Wolf management
The Wolf Management is part of the wildlife management . The wolf management plans for the reintroduction and protection of wolves in North America and Europe come from the scientific working groups led by Luigi Boitani and L. David Mech . As chairman of the Initiative for Large Carnivores in Europe (LCIE) in the IUCN , Boitani and his team of scientists give recommendations to the European Commission on how to protect large carnivores and how to coexist with them. Boitani's concept of wolf management was largely adopted in terms of content by the signatory states to the Bern Convention and the Washington Convention on Endangered Species and reflected in the core statements of the individual states, states and federal states in their own wolf management plans with adjustments to regional circumstances. In the states that have acceded to the Bern Convention, the Department for Large Carnivores in the EU Commission determines the guidelines for wolf management in accordance with the requirements of the Habitats Directive . Different forms of management result from the different protection status of the wolf in the various European countries.
In 1992 the European Wolf Network , an organizing committee as a subgroup of the IUCN Wolf Specialist Group, began to emerge.
"For Germany, a pragmatic approach that pursues damage minimization is recommended. This means that wolves can spread according to their own habitat requirements and are tolerated wherever the extent of the damage and conflicts caused by wolves can be kept low with justifiable effort. This is the route taken in most European wolf countries. "
In wolf management, the subspecies of the species Canis lupus are taken into account, some of which are still rare (i.e. endangered), while others consist of stable or growing non-endangered populations (see objectives of monitoring ).
Areas of responsibility
Components of wolf management are wolf monitoring , active measures for the maintenance and regeneration of healthy wolf populations, recommendations and regulations for herd protection as well as protective measures for pets in free-range / open-stalls and non-herding pets such as dogs , house cats , small animals in front gardens, as well as recommendations for human behavior who stay in nature, dealing with damage caused by wolf attacks on pets, compiling damage statistics, regulating compensation payments and, if necessary for reasons of species protection , the removal of wolf-domestic dog hybrids from the wild .
Wolf management takes into account the expected population developments. "In human-dominated landscapes, wolf populations must be managed continuously in order to keep their population densities acceptable." ( Luigi Boitani 2009)
In North America , the wolf has been removed from the Endangered Species list in the states of Minnesota , Wisconsin , Michigan , Montana , Idaho, and eastern Oregon . Nevertheless, the wolf populations have remained stable or increased. These states have wolf management regulations known as livestock depredation control . Most of these states also allow controlled hunting to regulate the population. In saturated wolf populations, intra-species fights, such as fights between packs, are the leading cause of death. In studies of population dynamics in North America, intraspecific competition within wolf populations was included as a factor. It was found that the removal of selected packs can reduce competition among wolves for territory and food rather than shooting individual animals across the entire population.
The Advocate General at the European Court of Justice found a license hunt in Finland to be lawful under Article 16 of the EU Habitat Directive.
In some European countries, as part of wolf management for population control, protection hunts are carried out, during which an approved limited number of animals calculated by the monitoring staff is legally removed, so that a viable wolf population is always maintained (see conservation status ) and, if necessary, the facility is wolf-free Zones (zoning system). In countries without partial hunt, dealing with the rare wolves with undesirable behavior in protected populations is one of the tasks of wolf management. Identification of individuals through monitoring and gene analysis plays an important role here. Identified animals receive a code number for further monitoring.
In 2015, the Federal Environment Ministry informed about the presence of wolves in hunting districts and made recommendations. Accordingly, the German Hunting Association gives practical tips for working with dogs in wolf areas, as accidents with hunting dogs injured and killed by wolves cannot be ruled out.
One of the tasks of wolf management is dealing with injured wolves (e.g. due to a collision with a car) which, due to their high protection status, cannot be redeemed immediately by a hunter like game that is subject to hunting law in accordance with Section 22 a BJagdG. For the diagnosis and recovery prognosis, an official veterinarian or a veterinarian appointed by him must be called, who can, if necessary, commission a hunter to kill the animal . If the order is carried out by the competent authority (district with veterinary office and lower nature conservation authority / police), the firearms law is legitimized by Section 13 (6) sentence 2 WaffG, since the (animal protection-related) killing order includes exemption under nature conservation law. Theoretically, a police officer can also be hired, although the ammunition used by the police is usually not suitable for a quick kill. Due to increasingly irrational discussions, the protection of applicants, executors and wolf advisers can also be a task of the higher nature conservation authority in the event of a planned removal of a suspicious wolf .
activities
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The Euronatur Foundation , an organization operating across Europe, involved biologists and wolf protectors from the European Wolf Network in its activities before the wolves returned to Central Europe. Euronatur sees its main task in influencing the authorities and the public through extensive public relations work . It combines education and promotion for the wolf with obtaining financial support from private donors and institutes. According to Luigi Boitani's action plan , natural proliferation should be a priority in areas where wolf repopulation is desirable . In the case of non-viable populations, work should be done to increase the number, with animals also being able to be released into new areas.
