basic protection if wolves in the region have learned to skip. However, the larger fence height does not always prevent the wolf from jumping over.
Conventional electric net fence
Plus-minus mesh fence for dry surfaces
Jumping wolf is not hit.
HSH stops Wolf from skipping.
Broadband braid as an additional obstacle
Knot mesh fence as protection from undermining
Wandering shepherds can use mobile electric net fences that are regularly dismantled, with considerable expenditure of time and effort, transported in the shepherd's wagon and rebuilt at the new location. Since wolves have no less jumping power than trained dogs, herd guard dogs help to keep the wolf from jumping over the fence. Fences prevent roe deer and red deer from crossing and using pastureland. Male animals can get stuck with their horns or antlers on the fence and perish. Foxes can no longer catch mice in such a protected paddock .
Wolf enclosures in wildlife parks are surrounded by chain link fences over two meters high, which are sometimes supplemented by an electric fence in front of them. The inward-facing upper part prevents the wolves from jumping over.
Anti-burglary protection
Since wolves raise their pups in burrows they have dug themselves and can instinctively dig when searching for food , underground protection is indispensable under any type of fence. If the underground protection is built after the first wolf attacks, the surviving animals can be traumatized and behave shyly or panicked towards people. As a measure against digging through, a current-carrying strand can be led along close to the surface of the earth. It is more time-consuming, but more effective, to dig in a knot mesh starting from the fence so that it lies diagonally to horizontally below the surface of the ground. In addition to the other protective measures, an undermine protection is usually a condition for a compensation payment in the event of damage. You do not need to do this with mobile fences.
Guard dogs
Traditionally, herd guard dogs ( abbreviation HSH) were used in countries of southern and southeastern Europe and Asia to accompany non- fenced herds of cattle during remote grazing and to either drive away or kill wolves. They should grow up with the animals, which they then protect as adult dogs. Inside fences, herd guard dogs react to people and predators approaching from outside with loud barking and threatening gestures , building up in front of the grazing animals to be protected. Several herd guard dogs can kill a wolf that has invaded a property or pasture unnoticed. If the HSH is not adequately secured by enclosures that are insurmountable for it, attacks on dogs by walkers may occur due to their territorial behavior. At pastures guarded by HSH there are often warning signs with which strollers with dogs are asked to always keep their dogs on a leash and to avoid the pasture widely.
In a field study in the USA with over 1000 herd guard dogs that were used in 37 states over a period of 6 years, the predation in ranches and farms was reduced in 64% of the farms, in 20% there was no more predation, in 16% of the establishments, the rating remained unchanged. Many ranchers had difficulty keeping the dogs. A study in the Carpathian Mountains found that the number of sheep killed by wolves and bears was more effective the more dogs were used in relation to the size of the herd. Damage prevention problems arose when the dogs failed to protect the grazing animals from pack attacks, with the dogs themselves becoming victims of wolf attacks. This occurred in poorly nourished dogs and dogs who were not in good health for other reasons or who were not adequately trained or who faced an outnumbered wolf pack. Herd guard dogs are also used to keep cattle and horses. A shepherd observed that fallow deer joined his unfenced herd to benefit from the protection of his herd guard dogs.
HSH in open terrain in the mountains without a fence
A water point must be accessible for grazing animals and dogs.
Fencing makes it necessary to provide drinking water within the fence.
Imposing appearance of an HSH in California
HSH motorhome brand self-made.
In countries where the wolf is under strict protection, one relies on the deterrent effect of the livestock guardian dogs, which are supposed to work behind the fence by preventing the wolf from jumping over the fence. These precautions do not guarantee the safety of grazing animals. The use of livestock guardian dogs can be a supplementary element of a minimum level of protection against wolves, which, depending on state regulations, is a prerequisite for the approval of compensation payments in the event of livestock tears.
Herd guard dogs are constitutionally not sensitive to the rigors of the weather. According to Section 4 (1) of the Animal Welfare Dog Ordinance, a dog must be provided with a shelter when kept outdoors. For shepherds with several herd guard dogs, it is very time-consuming to transport refuges. A herd guard dog is prevented from constantly guarding the grazing animals in a dog house, and some refuse to move into a hut. A change to the animal welfare dog ordinance is being discussed, which would allow mobile shelters with open sides. In the Lüneburg Heath , a creative farmer has converted a disused chip shop mounted on a wagon into a semi-open HSH mobile home.
According to Section 6 (3) of the Animal Welfare Dog Ordinance, no current-carrying devices with which the dog can come into contact or devices that produce electrical impulses may be used in kennels up to a height that the upright dog can reach with its front paws send out. The Animal Welfare Dog Ordinance, on the other hand, does not prohibit keeping behind live pasture fences. The spokesman for the herd protection working group of the professional shepherd's association attaches great importance to the statement that herding dogs and herd guard dogs are not used together.
Further protective measures
Herd protection donkeys and llamas
Stove donkey protect proven of dogs and coyotes, but also even larger attacks predators such as wolves can be affected despite their Antiprädatorverhaltens. Despite the presence of donkeys, several foals were killed in the range of the Ohrdrufer Fah GW 267 f in Thuringia .
Even llamas are used as guard animals, for example in the US and Sweden.
Sources of noise
Resourceful shepherds have installed a rainproof shower radio on their pastures after wolf attacks in order to drive away the wolves with the human voices, sounds and noises they send. This method is not one of the recommended herd protection measures, but it should have proven itself in individual cases.
Presence of a shepherd
The presence of a strong person, a shepherd , can be formidable to wolves. For this purpose, caregivers would have to be with the animals 24 hours a day - including at night - who, however, are not allowed to intervene massively in an emergency, since strictly protected animals in their habitats must not be significantly disturbed. In historical times, night pens were an effective protection for sheep when a shepherd was with them overnight who had a rifle and was allowed to use it. Modern herd protection without weapons is intended to achieve a low-conflict coexistence between wolves and grazing animals. However, the habituation of wolves to humans led in individual cases to wolves preying sheep or goats even in the presence of the shepherd.
Limits of possibilities
Fences supplemented with underground protection and flutter tape only offer protection as long as the grazing animals do not outline them in panic fleeing (see Stampede ).
Animals such as goats and donkeys in petting zoos and sheep kept in school gardens as part of nature and environmental education cannot be protected by electric fences or HSH because of the risk of accidents for children. Therapeutic facilities have very limited options.
On dykes whose vegetation cover is tended by grazing with sheep, electric fences and herd guard dogs are also not an option because of the public paths running along and on the dykes and the public beaches below . The often high winds prevent sufficient fence heights, fences on the water side are not possible because of the floods. Dikes must also be accessible so that in the event of a dike defense, the emergency services can reach the deployment site unhindered.
Because of the territorial behavior towards walkers and assistance dogs, HSH cannot be held in every environment. In areas that are heavily frequented by tourism, the waiver of the use of HSH must be considered if the pastures cannot be separated from the paths by fences. Depending on the location, neighbors or residents can perceive the loud barking as an unreasonable disturbance of the peace . In Oregon an owner therefore had to have his Tibetan mastiff operated on the vocal cords ( debarking ) according to a court order .
In the opinion of the Landvolks Niedersachsen , herd protection measures are unsuitable in practice for implementation on hundreds of thousands of hectares of pastureland, despite funding and voluntary helpers from nature conservation associations when erecting fences. Again and again wolves have overcome the mandatory and also higher fences. Wolf-repellent fences are not an option for cattle farmers. An armament spiral is currently beginning in herd protection. Hans-Dieter Pfannenstiel calls this an arms race and accuses the Wolfs lobby of supplying the public with false data. Fences mean a fragmentation of the landscape that is not permitted everywhere. The Brandenburg farmers' union criticizes the fact that wolf monitoring, expert reports and herd protection earn money while the situation of farmers continues to deteriorate. Instead of herd protection programs, the Brandenburg farmers' union calls for wolves to be hunted according to the Scandinavian model and for the establishment of wolf-free zones . In Brandenburg, associations in rural areas also criticize the Brandenburg management plan and the practice of crack assessment by NABU wolf ambassadors and demand an eight-point plan for dealing with wolves. The scientific service of the Bundestag came to the conclusion that the designation of wolf-free zones at the community level is legally inadmissible as long as the wolf is listed in the Habitats Directive in Annexes II and IV ( protection status ). The Federal Association of German Dairy Farmers called on politicians to facilitate the removal of wolves by quickly adapting EU law. After a pony was torn by a wolf in Lower Saxony, the German Equestrian Association is also calling for a clear political reaction to protect grazing animals and their owners from the predator.