Wolf management creates jobs , especially in the wolf competence centers. Some of the activities are carried out on a voluntary basis. The number of childcare providers was compared with that in day-care centers.
- practical and scientific activities in wolf monitoring
- Creation of the country-specific management plans
- Office workers, authors, information points in wolf offices, speakers for information events.
- Manufacture of cardboard wolves for advertising purposes
- Wolf advisor
- Crack experts who should be informed if a wolf attack is suspected.
- Photographers and journalists charged with increasing public acceptance of the wolf.
- NABU wolf ambassadors
- Intensive and continuous public and media work
- Implementation of surveys, media analyzes and acceptance studies
- Information events for children and young people
- Film producers like Andreas Kieling to increase the acceptance of wolves in the population
- Vets and staff for a wolf ambulance
- Nursing staff in wildlife sanctuaries for wolf pups found starved and released again after the positive experience in humans (see habitation ).
- Police officers and hunters are rarely called in if suspicious (habituated) or injured wolves have to be killed.
financing
The personnel costs, construction costs and operating costs for facilities of the wolf management as well as the protective measures against attacks on grazing animals are largely financed by tax money, but also by donations or from private funds.
Political developments
Germany
On April 18, 2018, there was a hearing in the German Bundestag on the regulation of the wolf population in Germany . In October 2018, Lower Saxony's environment minister, Olaf Lies , called for effective wolf management in a speech in the Federal Council, taking into account the development towards a favorable conservation status. On November 8, 2018, rural residents and grazing animals demonstrated on the occasion of the Environment Ministers Conference in Bremen. They demanded that the wolves be made shy again by hunting so that they stay away from pastures and settlements. According to Harro Tempelmann, an animal would be shot from a pack in Sweden and Romania, that would be enough for the others to avoid this place afterwards. The association wolves vs. Land points out that the local wild animals, which share the habitat with the grazing animals, are locked out of their habitats by the allegedly wolf-repellent fences and herd guard dogs.
In 2018, rural residents in Winsen , Eiderstedt and Westerhorn founded citizens' initiatives for wolf-free villages. One of the objectives is to "change wolf management towards a clear priority for the protection of people and life in rural areas . The Bundestag's scientific service determined that the designation of wolf-free zones at the community level was not permitted as long as the wolf was in the FFH- Directive in Appendices II and IV ( protection status ). The Federal Association of German Dairy Farmers called on politicians to facilitate the removal of wolves by adapting EU law. The President of the German Equestrian Association called for a safe environment for the horses, after a Shetland pony foal was eaten by wolves in Lower Saxony and the mother mare was injured and after horses broke out of the paddock in front of a wolf and were injured. The German Equestrian Association, together with other stakeholders such as the Pro Horse Action Alliance, the German Farmers Association and livestock breeding associations a clear Political reaction to protect grazing animals and their owners from the predator. The action alliance Pro Horse e. V. points out that the solutions mentioned with wolf-repellent fences often cannot be implemented because laws prevent implementation, e.g. restrictions on building law or disputes with nature conservation authorities who demand and enforce the dismantling of such fences, as they are completely game-proof and small wild animals e.g. . B. Amphibians die from electric shock on the lower strand.
Lower Saxony's environment minister, Olaf Lies, plans to set up a separate wolf department in the ministry, which will relieve the NLWKN of certain tasks. In a position paper in the German Bundestag, the CDU / CSU parliamentary group called for a realistic assessment of the wolf population in Germany and Europe and called for the wolf to be included in Annex V of the Habitats Directive, which makes it a protected species that can be used to regulate the population, as well as ensuring that national wolf management ensures that a distinction is made between wolf sanctuaries and wolf management areas. Environment Minister Olaf Lies has considered including the wolf in hunting law in view of the exponential growth of the wolf population and the need for population regulation. However, even then, no stock regulation can take place before the transfer to Annex V of the Habitats Directive.
In the meantime, the debates about how to deal with individual “problem wolves” in Germany and other European countries are continuing. There are also packs with problematic behavior.
Federal Environment Minister Svenja Schulze and Federal Minister Julia Klöckner exchanged views on the question of whether the shooting of wolves in Germany should be made easier. Diana Pretzell at WWF considers a grazing animal bonus and the establishment of a national center for herd protection, financed by EU agricultural payments , as suitable means to create better framework conditions for grazing animal owners and to invest in the preservation of valuable green spaces. Grazing animals are to be better protected, whereby "unbureaucratic compensation payments " are to be made in the event that wolf cracks occur. In addition, an agreement was reached during the conversation with Environment Minister Till Backhaus and representatives of nature conservation associations on an amendment to the Federal Nature Conservation Act , according to which individual wolves and, if necessary, packs may be killed if they cause "severe damage in the legal sense". This applies not only if they repeatedly attack properly protected livestock, but also if they lose their shyness and people in villages frequently approach. Backhaus said the new regulation of the law was necessary to get legal certainty.