Preventive measures and compensation payments
Damage caused by wolves, prevention and compensation payments are documented in Germany by the DBBW. The European Commission decided on November 8, 2018 that investments in preventive measures can be financed 100% by the federal states. So far, only 80% of the pension costs have been reimbursed. Damages that occur as a result of a wolf attack can now also be fully reimbursed. What is new is that this also applies to indirect damage, such as veterinary costs or labor costs in the search for displaced animals that have escaped. Labor costs for maintaining the protective structures are also eligible.
Germany
The management plans of the federal states are not uniform.
In Hesse , neither financial support for prevention nor compensation payments have been planned so far. According to Section 833 of the German Civil Code (BGB), livestock owners are liable for damage if their animals break out as a result of a wolf attack and cause damage. Hobby owners are recommended to take out animal owner liability insurance. Subsidies are only possible if the grazed areas are of particular importance for nature conservation. Martina Limprecht, the chairwoman of the Odenwald NABU district association, regards wolves as an effective means of combating species extinction.
On January 15, 2020, Hessian grazing animals held a demonstration with rallies in Wiesbaden to demand full support for herd protection measures and a nationwide wolf management including population regulation.
On November 22, 2017, Brandenburg presented a draft for a new wolf ordinance. Dealing with wolves with conspicuous behavior that tear grazing animals despite herd protection or invade farmsteads and stables continues to be controversial. The ordinance contains exceptions to scare away and scare away as protective measures. A wolf and herd protection information center is being built in Groß Schönebeck . Problem wolves are supposed to be scared off, caught and removed by a private company. After cracks, livestock owners can claim aid from the state of Brandenburg. Because of the increasing damage, the German Farmers' Association and the Action Alliance Forum Nature (AFN) are demanding an upper limit for wolves and active intervention in the wolf population. In 2018, 128 applications for wolf prevention were funded with a total of 779,463 euros. Nevertheless, 401 farm animals were killed. The compensation paid in 2018 amounted to 67,604 euros.
In Lower Saxony , herd protection measures are to be promoted nationwide and also for hobby animal owners. The wolf office of the Lower Saxony State Office for Water Management, Coastal Protection and Nature Conservation is responsible for advice and damage reports . In Lower Saxony there are so-called equity benefits that can be granted without the animal owner's legal entitlement. Cattle keepers receive funding for preventive measures if three officially confirmed cattle losses have been found within a radius of 30 km within 12 months. The costs for herd protection, compensation payments and the hunt for a conspicuous wolf released for shooting with an exemption from the nature conservation authority totaled almost one million euros for the state of Lower Saxony in 2018, of which protective measures approx. 736,000 euros, cheap services almost 31,000 euros. The NLWKN had expenses for the wolf management including DNA analysis in the amount of 225,000 euros.
The Bavarian State Agency for Agriculture expects total costs of 241 to 413 million euros for the construction of around 57,000 kilometers of protective fences for pastures. According to the assessment of the Bavarian State Agency, alpine farming as a form of extensive pasture farming does not generally allow any scope for additional investments. Due to the natural conditions in the high mountains , mountain pastures / Alps are problem areas when it comes to protection against wolves, as around a third of the areas cannot be fenced.
In Saxony , the wolf has been included in hunting law and enjoys year-round protection . A citizens' initiative has presented the President of the State Parliament Matthias Rößler and the Chairman of the Petitions Committee Kerstin Lauterbach with a petition with over 18,000 signatures calling for the lifting of the year-round protection and a limitation of the wolf population. The reason is the declining willingness of the rural population to "produce farm animals for wolf feed".
In Saxony-Anhalt , despite the almost 50 cattle cracks in 2017, there are no funds to protect cattle.
In Thuringia, there are calculations of the damage caused by birth failures in ewes which, after having witnessed wolf attacks, get into a long-lasting psychological stress state and thus do not become pregnant or have miscarriages. Thuringian sheep farmers are also demanding compensation for these losses in line with the regulations in force in Schleswig-Holstein . In Thuringia, shepherds can apply for a grazing animal premium approved by Environment Minister Anja Siegesmund from January to March 2019 . The Ministry of the Environment of Thuringia expects to spend around 60,000 euros in 2019 for prevention and compensation payments for animals that have been killed.
In Schleswig-Holstein , Agriculture Minister Jan Philipp Albrecht (Greens) announced that his ministry would finance permanent protective fences for businesses with at least 500 sheep. In the districts of Dithmarschen, Pinneberg, Steinburg and Segeberg, sheep farmers will in future have to protect the animals with 1.20 meter high electric fences.
In Baden-Württemberg in the Black Forest, emergency fence sets can be requested at short notice from the FVA .
In a resolution on the financing of prevention and compensation, the environment ministers and senators of the federal states ask the federal government to provide additional financial means with which the federal government can contribute to the costs of damage prevention measures in wolves.
In North Rhine-Westphalia , a farmer had to dispose of the remains of a cracked calf without a crack expert taking a DNA sample to prove the wolf. As a result of the inadequate commitment of the responsible authorities, he was cheated of the compensation. He raises allegations against the authorities and points out the suffering of grazing animals and imminent changes in animal husbandry.
Switzerland
In the case of proven large carnivore tears on farm animals, the animal owners receive financial compensation from the federal government. If the fox eats grazing animals that have been killed by wolves or bears, it can happen that only the fox's DNA is found in the saliva swabs. The herd protection measures are only remunerated in half and reduce the already low income of mountain farmers. In Switzerland in 2018 there were around 500 wolf cracks in a population of around 50 wolves and around 200 herd guard dogs in the entire Alpine arc.
France
The number of animals captured in unprotected herds fell between 2010 and 2015 as more and more herds were protected, but the number of animals killed in protected herds has increased. In 2018 there were around 12,500 wolf cracks in the French Alpine arc with a population of around 500 wolves and several thousand herd guard dogs. Despite new measures for herd protection, 3838 wolf sightings were recorded in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in 2019 and compensation was paid for 12,491 wolf fissures that have been documented to date. During the period, the behavior of the wolves changed in such a way that the proportion of wolf attacks during the day increased with increasing habituation .
Surplus killing
Wolves that have entered a fenced pasture often kill more animals than they can eat. The cause of this behavior is the repeated triggering of the prey reflex by the presence of moving animals, which, unlike in the wild, cannot flee far.
Web links
- Secure pasture fences . 6th edition. aid infodienst nutrition, agriculture, consumer protection e. V., Bonn 2016, ISBN 978-3-8308-1221-0 ( Online [PDF; 8.8 MB ]).
Individual evidence
- ↑ WWF Germany (ed.): Protection of farm animals from the wolf . October 2014 ( Online [PDF; 1.8 MB ]).
- ↑ Wolf management in SN - Protection of farm animals - Protective measures. Contact office Wölfe in Saxony, accessed on November 29, 2018 .
- ^ Documentation and advice center of the federal government on the subject of wolves (DBBW): Reports on prevention and damage to livestock
- ↑ Documentation and advice center of the federal government on the subject of wolves (DBBW): Herd protection
- ↑ Documentation and advice center of the federal government on the subject of wolves (DBBW): Prevention and compensation payments
- ↑ Wolf Center: Report on the analysis of the documented attacks by wolves on farm animals in the Lower Saxony districts of Diepholz, Vechta and Oldenburg ( Memento from April 13, 2018 in the Internet Archive ) , pages 16-17
- ↑ OP-online: Dead sheep in the Odenwald: Was it a wolf?
- ↑ ARD 7 sheep in the Odenwald possibly torn by wolves ( Memento from December 1, 2017 in the Internet Archive )
- ^ André Klingenberger: Wolf Management in Saxony ( Memento from November 17, 2017 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Sarah Wagenknecht , Dietmar Bartsch : Small Inquiry - Federal Uniform Herd Protection
- ↑ Bundestag: Federal Government's answer to the small question
- ↑ Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture: Cross-Compliance
- ^ German Bundestag : Wolf management plans of the federal states Federal uniform herd protection
- ↑ NABU: Of Sheep and Wolves - Measures for Herd Protection
- ^ NABU Baden-Württemberg: Herd protection in Baden-Württemberg - First experiences and recommendations for practice
- ↑ NLWKN: Prevention proposals to protect cattle from wolf attacks within the framework of the Wolf Directive
- ↑ Peter Riecke: Safe place set up for sheep in Jonastal
- ↑ WWF: Protection of the herds and the wolf
- ↑ agrarheute: Herd protection
- ↑ Altmark Zeitung: Wolf romps in the cattle area
- ↑ Nord24 Cuxland: Wolf rips pregnant cattle in Armstorf
- ↑ Nord24 Cuxland: Wolf rips around at Meckelstedt
- ↑ Torben Hildebrandt: Hendricks rejects the upper limit for wolves
- ↑ Kai Zuber: Wolf: Signals from Brussels and Berlin are in demand
- ↑ Bavarian State Institute for Agriculture : Pasture fences to ward off wolf - a cost estimate for Bavaria, page 7
- ↑ Herd protection measures against wolf attacks are particularly important in autumn. Contact office Wölfe in Saxony, September 8, 2017, accessed on February 22, 2019 .