On March 3, 2019, the ARD Tagesschau announced that the Federal Environment Minister intended to change the Nature Conservation Act. According to this, a wolf should in future be allowed to be shot if it causes "serious agricultural damage". So far the condition has been "considerable damage", which the courts only saw when the existence of the grazing animal owner was threatened. Wolves should also be allowed to be shot if they cross protective fences several times or come too close to people. The NABU advocated this. "We have to do everything, that is also our message as a nature conservation association that we keep wolves wild in Germany and that they do not develop as cultural followers " (Ralf Schulte, wildlife ecologist at NABU).
According to the DBBW damage balance, the number of wolf cracks in 2017 was almost 66% higher than in 2016. The number of animals killed, injured or missing in 2017 was put at 1667.
In January 2019, the Action Alliance Forum Natur (AFN) published the text: Wildtiermanagement Wolf - Suggested action for practice-oriented wolf management in Germany's cultural landscape . The aim of the AFN is to stand up for both economic and nature conservation concerns in rural areas.
The Environment Minister of Lower Saxony, Olaf Lies, and the Environment Minister of Schleswig-Holstein, Jan Philipp Albrecht, consider a special regulation for the North Sea coast to be sensible. They asked EU Commissioner Phil Hogan for a meeting in Brussels on how a mutually satisfactory balance between the protection of the wolf on the one hand and the special features of coastal protection through dike grazing on the other can be achieved. Practical protective measures are not feasible on the dikes. The often high winds prevented adequate fence heights. Because of the flood , water-side fences are not possible. The factories are reaching their physical, emotional and financial limits due to the threat posed by the wolves, so there is a risk that the establishments will give up. This poses a considerable threat to coastal protection.
At a panel discussion in Reinstorf, participants pointed out the immense costs for herd protection measures and described this as unworldly. CDU MPs spoke out in favor of lowering the protection status in order to help parents who no longer dare to send their children into the great outdoors, and to help horse farm operators who hardly dare to go for a ride with children in the forest, because the horses go through , when a wolf comes too close, so overthrow the children.
The district council of the Heidekreis in Bad Fallingbostel passed a resolution on March 24, 2019, calling on the state, the federal government and the EU Commission to switch from passive to active wolf management. Wolves running past kindergartens and bus stops through villages are not uncommon. Many young families felt left alone with the threat. The resolution calls for qualified population regulation in order to restore the rural population to a peaceful, self-determined life.
In December 2019, the Bundestag passed a law that allows wolves to be shot to protect grazing animals. The measures are intended to avert economic damage to farmers and shepherds. A killing should also be possible if it is unclear which wolf attacked a herd. According to the plans submitted by Svenja Schulze (SPD), wolves should be able to be shot in an area until there are no more attacks, even if a whole pack is killed. The state authorities have to approve each shot individually. The shooting should be allowed in "serious economic damage".
Allgäu (Germany)
In the opinion of the Alpwirtschaftliches Verein im Allgäu, Association for the Preservation of the Cultural Landscape, conflicts are inevitable in a man-made cultural landscape due to the presence of large carnivores. Farm animals cannot be effectively protected in the mountain area with reasonable effort, as wolves learn to overcome herd protection measures. The diverse benefits of grazing for animal welfare, nature conservation and alpine farming are at stake.
France
In the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department , French President Emmanuel Macron announced an increase in the number of kills in March 2019, although the aim was not to exterminate the wolves. The percentage of wolves that are killed should be increased, since the threshold of 500 individuals has been reached, which leads to "absolutely unsustainable scenes" when wolves attack the herds.
Switzerland
In Switzerland , the association Lebensraum Schweiz without large carnivores is committed to the preservation of alpine farming in order to protect the ecologically highly sensitive cultural landscape of the high mountains created by the mountain farmers from rural exodus and the ecological consequential damage (see also push-pull model of migration ). The president of the Swiss Habitat Without Large Carnivores Association, Georg Schnydrig, reports that experience has shown that large carnivores are much smarter than humans and cannot be stopped by fences or dogs. The herd protection means a lot of extra work for agriculture. The financial aspect would be disproportionate. Each wolf in Switzerland costs the general public 250,000 francs a year. In September 2019, the Council of States and the Swiss National Council adopted a revised federal hunting law by a large majority , according to which preventive wolf killing is possible.
South Tyrol (Italy)
On June 8, 2019, a demonstration took place in South Tyrol with over 1500 participants who wanted to prevent the decline of alpine farming due to wolf attacks and the resulting decline in tourist use. The Bauernbund-Landesobmann Tiefenthaler presented to political representatives a "Manifesto for a wolf-free South Tyrol" with demands like lowering the protection status of the wolf at EU level, regulation of the populations, recognition of the special role of the South Tyrolean mountain and alpine region for the landscape and biodiversity.