- ↑ Karsten Bär: Certainly only with a flutter tape
- ↑ Krenn: Tips for protecting herds against wolves
- ↑ Miriam Schönbach: Rosenthaler Wolfrudel shot down or electric fence with flutter tape - Source: https://www.mz-web.de/25111526 © 2017
- ↑ Nicole Preuss: Pilot test should keep Wolf away. Sächsische Zeitung, February 23, 2018, accessed on February 23, 2019 .
- ↑ WWF: Herd protection measures in suckler cow husbandry
- ↑ Märkische Allgemeine: Eight sheep dead: Electricity and wire do not stop the wolf
- ↑ Fred Lucius: Can one prevent wolf attacks at all?
- ↑ BZ: Three lambs and a ram torn
- ^ NABU Mainz and the surrounding area: Biotope maintenance
- ↑ NABU Group Niederkassel: Goat herd takes care of biotope maintenance
- ↑ Janet Vorwald Dohner: Farm Dogs: A Comprehensive Breed Guide to 93 Guardians, Herders, Terriers and other Canine Working Partners , page 121
- ^ Ulrich Wotschikowsky: Facts about the Goldenstedter she-wolf
- ↑ NDR: Wolfsbüro advises pet owners: Build more electric fences!
- ↑ Volksstimme.de: Wolves kill five deer
- ↑ Three attacks in one week - Wolf attacks destroy wildlife idyll in Krangen
- ↑ WWF : Protection of farm animals from the wolf, page 16
- ↑ Wolf Center: Report on the analysis of the documented attacks by wolves on farm animals in the Lower Saxony districts of Diepholz, Vechta and Oldenburg ( Memento from April 13, 2018 in the Internet Archive ) , pages 16-17
- ↑ Forum large carnivores: protection of wild enclosure in the presence of wolves
- ↑ 牧羊犬 完全 可以 咬死 狼 ， 別 太低估 狗 保護 主人 財產 財產 時 的 勇猛 無畏
- ↑ Kangal dogs kill terriers in Hemmlingen
- ↑ Christopher Quantity, Anne Friesenborg: Shepherds from the heath reject herd guard dogs ( Memento from August 1, 2018 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Friends of Free-Living Wolves: Project herd guard dogs for cattle
- ↑ Friends of Free-Living Wolves: Project herd guard dogs for cattle, 2nd report
- ↑ Katja Goebel: Herd Guard Dogs: Wolf Defense on Four Paws
- ↑ Large Carnivore Initiative for Europe (LCIE): Livestock Guardian Dogs Carnivore Damage Prevention News No 9 December 2005
- ↑ Robin Rigg, Slavomír Findo, Maria change Berger, Martyn L. Gorman: Mitigating carnivore-live stock conflict in Europe: lessons from Slovakia
- ↑ Bavarian State Institute for Agriculture: Herd protection dogs to ward off intruders
- ↑ Thomas M. Gehring, Kurt C. VerCauteren, Jean-Marc Landry: Livestock Protection Dogs in the 21st Century: Is an Ancient Tool Relevant to Modern Conservation Challenges?
- ^ Hunting life: dogs guard fallow deer
- ^ Margrit Hahn: Nine dead and twelve injured animals Märkische Allgemeine August 2018
- ↑ Minimum standards for granting compensation in the event of wolf attacks. Ministry for Rural Development, Environment and Agriculture of the State of Brandenburg, accessed on October 29, 2018 .
- ↑ Minimum protection requirements. Contact office Wölfe in Saxony, accessed on October 26, 2018 .