Austria
After Wolfsrissen im Pongau, the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences carried out an Austria-wide study on the effects of the presence of wolves on agriculture, hunting and tourism. The wildlife biologist in Vienna, Klaus Hackländer, as the author of the study, considers the strict protection to be no longer up-to-date, as, according to the World Conservation Organization , there is a growing wolf population that is not endangered. Herd protection must be strengthened, but that is not possible everywhere. Agricultural state councilor Joseph Schwaiger in Salzburg insists on shooting permits for problem wolves. According to Schwaiger, the study is the basis for promoting a change in the strict protection status. It is planned, together with partners in Germany, France, Italy and Slovenia, to submit an application to the EU Commission for the transfer of the wolf from Annex IV to Annex V of the Habitats Directive. A prerequisite for removal is the achievement of the favorable conservation status of the wolf population, whereby, from a biological point of view, all sub-populations of wolves in Europe represent a total population.
Europe
Events for grazing animal owners take place across Europe , gathering around warning and solidarity fires and calling for the introduction of active wolf management.
On December 5, 2019, there was a hearing in the European Parliament on the subject of reassessing the wolf population in the EU
Dealing with conspicuous wolves
The Bern Convention and the EU Habitat Directive ( Directive 92/43 / EEC (Fauna-Flora-Habitat Directive) ) provide for exceptions to the protection of species , which can apply under certain conditions with regard to the predator species wolf. The Habitats Directive is to be implemented in national law by all member states of the European Union . In many European countries the wolf is listed in Appendix IV and in some countries in Appendix V of the Habitats Directive. There is strict protection for species listed in Appendix IV. Exceptions in accordance with Article 16 of the Habitat Directive are possible under Section 45 of the Federal Nature Conservation Act. According to Luigi Boitani’s Action Plan for the Conservation of Wolves in Europe, when it comes to a problem wolf causing local damage, emphasis should be placed on population conservation rather than overestimating the life of a single individual.
The shy behavior of wild animals with a relatively long escape distance is characteristic of wild wolves . According to the definition of the LCIE and the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation , a wolf is considered to be conspicuous if it repeatedly prey on grazing animals and in doing so overcomes protective measures, prey on dogs or approaches people in a dangerous manner, whereby conspicuous behavior does not always have to be problematic. Wolves have a broad natural spectrum of behavior , within which, under certain conditions, such opportunistic behaviors can occur in individual cases . Official measures are not always taken. The cause of abnormal behavior is an advanced habituation due to habituation due to habituation to anthropogenic food sources. Measures for prevention are educating the population and eliminating food sources. The lower and upper nature conservation authorities are responsible for dealing with conspicuous wolves .
In most encounters between wolves and humans, the animals withdraw when they notice the humans. Wolves often take a quiet, “orderly retreat”. According to the recommendation of the Federal Documentation and Advice Center on Wolf (DBBW), every report in which a wolf is less than 30 meters from a person or an inhabited building and the person concerned perceives the situation as suspicious, or if the situation occurs is assessed by the monitoring, experts are consulted and individual case analyzes are carried out. Most reports of conspicuous wolf behavior turn out to be unproblematic. However, if a wolf has been fed by humans, the situation should be observed, even if the wolf initially behaves inconspicuously. At the latest when the second report is received within three months that a wolf is approaching people within 30 meters or allowing such an approach, an on-site examination should be carried out (Ilka Reinhardt, Petra Kaczensky, Jens Frank, Felix Knauer, Gesa Kluth 2018).
The spokeswoman for the Lower Saxony Ministry of the Environment, Lotta Cordes , pointed out that feeding wild wolves or luring them with food, for example to photograph them, must be stopped. A draft law by the Federal Cabinet from May 2019 includes a feed ban. After the adopted amendment to the Federal Nature Conservation Act with the addition of Paragraph 45 a, it is now possible to shoot individual animals in a pack of wolves without identifying the individual beforehand, until no further damage occurs in the area. This can also mean the gradual removal of a pack. Svenja Schulze continues to make the repeated overcoming of protective fences a condition, whereas Julia Klöckner would like to see the possibility of preventive shooting anchored in law.
The goal of protecting wolves is to maintain viable populations . The annual growth rate of the wolf population in Germany is given as 30 to 35%, depending on the source. In principle, non-lethal measures that preserve the life of the individual must be applied first. Due to the ban on disturbing animals of strictly protected species in their habitats (BNatSchG § 44), deterrent measures require an exemption under species protection law. They may only be carried out by a qualified person. An application for lethal removal can be made if non-lethal measures have not been successful or are not promising. Then the animal in question can be released for legal shooting by the higher nature conservation authority . However, this may only be carried out by the persons commissioned by the nature conservation authority. A planned change in the law is intended to make it easier for problematic individual animals to be shot down and to allow packs to be removed, whereby removal should also be possible without prior genetic identification.
Large fines can be imposed for the illegal killing of a strictly protected animal.
Environment Minister Olaf Lies stated that the Nienburger Problemwolf with the identifier GW 717 m can make it difficult to identify and kill a suspicious individual that has not been broadcasted. In 2018, the Scientific Service of the German Bundestag published a documentary on wolf attacks on people in Europe, Russia, Asia and North America. According to this, there were a total of 23 documented attacks by wolves on humans between 2000 and 2009. 53 people were injured and seven killed. The most common cause are predatory attacks, followed by seven cases in which the causes were unknown.