- ↑ NABU: Final report on the project “Implementation of herd protection measures in grazing animals in Baden-Württemberg” , page 17
- ↑ Günther Bloch , Elli H. Radinger : The wolf returns. Man and Wolf in Coexistence? Kosmos Verlag 2017
- ^ Elli H. Radinger: Petition: Animal protection versus herd protection? ( Memento from November 17, 2017 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Federal Ministry of Justice: Animal Protection Dog Ordinance
- ↑ Günther Bloch : The world of herd guard dogs
- ↑ Baden-Württemberg.de: Guard dogs can prevent wolf attacks
- ↑ top agrar online: Mobile huts for herd guard dogs and other easing discussed
- ^ NABU: Final report on the project "Implementation of herd protection measures in grazing animals in Baden-Württemberg" , pages 17-18 and 20
- ↑ Federal Ministry of Justice and Consumer Protection : Animal Protection Dog Ordinance
- ↑ Christopher Ziermann: "Wolves do not regulate themselves": Friedewalder professional shepherd criticizes the ministry
- ↑ A punto: Defender de los lobos con burros? ( Memento from November 15, 2017 in the Internet Archive )
- ^ Missouri Department of Conservation: Using Guard Animals to Protect Livestock
- ↑ Felis-Lupus nature conservation project: Wolf, wild cat and lynx in Thuringia
- ↑ ( page no longer available , search in web archives: fifth foal in Crawinkel torn )
- ↑ Helena Jones: En jämförelse av hund, lama och åsna som boskapsvaktare i Sverige ( online ; PDF, 165 kB), Uppsala 2011 (Swedish).
- ↑ Radio against wolves
- ^ NABU: Final report on the project “Implementation of herd protection measures in grazing animals in Baden-Württemberg”, page 15
- ↑ Federal Nature Conservation Act: Section 44 Regulations for specially protected and certain other animal and plant species
- ↑ Notre Histoire: Albin Brunner portant le loup d'Eischoll
- ↑ 1947 - Wolf von Eischoll is killed
- ↑ Ludger Smolka: Discussion about the correct way to deal with wolves in Brandenburg ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Sheep breeding: crack while herding - wolf attack reaches new dimension
- ↑ News for South Tyrol: Wolf tears herd of goats in broad daylight
- ↑ NDR: Disturbed herds of cattle trample down fences
- ↑ Jawina: Lower Saxony: NLWKN confirms: Wolves responsible for outbreak of horses near Selsingen
- ↑ Heather Smith Thomas: Wolf kills not always obvious in livestock carcasses
- ^ Rhein-Neckar-Zeitung Schafsriss in the Odenwald - Wolf watched his prey
- ↑ Ulf Billmayer-Christen: Land does not want wolf fences on the dikes
- ↑ Technical relief organization : Handbook Flood Protection Dyke Defense , Document page 26, PDF page 30
- ↑ Swiss Confederation: Federal support for herd protection in connection with large carnivores, pages 44 - 46
- ↑ RP online: Court ruling on loud barking - owners have to remove parts of the vocal cords of dogs
- ↑ ÖO Nachrichten Weltspiegel: [1]
- ↑ Celler Presse: Herd protection fences are not a solution
- ↑ AZ-Online: After Wolfsriss in Brockhimbergen: A debate without taboos should come
- ↑ Celler Kurier: The public is supplied with false data by the Wolfs lobby
- ↑ Lukas Weber: The Wolf in Sheep's Clothing ( Memento from May 3, 2018 in the Internet Archive ) Frankfurter Allgemeine 2018
- ^ Bauernbund Brandenburg: After wolves attack near Lenzen: Bauernbund calls for all herd protection programs to be stopped
- ↑ Ulrich Wangemann: The number of wolf cracks increases dramatically
- ^ Forum Natur Brandenburg: "Eight-Point-Plan" for dealing with the wolf
- ↑ According to the expert report, wolf-free zones are legally inadmissible
- ↑ Julia Basic: Sticks: Wolf kills pony foals
- ↑ Sarah Orlos, Jonas Mueller Töwe: Wolf damage is increasing rapidly
- ↑ Ilka Reinhardt, Gesa Kluth: Damage caused by wolves, prevention and compensation payments in Germany 2017
- ↑ Lower Saxony Ministry for the Environment, Energy, Building and Climate Protection : EU Commission follows Minister Lies' proposal
- ↑ BMU: 100 percent state support for prevention and compensation in the event of wolf cracks possible
- ↑ Top Agrar: EU urges herd protection measures against wolves
- ↑ Shepherds demand protection from wolves and boo the minister
- ^ Hessian Ministry for the Environment, Climate Protection, Agriculture and Consumer Protection : Wolf Management for Hesse
- ↑ Jürgen Vogler: Management plan in Hessen: No financial support for livestock owners?