Zoning system
A wolf-free zone is an area within the habitat of a wolf population in which wolves are not supposed to live. Once the favorable conservation status has been achieved, a management concept of the LCIE for large carnivores in Europe that is relevant to the EU Commission provides for zoning as a possible management option. In a wolf-free zone, the wolf does not have the same protection status as in the surrounding areas. It is not considered a priority species within the wolf-free zone , so it is not listed in Appendix II of the Habitats Directive and is not listed as a strictly protected species in Appendix IV, but as a protected species in Appendix V. After a wolf-free zone has been established, the Wolf is only strictly protected in part of the entire territory. The aim is to alleviate recurring conflicts with farmers in more affected areas.
According to the Action Plan for the Conservation of Wolves in Europe ( Luigi Boitani , LCIE), it seems unrealistic as a long-term strategy to propose to preserve the wolf in all regions that the species is able to repopulate in the future. The presence of wolves is incompatible with some economic activities and it is necessary to plan for the best possible form of integration of human activities and conservation of biodiversity . The regulation of the presence of wolves on a national territory cannot be left to the individual reaction of angry grazing animal owners or poachers , so the wolf management plan must also devise objectives, criteria and methods with which the presence of this species can be modified. If the overriding goal of maintaining viable wolf populations is taken into account, zone management can be considered today.
Zone management includes both preventive and reductive measures including the local elimination of a few individuals. The feasibility of such an approach must be assessed on the biological, social, administrative, nature conservation and ethical levels. It is biologically feasible. Annual mortality from illegal removal is highest in areas with the highest density of pets . The wolf populations are able to cope with withdrawals. The legal barriers to action could be removed provided that the states and administrations are able to undertake zoning. A regulation with a differentiated protection status may only be created on the condition that no poaching takes place. From a species protection point of view, it makes sense to try out this innovative, possibly permanent solution.
In Finland , reindeer herding areas are designated as wolf-free zones.
In the European Parliament , MEP Ulrike Müller said that wolf-free zones were urgently needed to preserve pasture farming, especially to preserve the cultural landscape of the Alpine region with its current diversity of flora and fauna and thus to maintain the attractiveness of the Alpine region for tourism . The construction of fences for the approximately 23,000 hectares of legally protected alpine pastures with valuable biotopes would cost around 327 million euros, plus annual maintenance of 35 million euros. The Agriculture Minister of Lower Saxony, Barbara Otte-Kinast, has spoken out in favor of wolf-free zones, especially in the coastal areas, where the sheep make a contribution to flood protection by grazing the dikes .
Web links
Individual evidence
- ^ Large Carnivore Initiative for Europe: Guidelines for Population Level Management Plans for Large Carnivores
- ↑ Large Carnivore Initiative for Europe: Guidelines for Population Level Management Plans for Large Carnivores
- ^ Luigi Boitani : Action Plan for the Conservation of the Wolves (Canis lupus) in Europe
- ^ L. David Mech , Luigi Boitani : Wolves: Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation
- ↑ Julia Koch: Fears As Predator Returns To Europe Spiegel online 2015
- ^ European Commission: Large carnivores in the EU - the Commission's activity on large carnivores
- ↑ Ettore Randi: Genetics and conservation of wolves Canis lupus in Europe ( Memento of November 17, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Mammal Review 2011, Volume 41, No. 2
- ↑ German Bundestag : Wolf management plans of the federal states
- ↑ Luigi Boitani et al .: Key actions for Large Carnivore populations in Europe Rome - Brussels 2015 Chapter 1.3, page 48
- ↑ European Wolf Newsletter, March 1995
- ↑ Ilka Reinhardt , Gesa Kluth : Living with wolves guidelines for dealing with a conflict-prone species in Germany, page 74
- ^ IUCN : The IUCN Red List: Canis lupus - as of 2008
- ↑ European Commission: Promoting population level management of large carnivores
- ^ Documentation and advice center of the federal government on the subject of wolves (DBBW): Nationwide damage statistics
- ↑ Lower Saxony State Agency for Water Management, Coastal Protection and Nature Conservation (NLWKN): Livestock damage
- ↑ Wildlife Management Lower Saxony: Farm animal damage in Lower Saxony
- ^ André Klingenberger: Wolf Management in Saxony ( Memento from November 17, 2017 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Sara Orlos, Jonas Mueller-Töwe: Wolf damage is increasing rapidly
- ↑ Hans-Dieter Pfannenstiel: The wolf (Canis lupus L. 1758) - statement on the handling of this animal species in the cultural landscape of Germany
- ↑ Luigi Boitani, Paolo Ciucci: Wolf Management across Europe: Species Conservation without Boundaries, page 36
- ^ L. David Mech: Where can wolves live and how can we live with them?
- ↑ Ilka Reinhardt, Gesa Kluth: Living with wolves - guidelines for dealing with a conflict-prone animal species in Germany BfN scripts 201, document page 20, PDF page 21
- ↑ Hochard J. Finn Hoff D .: Gray wolf population projection with intraspecific competition
- ↑ InfoCuria - case law of the Court of Justice
- ↑ Wolf Information Center Schleswig-Holstein
- ^ NDR: Wolf run over on Autobahn 23 near Tornesch
- ^ NDR Schleswig-Holstein: Evidence of wolves in Schleswig-Holstein, as of February 2019
- ↑ Ilka Reinhardt, Gesa Kluth: Living with wolves - guidelines for dealing with a conflict-prone species in Germany , BfN-Skripten 201, 2007, Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, (PDF file; 3.3 MB) Document pages 109–116, PDF Pages 110–117.
- ↑ Luigi Boitani: Action Plan for the conservation of the wolves in Europe, Chapter 4.7.3 Wolf damage to livestock: Problem wolves in protected populations.
- ^ State Office for Nature, Environment and Consumer Protection North Rhine-Westphalia : Wolf in North Rhine-Westphalia farm animal cracks
- ^ Report of the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety on the way of life, status and management of the wolf (Canis lupus) in Germany, pp. 62–63 (PDF pp. 63–64)
- ↑ DJV : Dog work in the wolf area Guide for hunt leaders and dog handlers
- ↑ Federal Hunting Act § 22a Prevention of avoidable pain or suffering of the game
- ↑ Lower Saxony Ministry for the Environment, Building and Climate Protection: Answer to the oral question: Who is allowed to relieve an injured wolf from its suffering?
- ^ NDR: Because of the wolf: Schäfer reports of threats
- ↑ Benjamin Behrens: Wolf adviser recalled for safety
- ↑ Wolfcenter Dörvenden: Experience nature - get to know the wolf
- ↑ Wolf Center Dörvenden: The wolf - family life
- ^ Martin Schneider-Jacoby, Susanne Heß: Projects Germany / Europe Public Relations and Appeals for Donations
- ^ Luigi Boitani : Action Plan for the conservation of the wolves (Canis lupus) in Europe, page 8
- ↑ Antja Marhold: personnel for the Wolf
- ↑ Focus-online: Employees of the NLWKN-Wolfsbüro report in the Wolf working group
- ↑ Guide for NABU Wolf Ambassadors
- ^ Oldenburgische Volkszeitung: Voluntary Wolf Adviser
- ↑ The Wolf's office NLWKN
- ↑ NLWKN: Wolf advisors in Lower Saxony
- ↑ Corinna Zak: What does a wolf consultant actually do?
- ^ State of Brandenburg: In the event of damage - We will help you
- ↑ Ledauphin.com: Près de 300 moutons meurent après deux attaques de loups
- ↑ conservation project Felis lupus plan appraiser Thuringia
- ↑ State Office for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Geology: Wolves in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania - crack appraiser
- ↑ Federal Agency for Nature Conservation Script 201: Wolf in the public, pages 65–68
- ^ Radio Oberhausen: Recommendations
- ↑ dispute over the first Wolf ambulance
- ↑ MK Kreiszeitung Wolfswelpe returns to the pack
- ↑ Brandenburg Wolf Regulation: Regulation on the granting of exceptions to the protection provisions for the Wolf
- ↑ Focus: Expensive Wolf: Protective measures worth millions are necessary
- ^ Committee for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety: Experts disagree about hunting wolves in Germany
- ↑ Lower Saxony Ministry for the Environment, Energy, Building and Climate Protection : Lower Saxony brings Wolf Initiative to the Federal Council - Environment Minister Lies calls for pragmatic solutions for wolves in Germany
- ↑ Game and dog: countries for removal quota for wolves
- ^ Eva Linke: Report: Demonstration in Bremen
- ↑ wolves vs. Country: Citizen protection from large carnivores
- ↑ Citizens' Initiative for wolf-free villages, Winsen
- ↑ New Citizens' Initiative "Wolf Free Eiderstedt" founded
- ↑ Citizens' Initiative for wolf-free villages, Westerhorn
- ↑ Gabriele Schulte: Residents want to drive wolves out of villages
- ↑ According to the expert report, wolf-free zones are legally inadmissible
- ↑ Pro.Pferdt.at: Ministry confirmed: Wolf killed Ponyfohlen in Lower Saxony
- ↑ Action Alliance Pro Horse e. V .: NABU - Wolf consultant Axel Bürgener warns of wolves? We asked around
- ↑ Action alliance Pro Horse: Wolves and Horses - Face the truth and finally find suitable solutions
- ↑ Klaus Wieschemeyer: Minister Lies upgrades Lower Saxony's wolf office ( Memento from November 29, 2018 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Wolves in Germany - taking worries seriously, creating security, regulating populations
- ↑ Lies calls for wolves to be included in hunting rights
- ↑ Welt 2017: How to deal with "problem wolves"?