- ↑ NABU Odenwaldkreis Martina Limprecht ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Sabine Richter: Schäfer in the Odenwaldkreis at a loss
- ^ Hessenschau: Demonstration in Wiesbaden Shepherds call for protection from wolves and boo minister
- ↑ Wiesbadener Kurier: Shepherds against wolves: Minister Hinz is booed on a demonstration
- ↑ rbb24 Politics: Revised Wolf Ordinance does not convince farmers ( Memento from August 20, 2018 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Brandenburg Wolf Regulation: Regulation on the granting of exceptions to the protection provisions for the Wolf
- ↑ Brandenburg: Private company is supposed to catch and remove “problem wolves”
- ↑ RBB24: Brandenburg wolves kill more and more animals
- ↑ Brandenburg State Office for the Environment : Statistics of the Wolf Prevention Fund in the State of Brandenburg
- ↑ BZ: Brandenburg spends 779,463 euros to protect against wolves
- ↑ HNA: Herd protection now promoted nationwide: Whole regions free of wolves?
- ↑ The Wolf's office NLWKN
- ^ Justus Randt: Reintegration assistant for the wolf
- ↑ Lower Saxony Ministry for the Environment, Energy, Building and Climate Protection: Information for livestock owners
- ↑ Harz Courier: Protect grazing animals from wolves
- ↑ Prevention applications for the protection of cattle against wolf attacks within the framework of the Wolf Directive
- ↑ RND dpa: Wolves cost the state of Lower Saxony around one million euros
- ↑ Focus: Expensive Wolf: Protective measures worth millions are necessary
- ↑ Bavarian State Institute for Agriculture: Pasture fences to ward off wolves - a cost estimate for Bavaria , page 9
- ↑ Pasture fences to ward off wolves - a cost estimate for Bavaria
- ↑ Andre Schramm: fed up with the wolf
- ↑ Holger Benecke: Wolf romps in the cattle district: Funding? Puff cake! Allgemeine Zeitung Altmark, January 2018
- ↑ Frank Schauka: Wolf attacks stress Thuringian sheep: around 1000 lambs are not born
- ↑ top agrar: Thuringia: Grazing animal bonus from this year
- ↑ Kai Mudra: 60,000 euros are used for damage caused by wolves in Thuringia
- ^ NDR: Wolves in Schleswig-Holstein - Wolves: State obliges companies to have permanent fences
- ↑ Photo trap confirmed: Wolf spotted in the Bühler Stadtwald
- ^ Result minutes of the 89th Conference of Environment Ministers in Potsdam 2017 ( Memento from January 21, 2018 in the Internet Archive ), pages 32–35
- ↑ Come-on.de: After wolf sighting: Farmer raises serious allegations against authorities
- ^ Federal support for herd protection in connection with large carnivores
- ↑ October 17, 2018 DNA analysis yielded incorrect results Bear pulls sheep on Göscheneralp
- ↑ Farmer's newspaper of April 5, 2019: Wolves reduce the income of the alpine farmers
- ↑ BRF-Nachrichten: Protection of grazing cattle from wolves
- ↑ Michel Meuret, Laurent Garde, Charles-Henri Moulin, Marie-Odile Nozières-Petit, Marc Vincent: Élevage et loups en France: historique, bilan et pistes de solution. INRA Productions Animales, Paris: INRA, 2017, 30 (5), pp.465-478. hal-01739303, page 472
- ↑ BRF-Nachrichten: Protection of grazing cattle from wolves
- ↑ La France Agricole: 12 500 brebis dévorées par les loups in 2019
- ↑ Elli Radinger: Knowledge Wolf: Multiple killing of sheep is not a bloodlust
- ↑ Hans Kruuk: Surplus killing by Carnivores Journal of Zoology 1972