- ↑ Westfählische Rundschau: Shooting as a last resort: cornerstones for dealing with wolves
- ↑ WWF : Ministerial meeting on wolf management: WWF calls for a national herd protection center and more support for grazing animal owners
- ↑ Speaker Dr. Diana Pretzell
- ^ NDR: Backhaus: The killing of wolves is made easier
- ↑ NDR: Protection status for wolf: Further discussion needs
- ↑ Wildlife ecologist from Nabu - Yes to shooting wolves in extreme cases
- ↑ Deutschlandfunk: Yes to shooting wolves in extreme cases
- ↑ Tagesschau: Advance by Minister Schulze - "Lex Wolf" should make shooting easier
- ^ Action alliance Forum Natur (AFN): Wildtiermanagement Wolf - Suggested action for a practice-oriented wolf management in the cultural landscape of Germany
- ^ German Hunting Association : Breaking new ground in wolf management
- ↑ Ulf Billmayer-Christen: Land does not want wolf fences on the dikes
- ^ Ingo Petersen: Wolf as a challenge
- ↑ Dirk Meyland: Appeal from the “ Epizentrum ” to Europa Walsroder Zeitung March 2019
- ↑ MK district newspaper "Active Management" called for - district council passes resolution on the wolf population in March 2019
- ^ Zeit online: Bundestag makes it easier to shoot wolves
- ↑ Alpine grazing association in the Allgäu eVVereinigung for the preservation of the cultural landscape: large carnivores
- ↑ Michel Meuret, Charles-Henri Moulin, Laurent Guard, Marie-Odile Nozières-Petit: Élevage et loups en France: historique, accounted et pistes de solution - version auteurs acceptée
- ↑ Le Parisien: Elevage: Macron promet que davantage de loups pourront être abattus March 2019
- ↑ Christian Dommermuth, Alexander Stahr: Erosion in the high mountains and the structural change in alpine farming
- ↑ Axel Paulsch, Cornelia Dziedzioch, Thomas Plän: Implementation of the ecosystem approach in high mountains in Germany: Experiences with the Alpine Convention BfN-Skripten 85, pages 18-23
- ↑ The Bund: 400 opponents of wolves from Bern join forces
- ↑ Walter Bellwald: Interview with Georges Schnydrig
- ↑ Southeastern Switzerland: Work is only just beginning now
- ^ SRF: Parliament says yes to the shooting
- ↑ Stol.it: "Wolf must go" - large demonstration in Sterzing
- ↑ Our Tyrol: Bolzano: farmers' demo against the wolf
- ↑ Salzburg.ORF.at: Discussion about application for wolf shooting
- ↑ FFH areas, FFH species and bird protection areas - Natura 2000: Species in Annexes IV and V of the Fauna Flora Habitat Directive
- ↑ Warning and solidarity fire for the restricted spread of wolves
- ↑ Katharina Lütke Holz: Warning fire for the preservation of grazing animals
- ↑ Christopher Quantity: This is how the fire in Winsen went
- ↑ European Parliament: ENVI-PETI joint Public Hearing on the Revaluation of the wolf population in the EU
- ↑ Jörn Theuerkauf, Włodzimierz Jȩdrzejewski, Krzysztof Schmidt, Henryk Okarma et al .: Daily Patterns and Duration of Wolf Activity in the Białowieza Forest, Poland Journal of Mammalogy, February 2003
- ↑ CHWOLF.org: hunting and eating behavior
- ^ Günter Bloch, Elli Radinger: Wolf fish for dog owners, page 162
- ↑ Berne Species Protection Agreement 1979, Article 9 Paragraph 1 .
- ↑ European Commission: Types of EU Laws
- ↑ European Commission: Status, management and distribution of large carnivores - bear, lynx, wolf & wolverine - in Europe December 2012. p. 50.
- ↑ Sven Herzog: The populations of the wolf (Canis lupus) in Europe: Derivation of an operational concept for management
- ↑ Natura 2000 Annex IV and Annex V of the Habitats Directive
- ↑ European Commission: Habitats Directive Article 16. Table 1, Document p. 39, in PDF p. 41.
- ↑ Extract from the Habitats Directive Article 16
- ↑ Federal Nature Conservation Act, Section 45
- ↑ Documentation and advice center of the federal government on the subject of wolves: Concept for dealing with wolves who behave conspicuously towards people
- ↑ NINA Norsk institutt for naturforskning: The fear of wolves: A review of wolfs attacks on humans
- ^ Luigi Boitani : Action Plan for the conservation of the wolves (Canis lupus) in Europe page 8 and page 34
- ↑ German Bundestag 2015: Report of the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety on the way of life, status and management of the wolf (Canis lupus) in Germany, Committee printed matter 18 (16) 313 page 65
- ↑ Günther Bloch , Elli H. Radinger : The wolf returns. Man and Wolf in Coexistence? Kosmos Verlag 2017
- ↑ Ilka Reinhardt , Petra Kaczensky, Jens Frank, Felix Knauer and Gesa Kluth : Concept for dealing with wolves that behave conspicuously towards people - recommendations from DBBW BfN scripts 502, 2018
- ^ Luigi Boitani : Wolves: Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation, p. 302
- ↑ Ilka Reinhardt, Gesa Kluth: Living with wolves - guidelines for dealing with a conflict-prone species in Germany , BfN-Skripten 201, 2007, Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, (PDF file; 3.3 MB) pages 109–117.
- ↑ German Bundestag 2015: Report of the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety on the way of life, status and management of the wolf (Canis lupus) in Germany, Committee printed matter 18 (16) 313, pages 64–74
- ↑ European Commission : Large carnivores in the EU - the Commission's activity on large carnivores
- ↑ European Commission: EU Platform on Coexistence between People and Large Carnivores
- ↑ Documentation and advice center of the federal government on the subject of wolves: Concept for dealing with wolves who behave conspicuously towards people
- ↑ NINA Norsk institutt for naturforskning: The fear of wolves: A review of wolfs attacks on humans
- ^ Mark E. McNay: Dennis Murray Canada Research Chair in Terrestrial Ecology Wolf-Human Interactions in Alaska and Canada: A Review of the Case History
- ^ Luigi Boitani : Action Plan for the conservation of the wolves (Canis lupus) in Europe, pages 31, 34 and 35
- ↑ Lupus Wildlife Biology Office
- ↑ NABU assessment and evaluation of wolf behavior
- ^ Ministry of Rural Development, Environment and Agriculture of the State of Brandenburg: Wolf Ordinance for Brandenburg
- ^ Luigi Boitani : Action Plan for the conservation of the wolves (Canis lupus) in Europe, pages 31, 34 and 35
- ↑ Lupus Wildlife Biology Office
- ↑ NABU assessment and evaluation of wolf behavior
- ^ Ministry of Rural Development, Environment and Agriculture of the State of Brandenburg: Wolf Ordinance for Brandenburg
- ↑ German Bundestag : Wolf management plans of the federal states
- ↑ German Bundestag: Defense actions against wolves for the protection of animals - Criminal law justification and excuse scientific services Az. WD 7-3000 -249/18
- ↑ Ilka Reinhardt, Petra Kaczensky, Jens Frank, Felix Knauer, Gesa Kluth: BfN Skripten 502 pages 17 - 25, publisher: Federal Agency for Nature Conservation 2018
- ↑ NTV feeding of wolves should be banned
- ↑ Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety: Schulze: The new regulation on wolves is a sensible balance of interests between species protection and grazing animal owners
- ↑ Dispute between ministers: Merkel is now making wolves a top priority
- ↑ FOCUS: Cabinet approves simplified wolf shooting
- ^ Luigi Boitani: Wolves: Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation, p. 332
- ↑ Hans-Dieter Pfannenstiel: The wolf (Canis lupus L. 1758) - statement on the handling of this animal species in the cultural landscape of Germany page 26
- ↑ Law on Nature Conservation and Landscape Management (Federal Nature Conservation Act - BNatSchG) § 44 Regulations for specially protected and certain other animal and plant species
- ↑ Ernst-Friedrich Kiel: Technical interpretation of the prohibitions of species protection law § 44 (1) BNatSchG
- ↑ Birgit Mennerich-Bunge: Does the wolf have to learn to respect? page 4
- ↑ Ilka Reinhardt, Gesa Kluth: Living with wolves - guidelines for dealing with a conflict-prone species in Germany , BfN-Skripten 201, 2007, Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (PDF file; 3.3 MB).
- ↑ Management plan for the wolf in Brandenburg 2013–2017, Chapter 4.3 , Ministry for the Environment, Health and Consumer Protection, State of Brandenburg.
- ↑ Management plan for dealing with wolves in Rhineland-Palatinate: Demographic monitoring, page 11
- ↑ Alexandra Gerlach: Missed outcry of the wolf protectors
- ↑ Christoph Schäfer: Lex Wolf: New law should facilitate the shooting of wolves
- ↑ ntv.de: Shooting problem wolves even without prior identification
- ↑ Lower Saxony Ministry for the Environment, Energy, Building and Climate Protection: Legally secure removal of problem wolves confirmed - Lüneburg Higher Administrative Court almost completely followed the arguments of the Environment Ministry with its decision
- ↑ Catalog of fines for species protection 2017
- ↑ Lars Laue: Wolves without transmitters pose problems for ministers
- ^ German Bundestag: Documentation: Wolf attacks in Europe, Russia, Asia and North America
- ^ Luigi Boitani: Action Plan for the conservation of the wolves (Canis lupus) in Europe, pages 23-24
- ↑ European Commission: Key actions for Large Carnivore populations in Europe, page 48, Istituto Ecologia Applicata, Rome, 2015
- ^ European Commission: Environment Conservation status of large carnivores
- ↑ European Commission: Status, management and distribution of large carnivores - bear, lynx, wolf & wolverine - in Europe December 2012. p. 50.
- ↑ Alfons Deter: Müller: Wolf and pasture farming do not go together Top agrar online August 31, 2018
- ↑ Agriculture minister wants “wolf-free zones” in Lower Saxony